Memories of Childhood Summary Class 12 English

Memories of Childhood Summary Class 12 English
Download CBSE class 12 English notes Vistas in PDF format. All the Questions and Answers are also provided for students’ understanding and preparation of the lesson. Memories of Childhood Summary CBSE Notes for Class 12 English written in crisp and easy to understand language, and important questions that have high chances to come in the board exam. https://meritbatch.com/memories-of-childhood-summary/

Memories of Childhood Summary In English

Memories Of Childhood Summary
I. The Cutting of My Long Hair (Zitkala-Sa)
It was the writer’s first day at school. It was bitter cold. A large bell rang for breakfast. Shoes clattered on bare floors. Many voices murmured. A paleface woman, with white hair, came up after them. They were placed in a line of girls who were marching into the dinning room. She walked noiselessly in her soft moccasins. She felt like sinking to the floor, for her blanket had been removed from her shoulders. The Indian girls did not seem to care though they were more immodestly dressed in tight fitting clothes. The boys entered at an opposite door. A small bell was tapped. Each of the pupils drew a chair from under the table. The writer pulled out hers. She at once slipped into it from one side. She turned her head. She found that she was the only one seated. All the rest at their table remained standing. She began to rise. A second bell sounded. All were seated at last. She heard a man’s voice at the end of the hall. She looked around to see him. All the others hung their heads over their plates. She found the paleface woman looking at her. The man stopped his mutterings. Then a third bell was tapped. Everyone picked up his knife and fork and began eating. She began to cry. This eating by formula was a difficult experience.

Late in the morning her friend Judewin told her that she had overheard the paleface woman talk about cutting their long heavy hair. Among their people, short hair was worn by mourners and shingled hair by cowards. Judewin said that they had to submit because the school authorities were strong. The writer rebelled. She decided to struggle before submitting.

When no one noticed, she disappeared and crept upstairs. She hid herself under the bed in a large room with three white beds in it. She heard loud voices in the hall calling her name. Even Judewin was searching for her. She did not open her mouth to answer. The sound of steps came nearer and nearer. Women and girls entered the room. They searched her everywhere. Someone threw up the curtains. The room was filled with sudden light. They stopped and looked under the bed. She was dragged out. She resisted by kicking and scratching wildly. She was carried downstairs and tied fast in a chair.

Memories Of Childhood Summary In Hindi
She cried aloud and shook her head. Then she felt the cold blade of scissors against her neck. One of her thick braids was removed. Her long hair was being shingled like a coward’s. Since the day she had come here, she had suffered insults. People had stared at her. She had been tossed about in the air like a wooden puppet. She moaned for her mother, but no one came to comfort her. Now she was only one of many little animals driven by a herder.

II. We Too are Human Beings (Bama)
When Bama was studying in the third class, she had not yet heard people speak openly of untouchability. But she had already seen, felt, experienced and been humiliated by what it was.

She was walking home from school one day. It was possible to walk the distance in ten minutes, but it would usually take her at least thirty minutes. She watched all the fun and games, novelties and oddities in the streets, the shops and the bazaar. Each thing would pull her to a standstill and not allow her to go any further.

Speeches by leaders of political parties, street plays, puppet show, stunt performances or some other entertainment happened from time to time. She watched waiters pouring coffee in other tumbler to cool it, people chopping up onion with eyes turned to other side, or almonds blown down from the tree by the wind. According to the season, there would be various fruit. She saw people selling sweet and tasty snacks, payasam, halva and iced lollies.

One day she saw in her street, a threshing floor set up in the corner. Their people were driving cattle in pairs round and round to crush the grain from straw. The animals were muzzled. She saw the landlord seated on a piece of sacking spread over a stone slab. He was watching the proceedings. She stood there for a while, watching the fun.

Just then, she saw an elder of their street coming from the direction of the bazaar. He looked quite funny in his manner. He held out a packet by its string without touching it. Then he went to the landlord, bowed low and extended the packet towards him. He cupped the hand that held the string with his other hand. The landlord opened the parcel and began to eat the vadais.

She told her elder brother the story with its comic details. Annan was not amused. He told her that the elder was carrying the package for his upper caste landlord. These people believed that people of lower caste should not touch them. If they did, they would be polluted. That was the reason why he had to carry the package by the string. She became sad on listening all this. She felt angry towards the people of upper castes.

Memories Of Childhood Class 12 Summary In Hindi
She thought that these miserly people, who had collected money somehow, had lost all human feelings. But the lower castes were also human beings. They should not do petty jobs for them. They should work in their fields, take their wages home, and leave it at that.

Annan, her elder brother, was studying at a university. He had come home for the holidays. He would often go to the library in their neighbouring village in order to borrow books. One day, one of the landlord’s men met him. Thinking him to be a stranger, he addressed Annan respectfully. His manner changed on knowing his name and he asked for the street he lived in. The street would indicate their caste.

Annan told her that they were not given any honour, dignity or respect because they were born in a particular community. He advised her to study and make progress. People will come to her of their own accord then. She studied hard and stood first in her class. Many people then became her friends.

Memories of Childhood Summary In Hindi

I. मेरे लम्बे बालों को काटा जाना (जिटकाला-सा)
यह विद्यालय में लेखिका का पहला दिन था। ठिठुरन भरी ठंड थी। नाश्ते के लिए एक बड़ी घंटी बजी। नंगे फर्शो पर जूतों की कट-कट हुई। कई आवाजों की फुसफुसाहट हुई। पीले चेहरे तथा सफेद बालों वाली एक स्त्री उनके पीछे-पीछे आई। उनको उन लड़कियों की पंक्ति में रखा गया जो भोजन कक्ष की ओर बढ़ती जा रही थीं। वह अपने नरम चमड़े वाले सपाट तली के जूतों में बिना शोर किए चलती रही। वह फर्श पर सिकुड़ना चाहती थी क्योंकि उसके कन्धों से कम्बल हटा लिया गया था । मूल अमरीकी लड़कियाँ बिल्कुल परवाह करती प्रतीत नहीं होती थीं। यद्यपि चुस्त वस्त्रों में वे और भी अधिक निर्लज्जतापूर्वक दिखती थीं। लड़कों ने सामने वाले द्वार से प्रवेश किया। एक छोटी घंटी हल्के से बजाई गई। प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी ने मेज़ के नीचे से एक कुर्सी को बाहर खींची । लेखिका ने अपनी कुर्सी निकाली। वह एक तरफ से तुरन्त इसमें खिसक गई। उसने अपना सिर घुमाया। उसने पाया कि केवल वह ही एकमात्र बैठी हुई थी। उनकी मेज़ पर अन्य सभी खड़े थे। वह उठने लगी। दूसरी घंटी बजी। अन्ततः सभी बैठ गए। उसने हाल के छोर (एक किनारे) पर एक व्यक्ति की आवाज़ सुनी। उसे देखने के लिए उसने चारों ओर देखा । अन्य सभी ने अपना सिर प्लेट पर झुकाया हुआ था। उसने पीले चेहरे वाली स्त्री को अपनी ओर देखते हुए पाया । उस व्यक्ति ने बुड़बुड़ाना समाप्त कर दिया। फिर तीसरी घन्टी बजी। प्रत्येक ने अपना छुरी-काँटा उठा लिया तथा खाना आरम्भ कर दिया। वह रोने-चीखने लगी। सूत्रों (नियमों) के अनुसार इस तरह भोजन करना कठिन अनुभव था।

We Too Are Human Beings Summary
सवेरे के समय देर बाद उसकी मित्र जूडविन ने उसे बताया कि उसने पीले चेहरे वाली स्त्री को उसके लम्बे, भारी बालों को काटने के विषय में बातें करते अकस्मात् सुन लिया था। उनके लोगों के मध्य छोटे बाल विलाप (शोक) करने वालों द्वारा रखे जाते थे, जबकि खोपड़ी के समीप से मुन्डन (घोट-मोट सफाचट) केवल कायरों द्वारा करवाया जाता था। जूडविन ने कहा कि उन्हें आज्ञापालन करना पड़ेगा क्योंकि विद्यालय के अधिकारी ताकतवर थे। लेखिका ने विद्रोह किया। उसने समर्पण से पहले विरोध करने का निर्णय लिया।

जब कोई भी उसे नहीं देख रहा था, तो वह गायब हो गयी तथा ऊपर की मंजिल में रेंगती हुई पहुँच गई। उसने एक विशाल कमरे में, जिसमें तीन सफेद बिस्तर थे, स्वयं को एक पलंग के नीच छिपा लिया। उसने नीचे हाल में अपना नाम पुकारती हुई तेज आवाजें सुनीं। जूडविन भी उसे तलाश कर रही थी। उसने उत्तर देने के लिए अपना मुँह नहीं खोला। पदचापे निकट तथा अधिक निकट आती गईं। लड़कियों तथा स्त्रियों ने कमरे में प्रवेश किया। उन्होंने उसे प्रत्येक स्थान पर तलाश किया । किसी ने पर्दे को ऊपर फेंक दिया। कमरा अचानक प्रकाश से भर गया। वे झुके तथा पलंग के नीचे देखने लगे। उसे घसीटकर बाहर निकाला गया। उसने लातें मारकर तथा नाखूनों से नोंच-खरोंच करके विरोध किया। उसे नीचे की मंजिल में ले जाया गया तथा एक कुर्सी में कसकर बाँध दिया गया।

वह ज़ोर-ज़ोर से चिल्लाई तथा उसने अपना सिर हिलाया। फिर उसे अपनी गर्दन पर कैंची के ठंडे फल का स्पर्श महसूस हुआ । उसकी एक मोटी चोटी काट दी गई। एक कायर के सिर की भाँति उसके सिर का भी मुण्डन किया जा रहा था। जिस दिन से वह यहाँ आई थी, उसने अपमान ही सहन किया था। लोग उसे घूर-घूर कर देखते रहते थे। उसे लकड़ी की एक कठपुतली की भाँति हेवा में उछाला गया। वह अपनी माँ के लिए सिसकियाँ भरती रही, किन्तु कोई भी उसे सांत्वना देने को आगे नहीं आया। अब वह चरवाहे द्वारा हांके गए झुण्ड के कई छोटे-छोटे पशुओं में से एक थी।

Memories Of Childhood Class 12 Summary
II. हम भी मानव हैं (बामा)
जब बामा तीसरी कक्षा में पढ़ती थी, तो उसने अभी तक लोगों को अस्पृश्यता (छुआछूत) के विषय में खुले रूप में बातें करते हुए नहीं सुना था। किन्तु वह पहले ही, जो कुछ यह था, को देख चुकी थी, महसूस कर चुकी थी, अनुभव कर चुकी थी, तथा इसके द्वारा अपमानित हो चुकी थी।

एक दिन वह विद्यालय से पैदल घर आ रही थी। इस दूरी को दस मिनट में पैदल चलना सम्भव था, किन्तु उसे प्राय: 30 मिनट लगा करते थे। वह गलियों, दुकानों तथा बाजार में सभी आनन्ददायक वस्तुओं, खेलों, नवीनताओं एवं विचित्रताओं को ध्यान से देखती थी। प्रत्येक चीज उसे स्तब्ध कर देती तथा उसे आगे जाने की अनुमति नहीं देती थी।

समय-समय पर राजनैतिक दलों के नेताओं के भाषण, नुक्कड़-नाटक, कठपुतली का तमाशा, जोखिमभरे कौशल के कार्य या अन्य मनोरंजन होते रहते थे। वह वेटरों को कॉफी ठंडी करने के लिए दूसरे बर्तन में धार बांधकर उड़ेलते हुए देखती, लोगों को आँखें एक ओर करके प्याज काटते हुए अथवा वायु द्वारा वृक्ष से गिराए गए बादाम देखती। ऋतु के अनुसार, विभिन्न फल वहाँ आते थे। वह लोगों को नाश्ते के लिए स्वादिष्ट व्यंजन, पयासम, हलवा अथवा बर्फ के चूसने वाले गोले बेचते हुए देखती।

एक दिन उसने अपनी ही गली में, एक कोने में, अनाज कूटने-पीटने के लिए बनाए गए फर्श को देखा। उनके ही लोग पशुओं को जोड़ों में हाँक रहे थे ताकि वे अनाज को भूसे से अलग कर सकें। पशुओं के मुँह पर छींकली लगी हुई थी। उसने भू-स्वामी को एक पत्थर पर बिछी बोरियों पर बैठे देखा। वह कार्रवाई को ध्यान से देख रहा था। वह इसका आनन्द लेती हुई कुछ देर वहीं खड़ी रही।

Memories Of Childhood In Hindi
तभी उसने अपनी ही गली के एक बुजुर्ग को बाजार की दिशा से आते हुए देखा। वह अपने ढंग में काफी हास्यप्रद लगता था। वह एक पैकेट को बिना छुए केवल इसकी डोरी से पकड़े हुए था। फिर वह भू-स्वामी के पास गया । नीचे झुका तथा उसकी ओर पैकेट बढ़ी टिगा। उसने जिस हाथ से डोर पकड़ रखी थी उसका दूसरे हाथ से प्याला बनाया। भू-स्वामी ने पैकेट खोला तथा वड़ा खाने लगा।

उसने यह कहानी हास्यप्रद विवरण सहित अपने भाई को सुनाई। अन्नान को आनन्द नहीं आया। उसने उसे बताया कि वह बुजुर्ग उस पैकेट को अपने उच्च जाति वाले भू-स्वामी के लिए ले जा रहा था। ये लोग विश्वास करते थे कि नीची जाति वाले लोगों को उन्हें स्पर्श नहीं करना चाहिए। यदि वे ऐसा करेंगे तो वे अशुद्ध हो जाएँगे। यही कारण था कि उसे पैकेट को डोरी से पकड़ कर ले जाना पड़ रहा था। यह सब सुनकर वह उदास हो गई। वह ऊँची जाति वाले लोगों के प्रति क्रोध महसूस करने लगी।

वह सोचने लगी कि इन कंजूस व्यक्तियों ने, किसी प्रकार से जो धन संचय कर पाए हैं, सभी मानव अनुभूतियां खो दी हैं। किन्तु निचली जाति के लोग भी मानव थे। उन्हें उनके लिए तुच्छ (छोटे-मोटे) काम नहीं करने चाहिए। उन्हें उनके खेतों में काम करना चाहिए, अपनी मजदूरी (वेतन) घर लानी चाहिए तथा इस बात तक यहीं छोड़ देना चाहिए।

Memory Of Childhood Summary
उसका बड़ा भाई अन्नान एक विश्वविद्यालय में पढ़ रहा था। वह छुट्टियों में घर आया हुआ था। वह पुस्तकें उधार लेने के लिए प्रायः समीप के गाँव के पुस्तकालय में जाया करता था। एक दिन जमींदार (भू-स्वामी) के व्यक्तियों में से एक (कारिन्दा) उसे मिला। उसे अजनबी समझकर उसने अन्नान को आदरपूर्वक सम्बोधित किया। उसका नाम जानते ही उसका ढंग बदल गया तथा उसने उस गली के विषय में पूछा जिसमें वह रहता था । गली उनकी जाति को सूचित कर देगी।

अन्नान ने उसे बताया कि उन्हें कोई सम्मान, शान अथवा आदर नहीं दिया जाता क्योंकि वे एक विशेष समुदाय (जाति) में उत्पन्न हुए हैं। उसने उसे परामर्श दिया कि वह अध्ययन करे तथा प्रगति करे। तब लोग अपनी इच्छा से उसके पास आएँगे। उसने कठोर अध्ययन किया तथा अपनी कक्षा में प्रथम आई। तब कई लोग उसके मित्र बन गए।

Class 12 English Notes
NCERT Solutions

Indigo Summary Class 12 English

Indigo Summary Class 12 English
Download CBSE class 12 English notes Flamingo in PDF format. All the Questions and Answers are also provided for students’ understanding and preparation of the lesson. Indigo Summary CBSE Notes for Class 12 English written in crisp and easy to understand language, and important questions that have high chances to come in the board exam. https://meritbatch.com/indigo-summary/

Indigo Summary In English

Indigo Summary
In December 1916 Gandhi went to Lucknow to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress. There were 2,301 delegates and many visitors. A peasant from Champaran, Rajkumar Shukla, asked Gandhi to visit his district. Shukla followed Gandhi, wherever he went. In 1917, Gandhi and Shukla boarded a train for Patna. Shukla led Gandhi to the house of a lawyer named Rajendra Prasad. They could not see him as he was out of town.

Gandhi decided to go first to Muzaffarpur to obtain complete information about the conditions in Champaran. He reached Muzaffarpur by train at midnight on 15 April 1917. Professor J.B. Kriplani, received him at the station. Gandhi stayed there for two days. The news of Gandhi’s arrival and the nature of his mission spread quickly through Muzaffarpur and to Champaran. Sharecroppers from Champaran began arriving there. Muzaffarpur lawyers briefed Gandhi about the court cases. He chided the lawyers for collecting big fees from the sharecroppers. He thought that lawcourts were useless for the crushed and fear-stricken peasants. The real relief for them was to be free from fear.

Then Gandhi arrived in Champaran. He began by trying to get the facts from the secretary of the British landlords’ association. He refused to give information to an outsider. Gandhi said that he was not an outsider. Next, Gandhi called on the British official commissioner of the Tirhut division. The commissioner started bullying Gandhi and advised him to leave Tirhut. Instead of leaving the area, Gandhi went to Motihari, the Capital of Champaran. Several lawyers accompanied him. A large crowd of people greeted Gandhi at the railway station. It was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British.

Indigo Summary Class 12
A peasant had been maltreated in a nearby village. The next morning Gandhi started out on the back of an elephant. Soon he was stopped by the police superintendent’s messenger and ordered to return to town in his carriage. Gandhi complied. The messenger drove Gandhi home. Then he served him with an official notice to quit Champaran at once. Gandhi signed the receipt for the notice and wrote on it that he would disobey the order. Gandhi received a summons to appear in court the next day. At night Gandhi telegraphed Rajendra Prasad, sent instructions to the ashram and wired a full report to the Viceroy.

Thousands of peasants gathered around the court house. The officials felt powerless. The authorities wished to consult their superiors. Gandhi protested against the delay. The magistrate announced that he would pronounce sentence after a two-hour recess. He asked Gandhi to furnish bail for those 120 minutes. Gandhi refused. The judge released him without bail. The court started again after a break. The judge said he would not deliver the judgement for several days. He allowed Gandhi to remain at liberty.

Gandhi asked the prominent lawyers about the injustice to the sharecroppers. They consulted among themselves. Then they told Gandhi that they were ready to follow him into jail. Gandhi then divided the group into pairs and fixed the order in which each pair was to court arrest. After several days, Gandhi was informed by the magistrate that the case had been dropped. For the first time in modern India, civil disobedience had triumphed.

Gandhi and lawyers conducted an inquiry into the complaints of the peasants. About ten thousand peasants deposed. Documents were collected. Gandhi was summoned by Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant-Governor. He met the Lieutenant Governor four times. An official commission of inquiry was appointed.

Indigo Class 12 Summary
Gandhi remained in Champaran initially for seven months and then came for several shorter visits. The official inquiry assembled evidence against the big planters. They agreed in principle to make refunds to the peasants. Gandhi asked only 50 per cent. The representative of the planters offered to refund up to 25 per cent. Gandhi agreed. The deadlock was broken.

Gandhi explained that the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to give some money and their prestige. The peasant now saw that he had rights and defenders. He learned courage. Events justified Gandhi’s position. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates. These now went back to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Gandhi wanted to do something to remove the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran villages. He appealed for teachers. Two young disciples of Gandhi, Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, and their wives volunteered for work. Several more came from Bombay, Poona and other distant parts of the land. Devdas, Gandhi’s youngest son, arrived from the ashram and so did Mrs. Gandhi. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation.

Health conditions were miserable. Gandhi got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Three medicines were available : castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment. Gandhi noticed the filthy state of women’s clothes. One woman told Kasturba that she had only one sari. During his long stay in Champaran, Gandhi kept a long distance watch on the ashram and sent regular instructions by mail.

The Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhi’s life. It did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to lessen the sufferings of the poor peasants. Gandhi’s politics was closely connected with the practical day to day problems of the millions. He tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.

Gandhi also taught his followers a lesson in self-reliance. Gandhi’s lawyer friends thought that it would be a good idea for Charles Freer Andrews, the English pacifist, to stay in Champaran and help them. Andrews was willing if Gandhi agreed. But Gandhi opposed it forcefully. He said, “The cause is just and you must rely upon yourselves to win the battle.”
Thus, self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.

Indigo Summary In Hindi

दिसम्बर 1916 में गांधी जी भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की वार्षिक सभा में भाग लेने के लिए लखनऊ गए। वहाँ 2,301 प्रतिनिधि थे तथा कई देखने (मिलने) आने वाले लोग । चंपारण के एक किसान, राजकुमार शुक्ला ने गांधी जी को उसके जिले में आने को कहा। गांधी जी जहाँ कहीं जाते, शुक्ला उनका अनुसरण करता। 1917 में, गांधी जी तथा शुक्ला पटना के लिए रेल में सवार हुए। शुक्ला गांधी जी को राजेन्द्र प्रसाद नामक एक वकील के घर ले गया। वे उससे नहीं मिल पाए क्योंकि वह नगर से बाहर थे।

Summary Of Indigo
गांधी जी ने चम्पारण की स्थिति के विषय में पूरी सूचना (जानकारी) प्राप्त करने के लिए पहले मुजफ्फरपुर जाने का निश्चय किया। वह 15 अप्रैल 1917 को आधी रात में रेलगाड़ी से मुजफ्फरपुर पहुँचे। स्टेशन पर प्रोफेसर जे०बी० कृपलानी ने उनका स्वागत किया। गांधी जी वहाँ दो दिन ठहरे। गांधी जी के पहुँचने तथा उनके ध्येय (विशेष कार्य) की प्रकृति के विषय में समाचार मुजफ्फरपुर होता हुआ चम्पारण तक शीघ्रता से फैल गया। चम्पारण के बटाई पर खेती करने वाले किसान वहाँ पहुँचने लगे। मुजफ्फरपुर के वकीलों ने गांधी जी को कचहरी में चल रहे मामलों के विषय में जानकारी दी। उन्होंनेवकीलों को इन बंटाई पर खेती करने वाले किसानों से अधिक फीस बटोरने पर धमकाया। उन्होंने सोचा कि इन कुचले हुए तथा भयग्रस्त किसानों के लिए न्यायालय व्यर्थ थे। उनके लिए असली राहत थी कि वे भय से मुक्त (स्वतन्त्र) हों।

तब गांधी जी चम्पारण में आए। उन्होंने ब्रिटिश भूस्वामियों के संगठन के सचिव से तथ्य एकत्रित करने का प्रयास करते हुए शुभारम्भ किया। सचिव ने बाहरी व्यक्ति को सूचना देने से मना कर दिया। गांधी जी ने कहा कि वह बाहरी व्यक्ति नहीं थे। इसके बाद, गांधी जी तिरहुत प्रमंडल के ब्रिटिश सरकारी आयुक्त से मिलने गये। आयुक्त ने गांधी जी को तंग करना (डराना-धमकाना) आरम्भ किया तथा उन्हें तिरहुत प्रमंडल छोड़ जाने की सलाह दी। क्षेत्र छोड़ने की बजाय, गांधी जी चम्पारण की राजधानी, मोतीहारी गये। उनके साथ कई वकील भी गये। रेलवे स्टेशन पर लोगों की एक विशाल भीड़ ने उनका स्वागत किया। यह उनके ब्रिटिश शासन के भय से मुक्ति का आरम्भ था।

निकट के एक गाँव में एक किसान के साथ दुर्व्यवहार हुआ था। अगले दिन गांधी जी हाथी की पीठ पर सवार होकर चले। शीघ्र ही उन्हें पुलिस अधीक्षक के संदेशवाहक द्वारा रोका गया तथा उसी की घोड़ागाड़ी में नगर लौटने का आदेश दिया गया। गांधी जी ने इस आज्ञा का पालन किया। संदेशवाहक गांधी जी को गाड़ी में घर ले आया। फिर उसने गांधी जी को तुरन्त चम्पारण छोड़कर चले जाने का नोटिस थमा दिया। गांधी जी ने इसकी पावती (रसीद) पर हस्ताक्षर किये तथा इस पर लिख दिया कि वह आदेश की अवज्ञा करेंगे। गांधी जी को अगले दिन न्यायालय में पेश होने का सम्मन (न्यायालय का आदेश) प्राप्त हुआ। रात को गांधी जी ने राजेन्द्र प्रसाद को तार भेजा, आश्रम में निर्देश भेजे तथा वायसराय को सूचना तार द्वारा प्रेषित की।

Indigo Summary In Hindi
हज़ारों किसान न्यायालय के चारों ओर एकत्रित हो गये। कर्मचारी शक्तिहीन महसूस करने लगे। प्रशासक/अधिकारी अपने से श्रेष्ठ लोगों से परामर्श करना चाहते थे। गांधी जी ने देरी का विरोध किया। दण्डाधिकारी ने कहा कि वह दो घंटे के अवकाश के उपरान्त दण्ड (सज़ा) की घोषणा करेगा। उसने गांधी जी से कहा कि वह 120 मिनट के लिये जमानत दे। गांधी जी ने इन्कार कर दिया। न्यायाधीश ने उन्हें बिना जमानत के छोड़ दिया। विराम के पश्चात् न्यायालय पुनः आरम्भ हुआ। न्यायाधीश ने कहा कि वह कई दिनों तक निर्णय (फैसला) नहीं सुनायेगा। उसने गांधी जी को मुक्त (स्वतन्त्र) रहने की आज्ञा दी।

गांधी जी ने प्रमुख वकीलों से बटाई पर खेती करने वाले किसानों के साथ हो रहे अन्याय के विषय में पूछा। उन्होंने आपस में विचार-विमर्श किया। फिर उन्होंने गांधी जी को बताया कि वह उनका अनुसरण कर कारागार (जेल) जाने को तैयार थे। तब गांधी जी ने इस समूह को युग्मों (जोड़ों) में विभाजित कर दिया तथा वह क्रम निश्चित कर दिया जिसमें वे गिरफ्तारी देंगे। कई दिन के पश्चात्, गांधी जी को दण्डाधिकारी द्वारा सूचना दी गई कि मामला समाप्त (बन्द) कर दिया गया है। आधुनिक भारत में पहली बार नागरिक अवज्ञा ने विजय प्राप्त की थी।

गांधी जी तथा वकीलों ने किसानों की शिकायत पर जाँच करनी आरम्भ की। लगभग दस हज़ार किसान साक्षी बने। दस्तावेज़ (प्रमाण) एकत्रित किये गये। गांधी जी को उप-राज्यपाल, सर एडवर्ड गेट द्वारा बुलवाया गया। वह उप-राज्यपाल से चार बार मिले। जाँच के लिए एक सरकारी कमीशन नियुक्त कर दिया गया।

प्रारम्भ में गांधी जी चम्पारण में सात महीने रहे और फिर कई बार संक्षिप्त भ्रमण के लिए आये। सरकारी जाँच ने बड़े खेतों के स्वामियों के विरुद्ध प्रमाण एकत्रित किये। वे सिद्धान्त रूप से किसानों को धन लौटाने को सहमत हो गये। गांधी जी ने केवल 50 प्रतिशत माँगा। बड़े खेतों के स्वामियों के प्रतिनिधि ने 25 प्रतिशत लौटाने का प्रस्ताव किया। गांधी जी सहमत हो गये। अवरोध समाप्त/टूट गया।

गांधी जी ने स्पष्ट किया कि लौटाई जाने वाली राशि की मात्रा इस तथ्य से कम महत्त्वपूर्ण थी कि जमींदारों को कुछ धन तथा कुछ अपनी प्रतिष्ठा, देने को विवश होना पड़ा था। किसान ने अब देखा कि उसके अधिकार थे तथा उनके रक्षक भी। उसने साहस सीखा। घटनाओं ने गांधी जी की स्थिति को उचित ठहराया। कुछ वर्षों में ही ब्रिटिश भूस्वामियों ने अपने विशाल भूखण्ड छोड़ दिये। ये अब किसानों के पास लौट गये। नील की बटाई की खेती अदृश्य (गायब) हो गई।

चम्पारण के गाँवों के सांस्कृतिक तथा सामाजिक पिछड़ेपन को हटाने के लिए गांधी जी कुछ करना चाहते थे। उन्होंने अध्यापकों के लिए प्रार्थना की। गांधी जी के दो युवा शिष्य, महादेव देसाई तथा नरहरि पारिख, तथा उनकी पत्नियों ने स्वेच्छा से उस काम के लिए स्वयं को पेश किया। कई अन्य भी मुम्बई, पूना तथा देश के सुदूर भागों से आये। गांधी जी का सबसे छोटा पुत्र देवदास, आश्रम से आया तथा श्रीमती गांधी भी आईं। छः गाँवों में प्राथमिक पाठशालाएँ खोली गईं। कस्तूरबा ने व्यक्तिगत स्वच्छता एवं सामुदायिक सफाई के विषय में आश्रम के नियम सिखाये।।

Summary Of Indigo Class 12
स्वास्थ्य की स्थितियाँ दयनीय थीं। गांधी जी ने एक चिकित्सक से स्वेच्छा से उसकी सेवाएँ छः महीने के लिए प्राप्त कीं। तीन दवाइयाँ । उपलब्ध थीं-अरण्डी का तेल, कुनैन तथा गंधक की मलहम। गांधी जी का ध्यान स्त्रियों के गन्दे वस्त्रों की दशा की ओर गया। एक स्त्री ने कस्तूरबा को बताया कि उसके पास केवल एक ही साड़ी थी। चम्पारण में अपने लम्बे प्रवास के दौरान गांधी जी ने आश्रम पर दूर से चौकसी रखी तथा डाक द्वारा नियमित निर्देश भेजे।

चम्पारण प्रकरण गांधी जी के जीवन में मोड़ वाला (महत्त्वपूर्ण) बिन्दु था। यह अवज्ञा के रूप में आरम्भ नहीं हुआ। यह निर्धन किसानों के कष्ट कम करने के प्रयास के रूप में उत्पन्न हुआ। गांधी जी की राजनीति करोड़ों लोगों की दैनिक समस्याओं से, व्यावहारिक रूप से जुड़ी हुई थी। उन्होंने एक नये स्वतन्त्र भारतीय को आकार देने की चेष्टा की जो अपने पैरों पर खड़ा हो सके तथा इस प्रकार भारत को स्वतन्त्र करा सके।

गांधी जी ने अपने अनुयायियों को आत्मनिर्भरता का भी पाठ पढ़ाया। गांधी जी के वकील मित्रों ने सोचा कि यह अच्छा होगा कि शान्तिवादी चार्ल्स फ्रीअर एंड्रस चम्पारण में ठहरे तथा उनकी सहायता करे। यदि गांधी जी मान जाते, तो एड्स तो सहमत था। किन्तु गांधी जी ने इसका प्रचण्ड विरोध किया। उन्होंने कहा, “मकसद न्यायोचित है तथा युद्ध को जीतने के लिए तुम्हें स्वयं अपने ऊपर निर्भर रहना चाहिए।’
अतः आत्मनिर्भरता, भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता तथा बटाई में खेती करने वाले सभी एक साथ बंधे हुए थे।

Class 12 English Notes
NCERT Solutions

Evans Tries an O-level Summary Class 12 English

Evans Tries an O-level Summary Class 12 English
Download CBSE class 12 English notes Vistas in PDF format. All the Questions and Answers are also provided for students’ understanding and preparation of the lesson. Evans Tries an O-level Summary CBSE Notes for Class 12 English written in crisp and easy to understand language, and important questions that have high chances to come in the board exam. https://meritbatch.com/evans-tries-an-o-level-summary/

Evans Tries an O-level Summary In English

Evans Tries An O Level Summary
In early March, the Secretary of the Examinations Board received a telephonic request from the Governor of the Oxford Prison to create an examination centre in jail for one candidate named Evans. He started night classes in O-Level German last September. He was the only one in the class. The Secretary made other routine enquiries and promised to send all the forms and stuff.

The cell of Evans was turned into the Examination Room. A parson from St. Mary Mags was to work as invigilator. The Governor did not tell the Secretary that ‘Evans the Break’ had already escaped from prison three times. He would have done so from Oxford Prison if there had not been unrest in the maximum security establishments up north.

The Governor of Oxford Prison took personal interest to see that Evans got no chance to escape. One day prior to the examination i.e. On Monday 7 June, Evans’s German teacher shook him by the hand at 8.30 p.m. and wished him good luck. They met in the heavily guarded Recreational Block, just across from D. Wing.

At 8.30, the following morning (Tuesday 8 June), Evans had two visitors—Mr Jackson, the senior prison officer on D. Wing and Mr Stephens a burly, surly-looking man, only recently recruited to the profession. Mr Jackson mockingly addressed Evans as Einstein. Evans’s face was unshaven and he requested Mr Jackson to let him shave himself. Jackson instructed Stephens to make sure that he took his razor out of the cell. Mr Jackson told Evans that he had got half an hour to smarten himself. He asked Evans to take off that filthy looking hat. Evans replied that it had brought him luck in life and requested to be allowed to keep it on during the examination.

Summary Of Evans Tries An O Level
At 8.45 the same morning, the Reverend Stuart McLeery left his bachelor flat in Broad Street and stepped out briskly towards Carfax. The temperature was considerably below normal. A long black overcoat and a shallow-crowned clerical hat provided welcome protection from the steady drizzle, which spattered the thick lenses of his spectacles. In his right hand he was carrying a small brown suitcase, which contained all that he would need for his morning duties.

The two-hour examination was scheduled to start at 9.15 a.m. Two small square tables were set opposite each other. Two hard chairs were placed in front of the tables. Jackson told Evans that the Governor himself was going to listen in. Jackson would be watching him like a hawk. He asked Evans to keep his nose clean. Evans nodded. He had his number two handkerchief lying ready on the bunk. Just before leaving his cell, Jackson wished Evans good luck.

In the little lodge just inside the prison’s main gates, the Reverend S. McLeery signed his name neatly in the visitors’ book. From there he walked side by side with a silent prison officer across the exercise yard to D. Wing. Here he was greeted by Jackson. The Wing’s heavy outer door was unlocked, and locked behind them. The same was done to the heavy inner door. McLeery was now to be looked after by Stephens. Jackson murmured if he had got the razor. Stephens nodded.

McLeery followed Stephens to the cell where Evans was kept. Stephens opened the peephole and found Evans completely engrossed in a textbook of elementary German grammar. Stephens took the key from its ring and the cell lock opened.

Evan Tries O Level Summary
It was 9.10 a.m. The Governor instructed Jackson to tell Evans of the temporary little precaution. The Governor thought that Evans might try to take advantage of McLeery. Evans had been got rid of any potential weapon. But what about innocent McLeery? He might bring a jack-knife. Evans might hold him a hostage with it. The Governor phoned Jackson who lightly frisked McLeery’s clothes. Then he searched the contents of the suitcase. He was puzzled to find a semi-inflated rubber ring. McLeery explained that he suffered from haemorrhoids when he sat down for a long time. Then he found a paper-knife at the bottom of the case. Very politely, he took it away.

The examination started a bit late. The Governor heard the voices of the invigilator and the examinee. It was now 9.20. Evans objected to the presence of Stephens as it disturbed his concentration. The Governor ordered Jackson to get Stephens out of that cell. Then the examination began. At 9.25, there was a great calm.

At 9.40 a.m. the Examination Board rang through. An Assistant Secretary informed the Governor that there was a correction slip, which the dealing hand had forgotten to place in the examination package. The Governor put him straight through to Mr Jackson in D. Wing. Meanwhile he checked whether the phone call was fake or some signal or secret message. He dialled the number of the Examination Board but heard only the staccato bleeps of a line engaged. Two minutes later the Governor heard some whispered communications in the cell. McLeery was dictating the correction. The Governor had taken German in the sixth form. He remembered all about the agreements of adjectives. Then he received a phone from the Magistrate’s Court. They needed a prison van and a couple of prison officers for a Remand Case.

For the first quarter of an hour Stephens had dutifully peered through the peep-hole at intervals of one minute or so; and after that, every two minutes. At 10.45 a.m. everything was still all right. Evans, with his pen between his lips, sat staring straight in front of him towards the door, seeking some inspiration from somewhere. Opposite him sat McLeery. His hair was amateurishly clipped pretty closely to the scalp.

Evans Tries An O Level Summary In Hindi
At 10.50 a.m. the receiver made a short sharp sound. The Governor realised that he had almost forgotten Evans for a few minutes. Evans was asking if he could put a blanket round his shoulders as it was a bit chilly there. McLeery told Evans to be quick about it. At 10.51 a.m. Stephens was surprised to see a grey blanket draped round Evans’s shoulders. He frowned slightly. He looked at the examinee more closely.

At 11.20 a.m. the receiver once more disturbed the silence of the Governor’s office. McLeery informed Evans that only five minutes remained. The examination was almost over now, but something still gnawed away quietly in the Governor’s mind. He reached for the phone once again.

At 11.22 a.m. Jackson shouted along the corridor to Stephens. The Governor wanted to speak with him. Stephens picked up the phone and listened to the rapidly spoken orders. Stephens himself was to accompany McLeery to the main prison gates. He was to make absolutely sure that the door was locked on Evans after McLeery had left the cell.

Evans Tries An O Level Summary In Hindi Class 12
At 11.25 a.m. the Governor heard the final exchanges. He heard the door clang for the last time. The examination was over. Stephens walked beside McLeery to the main gates. His long black overcoat encouraged the illusion that he had suddenly grown slimmer.

Stephens felt pleased that the Governor had asked him, and not Jackson, to see McLeery off the premises, and the morning had gone pretty well. He re-entered D.Wing and opened the peep-hole of Evans’s cell. He saw a man sprawled in Evans’s chair. The front of his closely cropped, irregularly tufted hair was covered with red blood, which had dripped already through the small black beard. It was now spreading over the white clerical collar and down into the black clerical front.

Stephens shouted wildly for Jackson. The words penetrated McLeery’s ears. He felt for his handkerchief and held it to his bleeding head. He gave a low moan and tried to speak. But his voice became gradually quieter and then stopped. Police and ambulance were called in. McLeery slowly raised himself. He found the German question paper on the table. He told Jackson to get the Governor. He claimed to know where Evan was.

Evans Tries An O-Level Summary
Almost immediately sirens were sounded and the whole prison machinery went into action. Jackson and Stephens supported McLeery on either side. They met the Governor in the prison yard. McLeery drew the Governor’s attention to the German question paper. A photocopied sheet had been super-imposed over its last page. Originally it was blank. The German text was translated. It made an interesting reading. It contained the plan of action.

A police car came to the doors of the prison. Detective Superintendent Carter came out and greeted the Governor. Before the Governor could explain anything, McLeery told the officer to go to Elsfield Way where Evans…. Injured McLeery accompanied the Police. The Governor read the last portion of the German text: ‘From Elsfield Way drive to the Headington roundabouť.

The Governor was angry at Jackson and Stephens. Evans had managed to conceal not only a false beard, a pair of spectacles, a dogcollar and all the rest of his clerical paraphernalia. He also had a weapon with which he hit McLeery across the head. The Governor was still concentrating on the last line of the German text. The word Neugraben’ troubled him. It seemed to be Newbury. He asked his driver to take Jackson and Stephens to St. Aldates Police Station and contact Chief Inspector Bell there. The Governor then went to his office and phoned Bell immediately. Bell promised to get him.

Evans O Level Summary
The Governor sat back, and lit a cigarette. It had been a beautifully laid plan. However, it was carelessness of Evans to leave the question paper behind. The Governor hoped to get Evans back with the help of the clues. Superintendent Carter informed him that McLeery had spotted Evans driving off along Elsfield Way, but had lost him at the Headington roundabout. He must have doubled back into the city. The Governor said that he might be on his way to Newbury. He asked Carter if they had managed to get McLeery to hospital all right.

Carter replied that he was in the Radcliffe then. A few minutes later, the Governor rang the Radcliffe and inquired about the parson who came there in their ambulance from Elsfield Way. The Governor was shocked to learn that the fellow had disappeared when the ambulance got there. A quarter of an hour later they found McLeery, securely bound and gagged, in his study in Broad Street. He had been there, he said, since 8.15 a.m. when two men called.

Enquiries in Newbury throughout the afternoon produced nothing. By tea-time everyone in the prison knew what had happened. Evans had impersonated McLerry and stayed in.

Evans Tries O Level Summary
After a gentle stroll round the centre of Chipping Norton, Evans returned to the Golden Lion hotel. A smart new hat concealed his hair. His chin was irritatingly sore and red because of the beard that he had to stick with plaster. He gave instructions to the receptionist, smiled at her and went to his room. He was shocked to find the Governor sitting on his narrow bed.

The Governor told Evans that it was useless to try anything. He had got men all round the place. Women, too. Evans was visibly shaken. He confessed that the correction slip had ruined him. Slowly, very slowly, Evans relaxed. He began to talk about the plan. They could fix any hotel. The really important thing was for the phone to ring just before the exam finished. They could get the prison officers out of the way for a couple of minutes.

The correction slip provided the name of the hotel and the exact time the exam started. Evans asked the Governor how did he know which Golden Lion it was. Governor said he used the same method: Index number 313; Centre number 271. The six-figure reference 313/271 lands one bang in the middle of Chipping Norton.

The Governor then asked him about his knowledge of German and how he got all that blood to pour over his head. Evans explained how they had used the little rubber ring for piles for it. They used pig’s blood and mixed 3.8 per cent trisodium citrate to stop it clotting. The Governor shook his head in reluctant admiration. They walked down the stairs. Evans said that he had many friends. Though he had no visitors or letters, he always had his German Teacher. The Governor said he was from the Technical College. Evans seemed to enjoy all this. He asked if they had checked it.

Evans Tries An O-Level Summary In Hindi
The receptionist told the Governor that the van was outside. A silent prison officer handcuffed the recaptured Evans. Then the two men sat on the back seat of the prison van. Evans said that O-Level Italian classes were coming up next September. The Governor said that perhaps he might not be with them. Evans pondered over it and thought that he wouldn’t.

As the prison van turned right from Chipping Norton on to the Oxford Road, the silent police officer unlocked the handcuffs. He leaned towards the driver and asked him to move on fast. The driver enquired in a broad Scots accent where they should make for. Evans suggested going to Newbury. Evans had the last laugh. He had escaped from prison once again.

Evans Tries an O-level Summary In Hindi

मार्च के प्रारम्भिक भाग में, परीक्षा बोर्ड के सचिव को ऑक्सफोर्ड कारागार के गवर्नर से दूरभाष से प्रार्थना मिली कि वह ईवान्स नामक एक अकेले प्राणी (अभ्यर्थी) के लिए कारावास में एक परीक्षा केन्द्र का सृजन करे। उसने 0-स्तर की जर्मन की रात्रि कक्षाएँ पिछले सितम्बर में आरम्भ की थीं। कक्षा में वह एकमात्र छात्र था। सचिव ने अन्य रस्मी पूछताछ की तथा सभी फार्म एवं सामग्री भेजने का वायदा किया।

ईवान्स की तंग कोठरी को परीक्षा कक्ष में परिवर्तित कर दिया गया। सेन्ट मेरी मैग्स से एक पादरी को निरीक्षक का कार्य करना था। गवर्नर ने सचिव को यह नहीं बताया कि जेल-तोड़ ईवान्स’ पहले ही तीन बार कारागार (जेल) से बच कर निकल चुका था। वह ऑक्सफोर्ड कारागार से भी ऐसा ही कर चुका होता यदि ऊपरी उत्तर के क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक सुरक्षा संस्थानों में बेचैनी (खलबली) न हुई होती।

ऑक्सफोर्ड कारागार के गवर्नर ने यह देखने के लिए व्यक्तिगत रुचि ली कि ईवान्स को बच निकलने का कोई अवसर प्राप्त न हो। परीक्षा से एक दिन पहले, अर्थात् सोमवार 7 जून को, ईवान्स के जर्मन भाषा के शिक्षक ने संध्या 8.30 पर उससे हाथ मिलाया तथा उसको सौभाग्य की कामना की। वे अत्यधिक सुरक्षित मनोरंजन ब्लाक में मिले थे जो D विंग (शाखा) के बिल्कुल सामने था।

Evans Tries An O Level Class 12 Summary
अगले दिन (मंगलवार 8 जून) को दो व्यक्ति ईवान्स से भेंट करने आए। वे थे D विंग (शाखा) का वरिष्ठ कारागार अधिकारी मि० जैकसन तथा मि० स्टीफन्स, जोकि एक मोटा-ताजा, उदास-दिखने वाला व्यक्ति था जिसे इस व्यवसाय में हाल ही में भर्ती किया गया था। मि० जैकसन ने खिल्ली उड़ाने के अन्दाज़ में ईवान्स को आइन्सटीन कहकर सम्बोधित किया। ईवान्स के चेहरे पर दाढी नहीं बनी हुई थी तथा उसने मि० जैकसन से प्रार्थना की कि वह उसे दाढ़ी बना लेने दे। जैकसन ने स्टीफन्स को निर्देश दिया कि वह सुनिश्चित कर ले कि वह इसके उस्तरे को कोठरी से बाहर ले जाए। मि० जैकसन ने ईवान्स को बताया कि उसके पास स्वयं को चुस्त बनाने के लिए आधा घंटा ही था। उसने ईवान्स को कहा कि वह अपने सिर से उस गन्दे दिखने वाले टोप को हटा ले। ईवान्स ने उत्तर दिया कि यह उसके जीवन में सौभाग्य लाया था तथा उसने प्रार्थना की कि परीक्षा के दौरान इसे पहने रहने की अनुमति दी जाए।

उसी सबेरे 8.45 पर सम्मान योग्य स्टुअर्ट मकलीअरी ब्रोड स्ट्रीट के अपने अविवाहितों (कुँआरों) वाले फ्लैट से निकला तथा तेज़ी से कारफैक्स की ओर कदम रखे। तापमान सामान्य से अत्यन्त कम था। लम्बे काले ऊपरी कोट तथा कम ऊँची, पर सटी हुई, पादरी वाली टोपी (हैट) ने उसे लगातार हो रही बूंदा-बांदी से स्वागत योग्य सुरक्षा प्रदान की थी जो उसके चश्मे के शीशों पर छितरा रही थी। अपने दायें हाथ में वह एक छोटा भूरा सूटकेस लिए हुए था, जिसमें प्रातःकालीन कर्तव्यों के लिए वह सब कुछ रखा हुआ था जिसकी उसे आवश्यकता पड़ेगी।

दो घन्टे चलने वाली परीक्षा प्रात: 9.15 बजे आरम्भ होने वाली थी। दो छोटी वर्गाकार मेजें एक-दूसरे के सामने लगाई गईं। दो कठोर कुर्सियाँ इन मेजों के सामने रखी गईं। जैकसन ने ईवान्स को बताया कि गवर्नर स्वयं ही (इस कक्ष की) बातचीत सुनेगा। जैकसन एक बाज़ की भाँति उस पर निगरानी रखेगा। उसने ईवान्स को कहा कि वह अपनी नाक साफ रखे। ईवान्स ने स्वीकृति में सिर हिलाया। उसका दो नम्बर का रुमाल शयन-पटरी पर तैयार रखा हुआ था। कोठरी से प्रस्थान करने से थोड़ी देर पहले जैकसन ने ईवान्स को सौभाग्य की कामना की।

Evan Tries An O Level Summary
कारागार के मुख्य द्वार के तुरन्त भीतर उस छोटे-से कक्ष में आदरणीय एस० मकलीअरी ने भेंटकर्ताओं की पुस्तिका में अत्यन्त सफाई से अपने नाम के हस्ताक्षर किए। वहाँ से वह एक चुप (नि:शब्द) कारागार-अधिकारी के साथ-साथ व्यायाम के प्रांगण से होता हुआ D-विंग (शाखा) तक पहुँचा। यहाँ जैकसन द्वारा उसका अभिवादन किया गया शाखा के भारी बाहरी द्वार का ताला खोला गया तथा उनके भीतर आने के पश्चात बन्द कर दिया गया। यही भीतरी भारी द्वार के साथ किया गया। अब मकलीअरी की देखभाल स्टीफन्स को करनी थी। जैकसन फुसफुसाया कि क्या उसने उस्तरा ले लिया था। स्टीफन्स ने सिर हिलाया।

स्टीफन्स का अनुसरण करते हुए मकलीअरी उस कोठरी तक पहुँचा जहाँ ईवान्स को रखा हुआ था। स्टीफन्स ने झाँकने का सुराख खोला तथा ईवान्स को पूर्ण रूप से प्रारम्भिक जर्मन व्याकरण की पाठ्यपुस्तक में लीन पाया। स्टीफन्स ने छल्ले से चाबी ली तथा कोठरी का द्वार खुल गया।

अब 9 बजकर 10 मिनट प्रातः का समय था। गवर्नर ने जैकसन को निर्देश दिया कि वह ईवान्स को अस्थायी मामूली सावधानी के विषय में बता दे। गवर्नर ने सोचा कि शायद ईवान्स मकलीअरी से लाभ उठाने का प्रयास करे। ईवान्स को तो किसी भी सम्भावित शस्त्र (हथियार) से छुटकारा दिला दिया गया था। किन्तु भोले-भाले मकलीअरी के विषय में क्या? सम्भवतः वह कोई तह किए जाने वाला फल वाला चाकू ले आए। ईवान्स इसी चाकू की मदद से अपनी मुक्ति के लिए उसे कैदी बना ले। गवर्नर ने जैकसन को फोन किया जिसने हल्के से मकलीअरी के वस्त्रों पर तलाशी के लिए हाथ घुमाया। फिर उसने सूटकेस में रखी हुई सामग्री की तलाशी ली। वह रबड़ का कुछ हवा भरा गोलाकर छल्ला देखकर विस्मित हुआ। मकलीअरी ने स्पष्ट किया कि जब वह लम्बे समय तक बैठा रहता था तो उसे खूनी बवासीर हो जाती थी। फिर उसे सूटकेस की तली में कागज काटने का चाकू मिला। अत्यन्त विनम्रता से उसने इसे ले लिया।

Class 12 English Evans Tries An O Level Summary
परीक्षा थोड़ी देरी से आरम्भ हुई। गवर्नर ने निरीक्षक तथा परीक्षार्थी की आवाजें सुनीं। अब 9 बजकर 20 मिनट हुए थे। ईवान्स ने स्टीफन्से की उपस्थिति पर आपत्ति (ऐतराज) किया क्योंकि वह उसकी एकाग्रता को विचलित (भंग) करता था। गवर्नर ने जैकसन को आदेश दिया कि वह स्टीफन्स को कोठरी से बाहर निकाल ले। फिर परीक्षा आरम्भ हो गई। 9 बजकर 25 मिनट पर अत्यन्त शान्ति थी।

9 बजकर 40 मिनट पर परीक्षा बोर्ड का फोन आया। एक सहायक सचिव ने गवर्नर को सूचित किया कि एक शुद्धि-पर्ची थी, जो सम्बद्ध कर्मचारी परीक्षा के पैकेट में रखना भूल गया था। गवर्नर ने उसे सीधा D-विंग में मि० जैकसन को फोन से मिला दिया। इस बीच उसने यह जाँच की कि फोन कहीं बनावटी अथवा कोई सन्देश अथवा छुपा हुआ सन्देश तो नहीं था। उसने परीक्षा बोर्ड का नम्बर मिलाया किन्तु उसे लाइन व्यस्त होने की प्रत्येक संकेत पर बल दिए छोटी तेज पी-पीं सुनाई दी। दो मिनट बाद गवर्नर ने कोठरी में फुसफुसाहट में बातचीत सुनी। मकलीअरी उस शुद्धि को बोलकर लिखा रहा था। गवर्नर ने भी छठी कक्षा में जर्मन भाषा पढ़ी थी। उसे विशेषणों के (संज्ञा से) सहमति के विषय में सब याद आ गया। फिर उसे दण्डाधिकारी के न्यायालय से फोन आया। उन्हें रिमान्ड के एक मामले में एक जेल की गाड़ी तथा दो-एक जेल अधिकारियों की आवश्यकता थी।

Evans Tries An O Level Summary Class 12
पहले घन्टे के एक-चौथाई भाग में तो स्टीफन्स अत्यन्त कर्तव्य भावना से एक-एक मिनट के अन्तराल पर छिद्र से झाँकता रहा; उसके पश्चात् प्रत्येक दो मिनट पर। 10 बजकर 45 मिनट प्रातः भी प्रत्येक बात ठीक-ठाक थी। अपने होठों के बीच पेन रखे ईवान्स अपने सामने दरवाजे की ओर सीधा ताकता हुआ बैठा था जैसे कि कहीं से किसी प्रेरणा की चाह कर रहा हो। उसके सामने मकलीअरी बैठा हुआ था। उसके बाल किसी के द्वारा अव्यवसायी ढंग से खोपड़ी के अत्यन्त समीप से काटे हुए थे।

10 बजकर 50 मिनट पर रिसीवर ने हल्की-सी तेज़ आवाज़ की। गर्वनर ने महसूस किया कि वह तो कुछ मिनट के लिए ईवान्स को लगभग भूल ही गया था। ईवान्स पूछ रहा था कि क्या वह अपने कन्धे पर कम्बल लपेट सकता था क्योंकि वहाँ काफी ठंड थी। मकलीअरी ने इस विषय में शीघ्रता करने को कहा। 10.51 पर स्टीफन्स को ईवान्स के कन्धों पर भूरा कम्बल लिपटा हुआ देखकर आश्चर्य हुआ। उसने अप्रसन्नता से त्यौरियाँ चढ़ाई। उसने परीक्षार्थी को और समीप से देखा।

11 बजकर 20 मिनट पर रिसीवर ने एक बार फिर गवर्नर के कक्ष की निस्तब्धता भंग की। मकलीअरी ने ईवान्स को बताया कि केवल पाँच मिनट शेष बचे थे। परीक्षा अब लगभग समाप्त हो चुकी थी, किन्तु कुछ बाते अब भी चुपचाप गवर्नर के मन को कचोट रही थी। उसने फोन तक हाथ बढ़ाया।

Evans Tries An O Level In Hindi
11 बजकर 22 मिनट पर जैकसन ने गलियारे में से स्टीफन्स को आवाज़ दी। गवर्नर उससे बात करना चाहता था। स्टीफन्स ने फोन उठाया तो शीघ्रता से बोले गए आदेशों को सुना। स्वयं स्टीफन्से को मकलीअरी को कारागार के मुख्य द्वार तक ले जाना था। उसे यह पूर्णतया विश्वसनीय बनाना था कि मकलीअरी के कोठरी छोड़ने के पश्चात ईवान्स के द्वार पर ताला लगा दिया जाए।

11 बजकर 25 मिनट पर गवर्नर ने अन्तिम आदान-प्रदान सुना। उसने अन्तिम बार द्वार को झनझनाते हुए सुना। परीक्षा समाप्त हो गई थी। स्टीफन्स मकलीअरी के साथ चलता हुआ मुख्य द्वार तक पहुँचा। उसके लम्बे काले ऊपरी कोट ने इस भ्रम को प्रोत्साहित किया कि अचानक ही वह कुछ अधिक पतला हो गया है।

स्टीफन्स प्रसन्नता महसूस कर रहा था कि गवर्नर ने उसे, न कि जैकसन को, कहा था कि मकलीअरी को प्रांगण से विदा करे तथा प्रात:काल काफी अच्छा व्यतीत हो गया था। उसने D-विंग में पुनः प्रवेश किया तथा ईवान्स की कोठरी का झाँकने को सुराख खोला। उसने ईवान्स की कुर्सी में एक व्यक्ति को पसरे हुए लेटा पाया। उसके समीप से काटे हुए बालों के अनियमित गुच्छेदार बालों का सामने का भाग लाल रक्त से सना हुआ था, जोकि पहले ही छोटी काली दाढ़ी से टपक रहा था। अब यह पादरी के सफेद कालर पर फैलता हुआ उसे पादरी वाले सामने के काले भाग पर जा रहा था।

स्टीफन्स ने जोर-जोर से जैकसन को पुकारा। ये शब्द मकलीअरी के कानों में भी घुस गए। उसने अपने रुमाल को टटोला तथा इसे रक्त बहते हुए सिर पर लगाया। उसने एक हल्की कराह भरी तथा बोलने का प्रयास किया। किन्तु उसकी आवाज़ क्रमश: अधिक शान्त हो गई तथा फिर रुक गई। पुलिस तथा एम्बुलेन्स को बुलाया गया। मकलीअरी ने धीरे-धीरे स्वयं को खड़ा किया। उसने मेज पर जर्मन प्रश्न-पत्र पाया। उसने जैकसन से गवर्नर से सम्पर्क करने को कहा। उसने दावा किया कि वह जानता था कि ईवान्स कहाँ था।

Summary Of Evans Tries An O Level In Hindi
लगभग तुरन्त साईरन बज उठे तथा कारागार की पूरी व्यवस्था हरकत में आ गई। जैकसन तथा स्टीफन्स ने मकलीअरी को दोनों ओर से सहारा दिया। उसकी गवर्नर से कारागार के प्रांगण में भेंट हुई। मकलीअरी ने गवर्नर का ध्यान जर्मन प्रश्न-पत्र की ओर आकृष्ट किया। इसके अन्तिम पृष्ट पर एक फोटो प्रति ऊपर से लगाई हुई थी। प्रारम्भ में यह खाली था। जर्मन भाषा के लेख को अनुदित किया गया। यह पढ़ने में अत्यन्त आकर्षक था। इसमें कार्रवाई की योजना थी।

पुलिस की एक कार कारागार के द्वार तक आई। जासूसी अधीक्षक कार्टर बाहर निकला तथा उसने गवर्नर का अभिवादन किया। इससे पहले कि गवर्नर कुछ भी स्पष्ट कर सकता, मकलीअरी ने अधिकारी को ऐल्सफील्ड वे ले जाने को कहा जहाँ ईवान्स…। घायल मकलीअरी पुलिस के साथ गया। गवर्नर ने जर्मन लेख का अन्तिम भाग पढ़ा ‘ऐल्सफील्ड वे से हैडिन्गटन के गोल-चक्कर की ओर गाड़ी घुमाओ।…’

गवर्नर को जैकसन एवं स्टीफन्स पर क्रोध आया। ईवान्स न केवल नकली दाढ़ी, एक जोड़ी चश्मा, गोलबन्द होने वाली कालर तथा पादरी का अन्य ताम-झाम छुपाने का प्रबन्ध कर पाया था बल्कि उसके पास एक हथियार भी था जिससे उसने मकलीअरी को सिर पर मारा था। गवर्नर अभी भी जर्मन लेख की अन्तिम पंक्ति पर ध्यान जमाए हुए था। शब्द ‘Neugraben’ उसे कष्ट दे रहा था। यह ‘न्यूबरी’ प्रतीत होता था। उसने अपने चालक को जैकसन तथा स्टीफन्स को सेन्ट एलडेट्स पुलिस थाने ले जाने तथा वहाँ मुख्य निरीक्षक बेल से सम्पर्क करने को कहा। फिर गवर्नर अपने कार्यालय में गया तथा उसने तुरन्त बेल को फोन किया। बेल ने उसे (ईवान्स को) पकड़ने का वायदा किया।

Evan Tries O Level Summary In Hindi
गवर्नर पीछे को होकर बैठ गया तथा एक सिगरेट सुलगा ली। यह एक अत्यन्त सुन्दरता से बनाई गई योजना थी। किन्तु यह ईवान्स की लापरवाही थी कि वह प्रश्न-पत्र को पीछे छोड़ गया। इन संकेतों की सहायता से गवर्नर को ईवान्स को वापिस लाने की आशा थी। अधीक्षक कार्टर ने उसे सूचना दी कि मकलीअरी ने ईवान्स को ऐल्सफील्ड वे पर गाड़ी चलाते देखा था, किन्तु वह उसे हैडिंगटन के गोल-चक्कर पर नहीं पाया। अवश्य ही वह मुड़कर नगर में लौट आया होगा। गवर्नर ने कहा कि सम्भवतः वह न्यूबरी जाने के अपने मार्ग पर हो । उसने कार्टर से पूछा कि क्या वे मकलीअरी को सही सलामत अस्पताल पहुँचा आए थे।

कार्टर ने उत्तर दिया कि वह तब रैडक्लिफ में था। कुछ मिनट पश्चात, गवर्नर ने रैडक्लिफ में फोन किया तथा उस पादरी के विषय में पूछा जो वहाँ उनकी ऐम्बुलेन्स में ऐल्सफील्ड वे से आया था। गवर्नर को यह जानकर आघात लगा कि जब ऐम्बुलेन्स वहाँ पहुँची तो वह व्यक्ति गायब हो चुका था। चौथाई घण्टे के उपरान्त उन्होंने मकलीअरी को सुरक्षित बन्धे हुए तथा मुँह में कपड़ा ढूंसे हुए, अपने ब्रॉड स्ट्रीट के अध्ययन कक्ष में पाया। उसने कहा कि वह वहाँ प्रातः 8.15 से ही था, जब दो व्यक्तिमिलने आए थे।

पूरे अपरान्ह में न्यूबरी में पूछताछ का कोई परिणाम नहीं निकला। चाय के समय तक कारागार में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को यह पता चल गया कि क्या घटित हुआ था। ईवान्स ने मकलीअरी का वेश धारण किया था तथा भीतर ही रहा था।

Class 12 Evans Tries An O Level Summary
चिपिंग नार्टन के केन्द्र के गिर्द हलकी चहलकदमी के उपरान्त, ईवान्स गोल्डन लायन होटल में लौट आया। एक सुन्दर नया टोप उसके बालों को छुपाए हुए था। उसकी ठोड़ी खुजलाहट से दुख रही थी तथा लाल थी, उस दाढ़ी के कारण जो उसे प्लास्टर से चिपकानी पड़ी थी। उसने स्वागत-कक्ष कर्मचारी को कुछ निर्देश दिए, उसकी ओर मुस्कराया तथा अपने कमरे में चला गया। उसे अपने तंग बिस्तर पर गवर्नर को बैठे देखकर आघात लगा।

गवर्नर ने ईवान्स को बताया कि कुछ भी प्रयास करना व्यर्थ था। उसने उस स्थान के चारों ओर अपने व्यक्ति लगा रखे थे। स्त्रियाँ भी। ईवान्स हिला हुआ दिखाई दिया। उसने स्वीकार किया कि उस शुद्धि-पत्र ने उसका नाश कर दिया था। धीरे, अत्यन्त धीरे ईवान्स थोड़ा ढीला हुआ। वह योजना के विषय में बातें करने लगा। वे किसी भी होटल को नियत कर सकते थे। वास्तविक महत्त्वपूर्ण बात थी परीक्षा के समाप्त होने से थोड़ा-सा पहले ही फोन आना। वे कारागार के अधिकारियों को दो-एक मिनट के लिए अपने मार्ग से हटा सके।

शुद्धि-पत्र ने होटल का नाम तथा परीक्षा आरम्भ होने का बिल्कुल सही समय बताया। ईवान्स ने गवर्नर से पूछा कि उसने किस प्रकार जाना कि यह कौन-सा गोल्डन लायन था। गवर्नर ने कहा कि उसने भी वही ढंग प्रयोग किया था। अनुक्रमणिका संख्या 313; केन्द्र संख्या 271। छः अंकों वाला यह सन्दर्भ 313/271 व्यक्ति को चिपिंग नोर्टन के ठीक बीचोंबीच उतारता है।

Summary Of Chapter Evans Tries An O Level
गवर्नर ने फिर उससे उसके जर्मन भाषा के ज्ञान के विषय में पूछा तथा कैसे वह अपने सिर पर डालने के लिए इतना रक्त ले आया था। ईवीन्स ने व्याख्या की कि कैसे उन्होंने उस बवासीर वाले छोटे गोलाकार छल्ले को इसके लिए प्रयुक्त किया था। उन्होंने सुअर का रक्त प्रयोग किया था तथा इसको जमने (थक्के बनने) से रोकने के लिए 3.8 प्रतिशत ट्राईसोडियम साइट्रेट का प्रयोग किया। अनिच्छापूर्ण प्रशंसा से गवर्नर ने अपना सिर हिलाया। फिर चलते हुए सीढ़ियों से नीचे आए। ईवान्स ने कहा कि उसके कई मित्र थे यद्यपि उससे कोई भेंट करने नहीं आता था तथा न ही पत्र, उसका जर्मन पढ़ाने वाला शिक्षक तो सदा उसके पास था। गवर्नर ने कहा कि वह तो तकनीकी महाविद्यालय से था। ईवान्स को इस सब में आनन्द आता हुआ प्रतीत हो रहा था। उसने पूछा कि क्या उसने इस बात की जाँच की थी।

स्वागतकर्मी ने गवर्नर को बताया कि वैन बाहर थी। एक चुपचाप रहने वाले कारागार अधिकारी ने ईवान्स को हथकड़ी लगाई तथा पुनः पकड़ लिया। फिर दोनों व्यक्ति कारागार की वैन में पिछली सीट पर बैठ गए। ईवान्स ने कहा अगले सितम्बर से इटालियन भाषा की 0-लेवल कक्षाएँ आरम्भ हो रही थीं। गवर्नर ने कहा कि शायद तब वह उनके साथ न हो। ईवान्स ने इस पर विचार किया तथा सोचा कि वह वहाँ नहीं होगा।

जब कारागार की वैन चिपिंग नोर्टन से ऑक्सफोर्ड रोड की ओर दांयें मुड़ी, तो चुपचाप पुलिसकर्मी ने हथकड़ियाँ खोल दीं। वह चालक की ओर मुड़ा तथा उससे तेज चलने को कहा। चालक ने खुले स्काट लहजे में पूछा कि उन्हें किधर चलना चाहिए, तो ईवान्स ने न्यूबरी जाने का सुझाव दिया। अन्तिम सफलता ईवान्स की रही। (वह अपने विरोधियों को मूर्ख बनाने में सफल रहा।) एक बार फिर वह कारागार से बच निकला था।

Class 12 English Notes
NCERT Solutions

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes History Chapter 6

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes. According to new CBSE Exam Pattern, MCQ Questions For Class 10 Social Science with Answers Carries 20 Marks. https://meritbatch.com/cbse-class-10-social-science-history-work-life-and-leisure-notes/

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter History Chapter 6
Chapter Name Work, Life and Leisure
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6

Work Life And Leisure Class 10 Notes
Role of industrialization in shaping of the modem cities in England:

The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills set up in the eighteenth century.

  • During the 18th and 19th centuries, London became a center for international trade and commerce and attracted a large number of traders and merchants from all over the world.
  • London was a powerful magnet for migrant population even when it did not have large factories.
  • Apart from the dockyard, five major types of industries employed large number of workers:
    (i) clothing and footwear,
    (ii) wood and furniture,
    (iii) metals and engineering,
    (iv) printing and stationery and
    (v) precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal.

Work Life Leisure Class 10
Impact of industrialization and urbanization on the family life in Britain:

The family life transformed in terms of function and shape. The family as an institution had broken down as the ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.

Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages. Women lost their industrial jobs and were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve.

Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes
Steps taken by the British State to provide housing for working classes between 1919-1939:

Between the two World Wars, the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British State and a million houses, most of them single family cottages, were built by local authorities. Meanwhile, the city had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work, and the development of suburbs made new forms of mass transport, absolutely necessary, which led ultimately to the setting up of railways.

Work Life Leisure
Steps taken to clean up London:

  1. Demands were made for new ‘lungs’; efforts were made to bridge the difference between the city and the countryside through a Green Belt around London. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution.
  2. Large blocks of apartments were built and rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.
  3. Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principles of the ‘Garden City’, a pleasant space full of plants and trees.
  4. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker developed the Garden suburb of New Earswick based on Howards idea.

Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf
Benefits of London Tube railway:

The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The population in the city became more dispersed. Better-planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to live outside Central London and travel to work.

Work Life And Leisure Class 10 Pdf
Air pollution—nuisance for the Londoners:

The congestion in the 19th century industrial city of London led a yearning for clean country air. Because of widespread use of coal in homes and industries, air pollution led to bad tempers, smoke-related illnesses and dirty clothes. Demands were made for new ‘lungs’ for the city.

  1. Factory owners and steam engine owners were told invest on technologies that would improve their machinery. Despite hurdles and opposition from the industries, the Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were passed.
  2. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. Large blocks of apartments were built and rent control was introduced. Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the ‘Garden City’.

Sources of entertainment for the common people of London:

  • ‘London Season’ was an annual feature for the wealthy Britishers. Several cultural events such as the opera, the theater and classical music performance were organized for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late 18th century.
  • The working class met in pubs to have drinks, exchange news or to discuss politics.
  • In the 19th century some libraries, art galleries and museums were established to provide people with a sense of history.
  • Music halls were popular among the lower classes. By the early 20th century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for mixed audiences.
  • Holidaying by the sea became popular among the industrial workers.

Transformation of Bombay into an industrial city:
At first, Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. Later, in the 19th century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials, such as cotton and opium, would pass. Gradually, it also became an important administrative centre in Western India, and then, by the end of the 19th century, a major industrial centre. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. Bombay had its first cotton textile mill established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers.

‘Chawls of Bombay’:
The working people who migrated from various parts lived in thickly populated Chawls. Chawls are multi-storeyed structures built in the native parts of the town. Each Chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets. The homes being small, streets and neighborhoods were used for a variety of activities such as working, washing, sleeping and various types of leisure activities. The magicians, monkey players and acrobats used to regularly perform their act in an open space in the middle of four Chawls. Liquor shops and akharas came up in any empty spot.

Rent Act (Bombay):
The Rent Act was passed in Mumbai (Bombay) in the year 1918.
To solve the problem of housing, the Rent Act was passed with the aim of keeping the rents reasonable. It had the opposite effect of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from the market.

Bombay—a city of dreams:
Despite massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay (Mumbai) appears to many as mayanagari—a city of dreams.

  • Many films of Bombay deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their pressures of daily life. Even some songs from films like CID (1956) and Guest House (1959) speak of the contradictory aspects of the city. By 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital, producing films for a national audience.
  • Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, Madras. Bombay films have contributed greatly to produce an image of the city as a blend of dreams and reality of slums and star bungalows.

Land reclamation process in Bombay:

  1. Seven islands of Bombay were joined into one landmass over a period of time. The need for additional commercial place in mid-19th century led to the formulation of several plans for the reclamation of more land from sea. Both private companies and government were involved.
  2. In 1864, the Black Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hills to the end of Colaba.
  3. By 1870, the city had expanded 22 square km.
  4. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballad Estate. Subsequently the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.

Causes of air-pollution in Calcutta:
City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and environment. Kolkata (Calcutta) was also not an exception.

  1. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
  2. The main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal. The city was built on marshy land the resulting fog combined with smoke generated thick block fog.
  3. The railway line introduced in 1855 brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture—coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in Indian coal was a problem.
  4. In 1920, the rice mills of Tolly gunge began to bum rice husk instead of coal leading to air filled with black soot falling like drizzling rain.

More Resources for CBSE Class 10

We hope the given Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6 SST Pdf free download will help you. If you have any query regarding Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

Get Free NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Ex 7.4 Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions are extremely helpful while doing homework. Exercise 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions were prepared by Experienced LearnCBSE.in Teachers. Detailed answers of all the questions in Chapter 7 Maths Class 10 Coordinate Geometry Exercise 7.4 Provided in NCERT Textbook

Also Read:

POWERGRID Pivot Point Calculator

Topics and Sub Topics in Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry:

Section Name Topic Name
7 Coordinate Geometry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Distance Formula
7.3 Section Formula
7.4 Area of a Triangle
7.5 Summary

You can also download the free PDF of Chapter 7 Ex 7.4 Coordinate Geometry NCERT Solutions or save the solution images and take the print out to keep it handy for your exam preparation.

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Maths
Chapter Chapter 7
Chapter Name Coordinate Geometry
Exercise Ex 7.4
Number of Questions Solved 8
Category NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4.

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 1.
Determine the ratio, in which the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points A(2, -2) and B(3, 7).
Solution:
Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Ex 7.4 PDF Download Q1

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 2.
Find a relation between x and y, if the points (x, y), (1, 2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
Solution:
Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Ex 7.4 Free PDF Download Q2

 

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 3.
Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, -6), (3, -7) and (3, 3).
Solution:
Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Coordinate Geometry PDF Download Q3

Download NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry PDF

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 4.
The two opposite vertices of a square are (-1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the other two vertices.
Solution:
Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Coordinate Geometry PDF Q4
Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Coordinate Geometry Q4.1

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 5.
The class X students school in krishnagar have been allotted a rectangular plot of land for their gardening activity. Saplings of Gulmohar are planted on the boundary at a distance of 1 m from each other. There is triangular grassy lawn in the plot as shown in the figure. The students are to sow seeds of flowering plants on the remaining area of the plot.
(i) Taking A as origin, find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
(ii) What will be the coordinates of the vertices of ∆PQR, if C is the origin?
Also, calculate the areas of the triangles in these cases. What do you observe?
NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 Q5
Solution:
Ch 7 maths Class 10 NCERT Solutions Coordinate Ex 7.4 PDF Download Q5

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 6.
The vertices of a VABC are A(4, 6), B(1, 5) and C(7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides AB and AC at D and E respectively. such that \(\frac { AD }{ AB } =\frac { AE }{ AC } =\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \). calculate the area of the ∆ADe and compare it with the area of ∆ABC.
Solution:
Ch 7 maths Class 10 NCERT Solutions Coordinate Ex 7.4 Free PDF Download Q6
Ch 7 maths Class 10 NCERT Solutions Coordinate Ex 7.4 Free PDF Q6.1
Ch 7 maths Class 10 NCERT Solutions Coordinate Ex 7.4 Q6.2

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 7.
Let A(4, 2), B(6,5) and C(1, 4) be the vertices of ∆ABC.
(i) The median from A meters BC at D. Find the coordinates of the point D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point P on the AD, such that AP: PD = 2: 1.
(iii) Find the coordinates of points Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively, such that BQ: QE = 2: 1 and CR: RF = 2: 1.
(iv) What do you observe?
[Note: The points which are common to all the three medians is called centroid and this point divides each median in the ratio 2: 1]
(v) If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of ∆ABC, find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangles.
Solution:
Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Ex 7.4 Q7
Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Ex 7.4 PDF Q7.1
Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Ex 7.4 Fee PDF Q7.2

Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths Question 8.
ABCD is a rectangle formed by the points A(-1, -1), B(-1, 4), C(5, 4) and D(5, -1), P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of Ab, BC, CD and DA respectively. Is the quadrilateral PQRS a square? a rectangle? or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Coordinate Geometry Free PDF Download Q8
Ex 7.4 Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions Ch 7 Coordinate Geometry Q8.1

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry (Hindi Medium) Ex 7.4

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 (Optional) Coordinate Geometry
10 Maths Chapter 7 Ex. 7.4 optional in PDF form
10 Maths Chapter 7 Ex. 7.4 solutions in PDF
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 in English medium
10 Maths Exercise 7.4 Solutions in Hindi
10 Maths Exercise 7.4 Solutions in English for 2018-19
10 Maths Exercise 7.4 Solutions in Hindi medium
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 Solutions in Hindi PDF
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 Solutions for CBSE and UP Board
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 Solutions updated for 2018-19
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 Sols Hindi me
10 Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.4 Solutions free in Hindi

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Exercise 7.4, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

 

Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Cash Flow Statement –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

1. Cash Flow Statement Cash flow statement is a statement showing the changes in financial position of a business concern during different intervals of time in terms of cash and cash equivalents.
The Revised Accounting Standard-3 has made it mandatory for all listed companies to prepare and present a cash flow statement along with other financial statements on annual basis.
2. Cash Flows Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalent. It implies movement in and movement out of cash and cash equivalents. Receipt of cash from a non-cash item is termed as ‘cash inflow’, while cash payment in respect of such item is termed as ‘cash outflow’.
Cash Cash comprises of cash in hand and demand deposits with the bank.
Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are ‘short-term highly liquid investments that are j readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subjected to an insignificant risk of change in value’.
3. Objectives of Cash Flow Statement
(i) Useful in short-term financial planning.
(ii) Useful inefficient cash management.
(iii) Helpful in formulation of business policies.
(iv) Assists in preparation of cash budget.
(v) Used for assessment of cash flow from various activities, viz operating, investing and financing activities.
4. Limitations of Cash Flow Statement
(i) Based on historical cost principle.
(ii) Based on secondary data.
(iii) Ignores non-cash transactions.
(iv) No adherence of basic accounting principles.
(v) Cash flow statement is not a substitute for income statement.
5. Classification of Business Activities Accounting Standard-3 (Revised) requires that the changes resulting in inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents will be classified into following three activities:
(i) Cash flow from operating activities.
(ii) Cash flow from investing activities.
(iii) Cash flow from financing activities.
6. Cash Flow from Operating Activities Operating activities are the principal revenue producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 1
7. Cash Flow from Investing Activities As per AS-3, investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of the long-term assets and other investments, not included in cash equivalents.
Cash flow from investing activities are exhibited as follows:
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2
8. Cash Flow from Financing Activities Financing activities are the activities which result in change in the size and composition of the owner’s capital (including preference share capital) and borrowings (including debentures) of the enterprise from other sources.
Cash flow arising from financing activities are exhibited as follows:
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 3
9. Format of Cash Flow Statement
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 4
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 5
Cash Flow Statement – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 6

Accounting Ratios – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Accounting Ratios –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Topic 1: Introduction
1. Ratio It is an arithmetical expression of relationship between two related or interdependent items.
2. Accounting Ratios It is a mathematical expression that shows the relationship between various items or groups of items shown in financial statements. When ratios are calculated on the basis of accounting information, they are called accounting ratios.
3. Ratio Analysis It is a technique which involves re-grouping of data by application of arithmetical relationship.
4. Objectives of Ratio Analysis
(i) To know the areas of an enterprise which need more attention.
(ii) To know about the potential areas which can be improved on.
(iii) Helpful in comparative analysis of the performance.
(iv) Helpful in budgeting and forecasting.
(v) To provide analysis of the liquidity, solvency, activity and profitability of an enterprise.
(vi) To provide information useful for making estimates and preparing the plans for future.
5. Advantages of Ratio Analysis
(i) It is useful in analysis of financial statements.
(ii) Helps in simplifying accounting figures.
(iii) Useful in judging the operating efficiency of business.
(iv) Helps in identification of problem areas.
(v) Helpful in comparative analysis.
6. Limitations of Ratio Analysis
(i) Accounting ratios ignore qualitative factors.
(ii) Absence of universally accepted terminology.
(iii) Ratios are affected by window-dressing.
(iv) Effects of inherent limitations of accounting.
(v) Misleading results in the absence of absolute data.
(vi) Price level changes ignored.
(vii) Affected by personal bias and ability of the analyst.
Topic 2: Classification of Accounting Ratios
Classification of Accounting Ratios
In view of the requirements of various users, the accounting ratios may be classified as under
1. Liquidity Ratios Liquidity ratios measure the firm’s ability to fulfil its short-term financial obligations.
(i) Current ratio/Working capital ratio This ratio establishes relationship between current assets and current liabilities and is used to assess the short-term financial position of the business concern. Current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be ideal.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 1
Items Included in Current Assets
(a) Current investments
(b) Inventories (Excluding loose tools, stores and spares)
(c) Trade receivables (bills receivable and sundry debtors less provision for doubtful debts)
(d) Cash and cash equivalents (cash in hand, cash at bank, cheques/drafts in hand)
(e) Short-term loans and advances
(f) Other current assets (prepaid expenses, interest receivable, etc.)
Items Included in Current Liabilities
(a) Short-term borrowings
(b) Trade payables (bills payable and sundry creditors)
(c) Other current liabilities (current maturities of long-term debts, interest, accrued but not due on borrowings, interest accrued and due on borrowings, outstanding expenses, unclaimed dividend, calls-in-advance, etc)
(d) Short-term provisions
(ii) Liquid ratio/Quick ratio/Acid test ratio This ratio establishes relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities and is used to measure the firm’s ability to pay the claims of creditors immediately. This ratio is a better indicator of liquidity and 1 : 1 is considered to be ideal.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2
Items Included in Liquid/Quick Assets
(i) Current investments.
(ii) Trade receivables (bill receivables, debtors less provisions for doubtful debts).
(iii) Cash and cash equivalents.
(iv) Short-term loans and advances.
(v) Other current assets except prepaid expenses.
Items excluded in liquid assets are inventories, prepaid expenses.
Items Included in Current Liabilities
(i) Short-term borrowings.
(ii) Trade payables (bills payable and sundry creditors).
(iii) Other short-term liabilities.
(iv) Short-term provisions.
2. Solvency Ratios Solvency ratios judge the long-term financial position of an enterprise i.e. whether business is able to pay its long-term liabilities or not.
(i) Debt to Equity ratio It establishes the relationship between long-term debt (external equities) and the equity (internal equities) i.e. shareholders’ funds. It is computed to ascertain soundness of the long-term financial position of the firm.
Generally, the ratio of 2 : 1 is considered as an ideal.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 3
Items Included in Long-term Debts It includes long-term borrowings and long-term provisions.
Items Included in Equity or Shareholders’ Funds
Equity or Shareholders’ Funds = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital+ Reserves and Surplus
or
*Non-current Asset (Tangible assets + Intangible assets + Non-current trade investments + Long-term loans and advances) + Working Capital – Non-current Liabilities (Long-term borrowings + Long-term provisions)
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
(ii) Proprietary ratio It establishes the relationship between proprietors’ funds and total assets.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 4
Proprietors’ Funds or Shareholders’ Funds
Liabilities Approach Share Capital + Reserves and Surplus
or
Assets Approach
*Non-current Assets (Tangible assets + Intangible assets + Non-current trade
investments + Long-term loans and advances) + Working Capital – Non-current Liabilities (Long-term borrowings + Long-term provisions)
Total Assets Total assets include
» Non-current Assets [Fixed assets (Tangible and intangible assets) + Non-current Investments + Long-term Loans and Advances
» Current Assets [Current investments + Inventories (including spare parts and loose tools) + Trade Receivables + Cash and Cash Equivalents + Short-term Loans and Advances + Other Current Assets]
(iii) Total assets to debt ratio It establishes a relationship between total assets and total long-term debts.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 5
Items Included in Total Assets
Total Assets It includes
»Non-current Assets [Fixed assets (Tangible and intangible assets) + Non-current Investments + Long-term Loans and Advances
»Current Assets [Current investments + Inventories (including spare parts and loose tools) + Trade Receivables + Cash and Cash Equivalents + Short-term Loans and Advances + Other Current Assets]
Items Included in Long-term Debts
(a) Long-term borrowings
(b) Long-term provisions
(iv) Interest coverage ratio This ratio expresses the relationship between net profit before interest and tax and interest payable on long-term debts. The ideal coverage ratio is 6 to 7 times.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 6
3. Turnover or Performance or Activity Ratios These ratios measure how efficiently a company is using its assets to generate sales.
(i) Stock turnover ratio or Inventory turnover ratio The ratio indicates the number of times the stock is turned in sales during the accounting period, i.e. it measures how fast the stock is moving through the firm and generating sales.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 7
(ii) Trade Receivables or Debtors turnover ratio It indicates economy and efficiency in the collection of amount due from debtors.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 8
(iii) Trade payables or Creditors turnover ratio It indicates the speed with which the amount is being paid to creditors. The higher the ratio, the better it is.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 9
In the absence of opening creditors and bills payable, closing creditors and bills payable can be used in the above formula. Also, if credit purchases are not given, then all purchases are deemed to be on credit.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 10
(iv) Working capital turnover ratio This ratio shows the number of times the working capital has been rotated in generating sales.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 11
4. Profitability Ratios These ratios measure the profitability of a business assessing the and helps in overall efficiency of the business.
(i) Gross profit ratio Gross profit ratio shows the relationship between the net sales gross profit to net sales (revenue from operations)
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 12
In case, statement of profit and loss is given, cost of revenue from operations i.e. cost of goods sold is computed by adding cost of materials consumed, purchases of stock-in-trade, changes in inventories of finished goods, work-in-progress and stock-in-trade and direct expenses.
(ii) Net profit ratio Net profit ratio shows the relationship between net profit and revenue from operations i.e. net sales. Net profit ratio is an indicator of overall operational efficiency of the business.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 13
(iii) Operating ratio Operating ratio establishes the relationship between operating cost and revenue from operations i.e. net sales.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 14
Cost of Goods Sold = Cost of Materials Consumed + Purchases of Stock-in-trade + Change in Inventories of Finished Goods, Work-in-progress and Stock in-trade + Direct Expenses
or
Revenue from Operations – Gross Profit.
Operating Expenses = Employees Benefits Expenses + Other Expenses (Other than non-operating expenses) + Depreciation and Amortisation Expenses
or
Office expenses, administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses, employees benefit expenses, depreciation and amortisation expenses.
Alternatively operating cost may be calculated as follows:
Operating Cost = Cost of Materials Consumed + Purchases of Stock-in-trade + Change in Inventories of Finished Goods, Work-in-progress and Stock-in-trade + Employees Benefits Expenses + Other Expenses (Other than non-operating expenses)
(iv) Operating profit ratio Operating profit ratio establishes the relationship between the operating profit and i.e. (revenue from operations) net sales. Operating profit ratio is an indicator of operational efficiency of the business.
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 14.
(v) Return on investment/Capital employed It establishes the relationship between net profit before interest, tax and preference dividend and capital employed (equity + debts).
Accounting Ratios - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 15
Capital employed can be calculated from liabilities side approach and assets side approach as follows:
When Liabilities Approach is Followed It is computed by adding
(a) Shareholders’ funds (i.e. share capital, reserves and surplus).
(b) Non-current liabilities (i.e. long-term borrowings and long-term provisions).
When Assets Approach is Followed It is computed by adding
(i) Non-current assets, i.e.
(a) Fixed assets (tangible fixed assets, intangible fixed assets).
(b) Non-current trade investments.
(c) Long-term loans and advances.
(ii) Working capital, i.e. current assets – current liabilities.
NOTE Since,non-operating assets are excluded while determining capital employed, income from non-operating assets should also be excluded from profit.

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

Analysis of Financial Statements – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Analysis of Financial Statements –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

Topic 1: Introduction to Financial Statements Analysis
1. Financial Statement Analysis It is the systematic numerical representation of the relationship of one financial fact with the other to measure the profitability, operational efficiency, solvency and the growth potential of the business.
2. Types of Financial Statement Analysis
(i) External analysis
(ii) Internal analysis
(iii) Horizontal analysis
(iv) Vertical analysis
(v) Long-term analysis
(vi) Short-term analysis
3. Process of Financial Statement Analysis
(i) Rearrangement of data
(ii) Comparison
(iii) Analysis
(iv) Interpretation
4. Importance or Objectives of Financial Statement Analysis
(i) Judging the operational efficiency of the business.
(ii) Measuring the profitability.
(iii) Measuring short-term and long-term financial position.
(iv) Indicating the trend of achievements.
(v) Assessing the growth potential of the business.
(vi) Inter-firm comparison
5. Uses or Advantages of Financial Statement Analysis
(i) Security analysis
(ii) Credit analysis
(iii) Debt analysis
(iv) Dividend decision
(v) General business analysis
6. Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis
(i) Financial statement analysis ignore qualitative aspects like quality of management, labour force and public relations.
(ii) Suffering from the limitations of financial statements, which are as follows:
(a) Financial statements are historical in nature.
(b) Financial statements do not show price level changes hence, affect the analysis also.
(c) The results obtained by analysis of financial statements may be misleading due to window dressing.
(d) Financial statements are affected by the personal ability and bias of the analyst.
7. Parties Interested in Financial Statement Analysis and their Areas of Interest
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 1
Topic 2: Tools of Financial Statements Analysis
Tools of Financial Statements Analysis There are different tools of financial statements
analysis available to the analyst. The following tools are used to measure the operational efficiency and financial soundness of an enterprise.
The most common used techniques of financial analysis are:
1. Comparative financial statements
2. Common size statements
3. Ratio analysis
4. Cash flow statements
1. Comparative Financial Statements Statements used to compare the items of income statement i.e. profit and loss account and position statement i.e. balance sheet for ascertaining the trend of the performance and profitability of an enterprise are known as comparative financial statements.
(i) Comparative income statement It is a statement which shows in percentage term the total of income earned and expenses incurred during two or more accounting periods.
Format of Comparative Income Statement
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2
(ii) Comparative balance sheet. It is a statement showing assets and liabilities of the business for two or more accounting periods. It also shows the percentage change in the monetary value of the assets and liabilities.
Format of Comparative Balance Sheet
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 3
2. Common Size Statement The statement wherein figures reported are converted into percentage to some common base is known as common size statement. Each percentage shows the relation of the individual item to its respective total.
(i) Common-size income statement The statement in which sales figure is assumed to be 100 and all other figures are expressed as a percentage of sales is known as common size income statement.
Format of Common Size Income Statement
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 4
(ii) Common-size balance sheet In common size balance sheet, the total of assets or liabilities is assumed to be 100 and figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.
Format of Common Size Balance Sheet
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 5
3. Ratio Analysis The mathematical expression that shows the relationships between various groups of items contained in the financial statements is known as ratio analysis.
4. Cash Flow Statement It shows the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by classifying cash flows into operating, investing and financing activities during a particular period and analysing the reasons for changes in balance of cash between the two balance sheets dates.

Financial Statements of a Company – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Financial Statements of a Company –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

1. Financial Statements The statements which are prepared to ascertain the profit earned or loss suffered and position of assets and liabilities at a particular date are known as financial statements. These are the final product of accounting process.
A set of financial statements as per Section 2(40) of the Companies Act, 2013 include (0 Balance sheet i.e. position statement
(ii) Statement of profit and loss i.e. income statement
(iii) Notes to accounts
(iv) Cash flow statement
Section 129 of the Companies Act, 2013 requires the company to prepare its financial statements every year in prescribed form i.e. Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013.
2. Characteristics of Financial Statements
(i) Financial statements are historical documents as they relate to past period.
(ii) Financial statements are prepared in monetary terms.
(iii) Balance sheet reveals the financial position and statement of profit and loss shows the profitability of the business organisation.
3. Nature of Financial Statements
(i) Recorded facts
(ii) Accounting conventions
(iii) Postulates
4. Objectives of Financial Statements
(i) Financial statements provide the information about the earning capacity of the business.
(ii) Financial statements provide the information about the economic resources and obligation of an enterprise.
(iii) Financial statements also provide the information about the cash flows.
(iv) Financial statements supply the information useful for judging the management’s ability to utilise the resources of business effectively.
(v) Financial statements have to report the activities of the business organisation affecting the society, which is important in its social environment.
5. Essentials of Financial Statements
(i) Accurate information
(ii) Understandability
(iii) Comparable
(iv) Verifiable
(v) Relevant
(vi) Timeliness
6. Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
(i) Report on stewardship function
(ii) Basis for fiscal policies
(iii) Basis of granting of credit
(iv) Basis for prospective investors
(v) Guide to the value of the investment already made
(vi) Aids trade associations in helping their members
7. Limitations of Financial Statements
(i) Accounting concepts and conventions involve personal judgement, so these statements are not free from bias.
(ii) Qualitative aspects of financial statements are ignored.
(iii) The present value of assets and liabilities and price-level changes are ignored.
(iv) Financial statements are historical in nature and relate to past period only.
8. Users of Financial Statements
(i) Owners including shareholders and investors
(ii) Debentureholders and financial institutions (bankers)
(iii) Creditors
(iv) Management
(v) Employees
(vi) Government, tax authorities and regulators
9. Balance Sheet
It may be defined as a statement of assets and liabilities of the company, at a particular date. It must exhibit a true and fair view of the financial position at the close of the year. It is prepared and presented in the form prescribed in Schedule III Part I of the Companies Act, 2013, and is broadly divided into two parts, (i) Equity and liabilities (ii) Assets.
Proforma of Balance Sheet (As per Revised Schedule VI)
Financial Statements of a Company - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 1
10. Statement of Profit and Loss The title of ‘profit and loss account’ is charged to statement of profit and loss. If shows the net result of business operations. Its form is prescribed in Schedule III, Part II of the Companies Act, 2013.
Financial Statements of a Company - CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

Accounting for Share Capital – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Accounting for Share Capital –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Topic 1: Introduction
1. Company A joint stock company is an artificial person, created by law, having separate entity distinct from its members with a perpetual succession and a common seal.
2. Characteristics or Features of a Company
(i) Artificial person (ii) Voluntary association (iii) Created by law
(iv) Capital divisible into transferable shares (v) Limited liability
(vi) Perpetual succession (vii) Common seal
(viii) Separate legal entity from its members (ix) May sue or be sued
3. Kinds of Companies
(i) Private companies According to Section 2 (68) of the Companies Act, 2013, it is a company with minimum paid-up share capital of ^ 1,00,000 or such higher amount as may be prescribed in the Companies Act, 2013 and which by its Articles of Association
(a) Restricts the right to transfer its shares, if any.
(b) Except in one person company, limits the number of its members excluding its present and past employee members to 200; if the past or present employee acquired the shares while in employment and continue to hold them. If any share is held jointly by two or more persons, they shall be treated as a single member.
(c) Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any securities of the company.
The minimum number of members required to form a private company is two. The name of a private company ends with the words, ‘Private Limited’.
(ii) Public company As per Section 2 (7) of Companies Act, 2013, public company is a company which
(a) is not a private company.
(b) has minimum capital of Rs 5 lakh or such higher paid-up capital as may be prescribed.
(c) is a private company, which is a subsidiary of a public company. Minimum requirement of a public company is seven persons.
(iii) One person company is a company which has only one person as a member. It is a company incorporated as a private company which has only one member. Rule 3 of the Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014 provides that:
(a) Only a natural person being an Indian citizen and resident in India can form one person company or can be nominee for the sole member of one person company.
(b) One person can form only one ‘one person company’ or become nominee of one such company.
(c) It cannot be formed for charitable purpose.
(d) It cannot carry out non-banking financial investment activities including investment in securities of any body corporate.
(e) Its paid-up share capital is not more than Rs 50 lakhs.
(f) Its average annual turnover should not exceed Rs 2 crores.
4. Share According to Section 2 (84) of the Companies Act, 2013, share means a share in the share capital of a company and includes stock. The capital of company is divided into a number of equal units. Each unit is called a share. A company may divide its capital into share of Rs 100, Rs 50, Rs 10, Rs 5 or even Rs 1 each.
5. Types of Shares
(i) Preference shares According to Section 43 (b) of the Companies Act, 2013, preference shares are the shares which carry the following two preferential rights:
(a) Preferential right of dividend to be paid as fixed amount or an amount calculated at a fixed rate, which may either be free of or subject to income tax.
(b) Return of capital on the winding up of the company before that of equity shares. Holders of preference shares are called preference shareholders.
(ii) Equity shares According to Section 43(a) of the Companies Act 2013, equity share is that share which is not a preference share. Equity shares are the most commonly issued class of shares which carry the maximum ‘risks and rewards’ of the business. The risks being losing part or all of the value of shares if the business incurs losses, the rewards being payment of higher dividends and appreciation in the market value.
6. Share Capital It is that part of the capital of a company, which is represented by the total nominal value of shares, which it has issued.
7. Kinds of Share Capital
(i) Authorised share capital According to Section 2(8) of Companies Act, 2013, ‘authorised capital’ or ‘nominal capital’ means such capital as is authorised by the memorandum of a company to be the maximum amount of share capital of a company.
(ii) Issued capital According to Section 2(50) of the Companies Act, 2013, issued capital means such capital as the company issues from time to time for subscription.
Subscribed capital According to Section 2(86) of the Companies Act, 2013, ‘subscribed capital’ means such part of the capital which is for the time being subscribed by the members of a company.
(a) Subscribed and fully paid-up Shares are said to be ‘subscribed and fully paid-up’ when the entire nominal (face) value is called and also paid-up by the shareholders.
(b) Subscribed but not fully paid-up Shares are said to be ‘subscribed but not fully paid-up’ when
• the company has called-up the entire nominal (face) value of the share but has not received it.
• the company has not called-up the entire nominal (face) value of share.
A reference has been made two terms
• Called-up capital According to Section 2(15) of the Companies Act, 2013, ‘called-up capital’ means such part of the capital, which has been called for payment. Thus, it means the amount of nominal (face) value called-up by the company to be paid by the shareholders towards the share capital.
• Paid-up share capital According to Section 2(64) of the Companies Act, 2013, ‘paid-up share capital’ or ‘share capital paid-up’ means the amount that the shareholder has paid and the company has received against the amount ‘called up’ against the shares towards share capital.
8. Reserve Capital It is that portion of uncalled share capital which shall not be capable of being called up except in the event and for the purpose of the company being wound up.
9. Capital Reserve ‘Capital reserve’ is the reserve which is not free for distribution as dividend. It is mandatory to create capital reserve in case of capital profits earned by the company. Reserves which are created out of capital profits are not readily available for distribution as dividend among the shareholders, e.g. premium on issue of shares of debentures, profits on re-issue of shares, profits prior to incorporation, premium on redemption of debentures.
10. Minimum Subscription It is the amount stated in the prospectus as the minimum amount that must be subscribed. Unless the sum payable on application for the sum so stated (minimum subscription) has been paid to and received by the company by cheque or other instruments, security cannot be allotted.
11. Presentation of Share Capital in Company’s Balance Sheet
As per Schedule III of Companies Act, 2013, share capital is to be disclosed in company’s balance sheet in the following manner
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2
Topic 2: Accounting Treatment of Issue Shares
1. Terms of Issue of Shares
(i) Issue of shares at par When shares are issued at their face value, the shares are said to have been issued at par. i.e. issue price and face value are same.
(ii) Issue of shares at premium When shares are issued at a value that is higher than the face value of the shares, the shares are said to have been issued at premium, i.e. issue price is more than face value.
2. Utilisation of Securities Premium Reserve Section 52 (2) of the Companies Act, 2013 restrict the use of the amount received as premium on securities for the following purposes
(i) In purchasing its own shares (buy back) (Section 77A).
(ii) Issuing fully paid bonus shares to the members (Section 78).
(iii) Writing-off preliminary expenses of the company (Section 78).
(iv) Writing-off the expenses of, or the commission paid or discount allowed on any issue of securities or debentures of the company (Section 78).
(v) Providing for the premium payable on the redemption of any redeemable preference shares or of any debentures of the company (Section 78).
3. Accounting Treatment for Issue of Shares for Cash
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 3
4. Full Subscription of Shares When the number of shares applied for, is equal to the number of shares offered for subscription, the shares are said to be fully subscribed.
5. Over-Subscription of Shares When the number of shares applied for, is more than the number of shares offered for subscription, the shares are said to be oversubscribed. Allotment of shares cannot be made to all the applicants in full.
In case of over-subscription, following three alternatives are available (0 Rejection of applications (ii) Partial or pro-rata allotment (iii) Combination of pro-rata allotment and rejection
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 4
6. Under Subscription of Shares When the number of shares applied for, is less than the number of shares offered to the public, the shares are said to be under-subscribed.
7. Issue of Shares for Consideration other than Cash
I. Issue of Shares to Vendors
In this regard, the purchase of assets and issue of shares are to be treated as two separate transactions.
(i) (a) When Assets are Purchased
Assets A/c (Individually) Dr
To Vendor
(Being assets purchased from———-)
(b) When Business is Purchased
Sundry Assets A/c Dr
Goodwill A/c* Dr
To Sundry Liabilities A/c To Vendor
To Capital Reserve A/c*
(Being business purchased from vendor for purchase consideration of Rs——-)
NOTE ‘Vendor’ is credited with purchase consideration payable to him *Either goodwill or capital Reserve will come.
(ii) On Issue of Shares
(a) At Par Vendor
To Share Capital A/c
(b) At Premium Vendor
To Share Capital A/c To Securities Premium Reserve A/c
II. Issue of Shares to Promoters
Formation Expenses/ Incorporation Cost/Goodwill A/c Dr
To Share Capital A/c
(Being … share of Rs … each issued to promoters of the company)
III. Issue of Shares to Underwriters
(i) Making Underwriting Expenses Due
Underwriting Expenses A/c Dr
To Underwriters A/c (Being underwriting commission due)
(ii) Issuing Shares to Underwriters
Underwriters A/c Dr
To Share Capital A/c
(Being …shares issued @…….per share to underwriters)
8. Calls-in-arrears When one or more shareholders fail to pay their dues at the time of allotment or call, it is technically called calls-in-arrears.
Table F of the Companies Act, 2013, provides for the payment of interest on calls-in-arrears at a rate not exceeding 10% per annum.
9. Calls-in-advance The part of the whole amount received from the shareholders before the call is made, is called calls-in-advance.
This amount is shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet as a separate item under the head ‘share capital’ but is not added to the amount of paid-up capital.
Table F of the Companies Act, 2013, provides for the payment of interest on calls-in-advance at a rate not exceeding 12% per annum.
10. Forfeiture of Shares
Forfeiture of shares means cancellation of shares and seizure of the amount already received from defaulting shareholders.
(i) Forfeiture of Shares Originally Issued at Par
Share Capital A/c Dr (Called-up money)
To Forfeited Shares A/c (Paid-up money)
To Share Unpaid Calls A/c (Unpaid money or calls-in-arrears)
(Being forfeiture of………….shares for non-payment of call of……….per share)
(ii) Forfeiture of Shares Originally Issued at Premium and Premium was Received
Share Capital A/c Dr (Called-up money)
To Forfeited Shares A/c (Paid-up money)
To Share Allotment A/c (Unpaid money excluding premium)
To Share Unpaid Call A/c (Unpaid money or calls-in-arrears)
(Being forfeiture of …… shares for non-payment
of allotment and call of…… per share)
(iii) Forfeiture of Shares Originally Issued at Premium and Premium was not Received
Share Capital A/c Dr (Called-up money)
Securities Premium Reserve A/c Dr (Unpaid premium)
To Forfeited Shares A/c (Paid-up money)
To Share Allotment A/c (Unpaid money including premium)
To Share Unpaid Call A/c (Unpaid money or calls-in-arrears)
(Being forfeiture of …… shares for non-payment
of allotment and call of ……per share)
11. Re-issue of Shares
The directors can either cancel or re-issue the forfeited shares. Shares forfeited can be re-issued at par, at premium or at a discount
In case, they are re-issued at par, accounting entry will be
Bank A/c Dr
To Share Capital A/c
In case, shares are re-issued at a discount, the amount of discount allowed on the re-issue of forfeited shares must not exceed the amount forfeited on re-issued shares. The discount allowed on re-issue of forfeited shares should be debited to the ‘share forfeiture account’. The journal entry will be
Bank A/c Dr [With the amount received on re-issue]
*Share Forfeiture A/c Dr [With the discount allowed on re-issue]
To Share Capital A/c [With the amount credited as paid-up]
*It is calculated as
Number of Shares Re-issued x (Paid-up Value – Re-issue Price Per Share)
If the forfeited shares are re-issued at a price higher than that paid-up, the excess is credited to securities premium reserve account. The journal entry will be
Bank A/c Dr
To Share Capital A/c To Securities Premium Reserve A/c
Transfer of Balance in Forfeited Share Account Forfeited Shares A/c Dr
To Capital Reserve A/c (Being balance of share forfeiture account transferred to capital reserve account)

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts – CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Any change in existing agreement of partnership amounts to reconstitution of a firm. As a result, the existing agreement comes to an end and a new agreement comes into existence and the firm continues.
1. Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
Reconstitution of a firm can take place in any of the following ways
(i) Change in the profit sharing ratio of existing partners.
(ii) Admission of a new partner.
(iii) Retirement of an existing partner.
(iv) Death of a partner.
2. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio Among the Existing Partners
When one or more partners acquire an interest in the business from another partner(s), it is said to be a change in the profit sharing ratio in a partnership firm. A change in the profit sharing ratio among the existing partners means it is a reconstitution of the firm without admission, retirement or death of a new partner(s).
The sacrifice made or gain received by a partner is calculated by deducting the new share from the old share of a partner.
Sacrificing/(Gaining) Share = Old Share – New Share
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio 43
3. Adjustments Required at the Time of Change in Profit Sharing Ratio (i) Determination of Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio
New Profit Sharing Ratio It is the ratio in which the partners are to share profits/losses in future.
Sacrificing Ratio It is the ratio in which the partners have agreed to sacrifice their share of profit in favour of other partner or partners. This ratio is calculated by taking out the difference between old profit share and new profit share.
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio
Gaining Ratio It is the ratio in which the partners have agreed to gain their share of profit from other partner(s). This ratio is calculated by taking out the difference between new profit share and old profit share.
Gaining Ratio = New Ratio – Old Ratio
(ii) Accounting Treatment of Goodwill
The entry to be passed for adjustment of goodwill, when there is a change in profit sharing ratio is
Gaining Partners’ Capital/Current A/c Dr [In gaining ratio]
To Sacrificing Partners’ Capital/Current A/c [In sacrificing ratio]
(Being the adjustment made for goodwill on change in profit sharing ratio)
Treatment of Existing Goodwill
Goodwill (if any) appearing in the books of the firm is written-off by debiting it to all partners’ capital accounts in their old profit sharing ratio and by crediting the goodwill account.
The entry is
All Partners’ Capital/Current A/c              Dr [In old ratio]
To Goodwill A/c                                      [With book value of goodwill]
(iii) Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
(a) When Revised Values are to be Recorded in the Books of Accounts
An account titled ‘Revaluation account or ‘Profit and loss adjustment account is opened for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities.
Format of Revaluation Account
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 1
(b) When Revised Values are not to be Recorded in the Books of Accounts
If partners decide to record the net effect of revaluation of assets and liabilities without affecting the old amount of assets and liabilities, a single adjusting entry ‘ involving the capital accounts of gaining partners and sacrificing partners is passed.
(iv) Accounting Treatment of Reserves, Accumulated Profits or Losses
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy Img 2
Adjustment of Reserves and Accumulated Profits/Losses through Capital Accounts Only
A single adjusting entry involving the capital accounts of sacrificing and gaining partner is passed, when the partners decide to record net effect of reserves and accumulated profits/losses without affecting the old figures.
In Case of Profit
Gaining Partner’s Capital A/c                      Dr
To Sacrificing Partner’s Capital A/c
In Case of Loss
Sacrificing Partner’s Capital A/c                 Dr
To Gaining Partner’s Capital A/c

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy