Category: CBSE

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Ice Cream Man Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/ice-cream-man-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Ice-Cream Man- CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

The poet here describes children’s love for ice-cream in summers. The Ice-cream Man visits their streets on hot summer days with a round umbrella over his cart. He brings ice-cream in different flavors. He fills the cones with creamy and cold ice-cream. He also sells fizzy, colorful cold drinks. His cart is just like a flower bed and children gather around it like honeybees.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Teamwork Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/teamwork-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Teamwork – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

Teamwork Class 5 Summary
Teamwork is very important. We can bring our dreams come true by working together. And together we can share our joys of achieving something. It is a fun to put the ball through the ring. But we cannot shoot it if there is no one to pass it on. Similarly, relay race cannot go on if nobody passes the baton. When we work together we become strong and then it is easy to achieve the common goal.

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My Shadow – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

My Shadow Poem Class 5 Summary
This poem is about a child’s shadow which always moves with him. His shadow resembles him. It does exactly the same what the child does. Sometimes the shadow grows very tall and sometimes very small. One morning the child gets up early before the sun rise. He finds dews on flowers but does not see his shadow with him. The child thinks that his shadow is still fast asleep in bed.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Class Discussion Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/class-discussion-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Class Discussion – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

Class Discussion Class 5 Summary
The teacher has held a class discussion. All the students and the teacher herself are busy in the discussion. But Jane does not participate in it. She is sitting and staring in silence all the time. The teacher asks her if she has any problem. At this Jane replies in a very clear voice that there are many people in the world who do not like to speak because they are quite by nature like her.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Topsy-Turvy Land Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/topsy-turvy-land-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Topsy-Turvy Land – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

Topsy Turvy Land Summary
(i)Topsy-Turvy Land:

This poem is about a strange Land where everything is upside down. The sea is full of sand and the children go to school at night. One can find the front door step at the back and people walk when they are standing. Hat is not found on head but on feet. Buses run on the sea and boats in the streets. People have to pay for what they do not get and they go when they actually come back.

Topsy-Turvy Land Class 5 Summary
(ii)Gulliver’s Travels:

Once Gulliver reached an island with his companions. He sent a few of them to see if there was water on the island. But there was no water there. Suddenly his companions began to be chased by a huge creature. Luckily they all escaped. Now Gulliver was alone on the island. He quickly climbed up a steep hill with fields of barley on either side and the com rising upto forty feet. There was a fence to pass from one field to the other. Gulliver could not climb them because every step was six feet high. Soon he saw a farmer in the next field. He too was a monster. He was accompanied by seven other monsters like him to reap the com. Gulliver got frightened. He screamed loudly. But the monsters were kind to him. One of them picked him up and placed him on the ground. All the giant farmers came there to take a good look at him. Gulliver tried to speak to them in several languages but they could not understand him.
The farmer took him to his house and gave him crumbled bread to eat. Soon his one year old son came and grabbed him and put his head into his mouth. Gulliver shouted loudly and the baby dropped him at once. He would have fallen and broken his neck but the farmer’s wife caught him in time. She put Gulliver on her bed and covered him with a handkerchief.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Nobody’s Friend Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/nobodys-friend-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Nobody’s Friend – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

Nobody’s Friend Summary
(i)Nobody’s Friend

There are some children who do not share their things with anyone. Such children fail to establish friendship. As a result they have no friends. But at the same time there are many children who very lovingly share their things with others. These children have many friends.

Summary Of Nobody’s Friend
(ii)The Little Bully

There was a boy named Hari. He was small but strong. He loved to tease all the boys and girls who went to school with him. What he loved to do most was to pinch. Another trick he played was pricking people with a pin. All the children therefore hated Hari. They never liked his company.
One day the class went for a picnic to the seaside. Although children were very excited, they did not go near Hari. They played among themselves leaving Hari alone on a sandy comer near a rocky pool.
It was the lunch time. Hari took out his lunch box and began to eat. Just then he saw a monster crab who came close to him and pinched him. Hari cried loudly. Soon many large lobsters and sandy-colored shrimps and prawns came out and pricked him one by one. Hari was helpless. His lunch rolled into the pool. He somehow saved his life. Now, he realized his mistake and took a pledge not to pinch or prick the children any more because it pains a lot.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Sing A Song Of People Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/sing-song-people-cbse-notes-class-5-english/

Sing A Song Of People – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

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Summary :

Sing A Song Of People Summary
(i) Sing A Song Of People

This poem describes how people are in such a hurry these days. Wherever they are, they are in a hurry. They go here and there hurriedly. They can be seen on the subway. They can be seen with umbrellas in rains. They can be seen rushing for the taxis and riding elevators. Although they are walking singly, they are in a crowd everywhere. Some people are silent, while some are talking loudly. They can laugh and smile but they don’t have time to look at others. It is because they are in a hurry.

Summary Of Sing A Song Of People
(ii) Around The World

‘Around the World’ is a story about Mr. Phi leas Fogg and his journey of the world with his companion Passe part out.
They started their journey from San Francisco to New York, which was three thousand seven hundred and eighty six miles away. The train crossed many steep mountain slopes, deep canyons, curves, tunnels and bridges. Suddenly the train stopped when a herd of buffaloes came on the trade. The herd took a full three hours to cross the tracks. The train began to move again and headed for steep mountains. This was the most different part of the journey with its winding roads. They passed the highest point of their journey, 7524 feet above sea level. In a few hours they came out of the Rocky Mountains. The train stopped once again when the suspension bridge on Medicine River had some of its cables broken. However, the driver crossed it at maximum speed.
Next day when the train was moving forward, it was suddenly attacked by hundreds of Scour Indians. But they fled away when they saw soldiers rushing towards them.

Class 5 English Notes available in PDF format for free download. Malu Bhalu(The Poem) Class 5 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/malu-bhaluthe-poem-cbse-notes-for-class-5-english/

Malu Bhalu(The Poem) – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 EnglishNCERT Solutions English

Summary :

Malu Bhalu Poem Summary
(i)Malu Bhalu

A little polar bear, named Malu Bhalu lived in an icy lair. She learnt to catch fish from her parents. She wanted to see things beyond the blue sky. But her mother suggested her to have patience until she learnt swimming. Very soon she learnt that skill too with the help of her mother. Her mother was sure that Malu Bhalu was brave and fearless.

Malu Bhalu Summary
(ii) Who Will Be Ningthou?

This is a story from Manipur about what qualities make a good ruler. The king and queen were so good that they always wanted to see their people happy. In return they were loved dearly by the people. The birds and animals too loved them. They had three sons and a daughter whom they named Sanatombi. She was good at heart and loved by all.
The king grew old in due course. He decided to choose his heir. He tested all his three sons for the qualities of a good ruler but he found that no one was worthy of becoming a ruler. Hence he chose his twelve year old daughter, Sanatombi as his heir because she could feel the pain of the people, the animals, the birds and the trees. Everyone was happy with their future queen.

Here are the detailed Atoms Class 12 Notes Chapter 12. Thus the notes will be very helpful in preparation for examinations. Class 12 Physics notes cover all the important topics that are listed. It gives students a basic understanding of the past and the development of laws in physics. https://meritbatch.com/atoms-cbse-notes-class-12-physics/

Atoms Class 12 Notes Chapter 12

Atoms Class 12 Notes
1. All elements consists of very small invisible particles, called atom. Every atom is a sphere of radius of the order of 10^-10 m, in which entire mass is uniformly distributed and negative charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.
2. Experimental arrangement for α-scattering experiment and trajectory followed by α -particles

3. Impact parameter perpendicular distance of the velocity vector of a-particle from the central line of the nucleus of the atom is called impact parameter (b).

where, K is KE of α-particle, θ is scattering angle, Z is atomic number of the nucleus and e is charge of nucleus.
Atoms Class 12
4. Basic assumption of Rutherford’s atomic model
(i) Atom consists of small central core, called atomic nucleus in which whole mass and positive charge is assumed to be concentrated.
(ii) The size of nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom.
(iii) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons and atom is electrically neutral.
(iv) Electrons revolves around the nucleus and centripetal force is of eletrostatic nature.
Class 12 Atoms Notes
5. Distance of Closest Approach At a certain distance r₀ from the nucleus, whole of the KE of α-particle converts into electrostatic potential energy and α-particle cannot go farther close to nucleus, this distance (r₀) is called distance of closest approach.

Atoms Notes Class 12
6. Angle of Scattering Angle by which a-particle gets deviated from its original path around the nucleus is called angle of scattering.
7. Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model
(i) Could not explained stability of atom clearly.
(ii) Unable to explain line spectrum.
Class 12 Physics Atoms Notes
8. Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom Bohr combined classical and early quantum concepts and gave his theory in the form of three postulates. These are
(i) Bohr’s first postulate was that an electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant energy, contrary to the predictions of electromagnetic theory.
(ii) Bohr’s second postulate defines these stable orbits. This postulate states that the electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is some integral multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck’s constant (= 6.6 x 10^-34 J – s). Thus, the angular momentum (L) of the orbiting electron is
quantised, i. e. L = nh/2π
As, angular momentum of electron (L) = mvr
∴ For any permitted (stationary) orbit, mvr = nh/2π
where, n = any positive integer i.e. 1, 2, 3, ….
It is also called principal quantum number.
(iii) Bohr’s third postulate states that an electron might make a transition from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states.
The frequency of the emitted photon is then given by
hv – E_i– E_f 
where, E_i and E_f  are the energies of the initial and final states and E_i > E_f .
Atom Class 12 Notes
9. Limitations of Bohr’s Model
(i) Applicable only for hydrogen like atom.
(ii) Does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines in H-atom.
(iii) Does not explain about shape of orbit.
10. Important formulae related to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atoms are given below:

11. Energy Level The energy of an atom is the least when its electron is revolving in an orbit closest to the nucleus i.e. for which n = 1.
12. The lowest state of the atom is called the ground state, this state has lowest energy. The energy of this state is -13.6 eV. Therefore, the minimum energy required to free the electron from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
Class 12 Physics Chapter Atoms Notes
13. (i) Emission Spectrum Hydrogen spectrum consists of discrete bright lines a dark
background and it is specifically known as hydrogen emission spectrum.
(ii) Absorption Spectrum There is one more type of hydrogen spectrum exists where we get dark lines on the bright background, it is known as absorption spectrum
Atom Class 12
14. The atomic hydrogen emits a line spectrum consisting of various series.

CBSE Notes

Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm — Retirement/Death of a Partner –  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Accountancy

Topic 1: Introduction and New Profit Sharing Ratio/Gaining Ratio
1. Meaning of Retirement Retirement of a partner means ceasing to be a partner of the firm.
The different ways by which a partner can retire from the firm are:
(i) With the consent of all the partners.
(ii) By giving notice in writing to all other partners of his intention to retire, in case of partnership at will.
(iii) In accordance with the terms of agreement between the partners.
2. Liability of a Partner
Liability of the Firm for the Acts before Retirement [Section 32(2)] A retiring partner remains liable for all the acts of the firm up to the date of his retirement. However, a retiring partner may be discharged from his liability by an agreement between himself, third party and the continuing partners.
Liability of the Firm for the Acts after Retirement [Section 32 (3)] A retiring partner also continues to be liable to third parties for the acts of the firm even after his retirement until a public notice of his retirement is given.
Various matters that need accounting adjustment at the time of retirement are:
(i) Determination of new profit sharing ratio
(ii) Determination of gaining ratio
(iii) Treatment of goodwill
(iv) Revaluation of assets and liabilities
(v) Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses
(vi) Adjustment of capital
(vii) Determination of the amount payable to the retiring partner
3. New Profit Sharing Ratio The ratio in which the continuing partners will share profits and losses is called new profit sharing ratio. It is the sum total of his old share and the ratio in which the outgoing partner’s share of profit is acquired.
New Ratio = Old Ratio + Gaining Ratio
4. Gaining Ratio The ratio in which the remaining i.e. continuing partners have acquired the share from the retiring partner is called gaining ratio.
Gaining Ratio = New Ratio – Old Ratio
5. Difference between Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio

Topic 2: Treatment of Goodwill and Revaluation of Assets and Re-assessment of Liabilities
1. Treatment of Goodwill
Goodwill is a compensation paid to an outgoing partner payable by remaining partners in their gaining ratio.
Adjustment for retiring partner’s share of goodwill will be made through the following journal entry
Gaining Partners’ Capital A/c Dr [Continuing partners] [in gaining ratio]
To .Sacrificing Partner’s Capital A/c [Retiring partner]
If goodwill already appears in the old balance sheet, then it is to be written-off in old ratio.
All Partners’ Capital/Current A/c Dr
To Goodwill A/c
2. Revaluation of Assets and Re-assessment of Liabilities
Revaluation of assets and re-assessment of liabilities are to be done in the same way as in the case of admission of a new partner.
3. Adjustment for reserves and accumulated profits/losses Adjustment for reserves and accumulated profits/losses are to be done in the same why as in the case of admission of a partner.
Topic 3: Settlement of Amount Due to Retiring Partner
1. Calculation of Amount Payable to Retiring/Deceased Partner The amount due to a retiring partner is ascertained by preparing retiring partner’s capital account, after taking into account the following
Items to be Credited
(i) Opening balance of capital and current account of retiring partner.
(ii) His share in the profit of revaluation account.
(iii) His share of reserve and accumulated profit.
(iv) His share of goodwill of the firm.
(v) His share of profit till the date of his retirement.
(vi) His salary and/or interest on capital due to the retiring partner till the date of his retirement.
Items to be Debited
(i) Drawings and interest thereon.
(ii) Share in the accumulated losses of past year/years.
(iii) Share in the loss of revaluation account.
2. Settlement of the Amount Due to the Retiring Partner The amount due to retiring partner is either paid off immediately or is transferred to his loan account. The retiring partner’s loan account will appear in the books of the new firm as a liability until it is paid off finally.
Journal Entries
The following journal entries are passed in this regard
(i) If the Amount is Immediately Paid off
Retiring Partner’s Capital A/c Dr
To Cash/ Bank A/c
(ii) In Case the Amount is Not Immediately Paid
(a) For amount due, transferred to retiring partner’s loan account
Retiring Partner’s Capital A/c Dr
To Retiring Partner’s Loan A/c
(b) On interest being provided
Interest on Loan A/c Dr
To Retiring Partner’s Loan A/c
(c) On payment of instalment with interest
Retiring Partner’s Loan A/c Dr
To Cash/Bank A/c
(iii) If Payment is Partly Paid in Cash and the Remaining Amount is to be Treated as Loan
Retiring Partner’s Capital A/c Dr
To Cash/Bank A/c To Retiring Partners’ Loan A/c
Topic 4: Adjustment of Capital
At the time of retirement of a partner, the remaining partners may decide to adjust their capital contributions in their profit sharing ratio.
The capitals of the continuing partners may be required to be adjusted in the following three cases:
Case I When the total capital of the new firm is given
The various steps involved in adjusting the capitals of the partners are given below:
Step 1 Calculate the adjusted old capitals of continuing partners (i.e. after all other adjustments).
Step 2 Calculate the new capitals of continuing partners.
Step 3 Calculate the surplus/deficit capital by comparing step 2 and 3.
Case II When the total capital of the new firm is not given
The various steps involved in adjusting the capitals of the partners are given below:
Step 1 Calculate the adjusted old capitals of continuing partners after all other adjustments.
Step 2 Calculate total capital of the new firm.
Step 3 Calculate the new capitals of continuing partners.
Step 4 Calculate the surplus/deficit capital by comparing step 2 and 3.
Case III When the outgoing partner is to be paid through cash brought by the continuing partners in such a way as to make their capitals proportionate to their new profit sharing ratio
Steps involved in adjusting the capitals of partners are given below:
Step 1 Calculate the adjusted old capitals of continuing partners after all other adjustments.
Step 2 Calculate total capital of the new firm.
Step 3 Calculate the new capital of continuing partners.
Step 4 Calculate the surplus/deficit by comparing step 2 and 3 above.
Topic 5: Death of a Partner
1. Death of A Partner The partnership comes to an end immediately, whenever a partner dies although the firm may continue with the remaining partners.
The deceased partner is entitled to get his share in the firm as per the provision of a partnership agreement. His share in the firm is calculated in the same manner as in the case of a retiring partner.
2. Accounting Treatment of Deceased Partners’ Share in Profits If a partner dies on any date after the date of the balance sheet, then his share of profit is calculated from the beginning of the year to the date of death on the basis of time or sales. When share of profit is calculated on the basis of time, it may be on the basis of previous year’s profit or average profit of past years.
On Time Basis
Profit from the date of last balance sheet to the date of death/retirement
Number of Days or Months From the Date of Last

On Sales Basis
Profit from the date of last balance sheet to the date of death/retirement

3. Ascertainment of the Amount Due to the Deceased Partner The deceased partner’s share is also calculated in the same manner as in the case of retiring partner. Amount due to a deceased partner shown by his capital account is transferred to his executors’ account by passing the following journal entry
Deceased Partner’s Capital A/c Dr
To Deceased Partner’s Executors A/c
4. Settlement of Deceased Partners’ Executor Account
(i) If Payment is Made in Full/Lumpsum
Deceased Partner’s Executor’s A/c Dr
To Cash/ Bank A/c
(ii) If Payment is Made in Instalment
(a) Deceased Partner’s Executor’s A/c Dr
To Deceased Partner’s Executor’s Loan A/c
(b) Interest A/c Dr
To Deceased Partner’s Executor’s Loan A/c, Interest is generally paid to deceased partner’s executor’s @ 6% per annum.
(c) Deceased Partner’s Executor’s Loan A/c Dr
5. Format of Deceased Partner’s Capital Account

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes AccountancyNCERT Solutions Accountancy

Here are the detailed Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Class 12 Notes Chapter 11. Thus the notes will be very helpful in preparation for examinations. Class 12 Physics notes cover all the important topics that are listed. It gives students a basic understanding of the past and the development of laws in physics. https://meritbatch.com/dual-nature-radiation-matter-cbse-notes-class-12-physics/

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Class 12 Notes Chapter 11

Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter Notes
1. Photoelectric Effect The phenomenon of emission of photoelectron from the surface of metal, when a light beam of suitable frequency is incident on it, is called photoelectric effect. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons and the current so produced is called photoelectric current.
Hertz’ Observation The phenomenon of photo electric emission was discovered in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz during his electromagnetic wave experiment. In his experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic waves by means of spark across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate was illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp.
Lenard’s Observation Lenard observed that when ultraviolet radiation were allowed to fall on emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing two electrodes, current flows. As soon as, the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flows also stopped. These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall on the emitter plate, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted towards the positive plate by the electric field.
Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter
2. Terms Related to Photoelectric Effects
There are many terms related to photoelectric effects which are of follow:
(i) Free Electrons In metals, the electrons in the outer shells (valence electrons) are loosely bound to the atoms, hence they are free to move easily within the metal surface but cannot leave the metal surface. Such electrons are called free electrons.
(ii) Electron Emission The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of a metal is called electron emission.
(iii) Photoelectric Emission It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of metal when light radiations of suitable frequency fall on it.
(iv) Work Function The minimum amount of energy required to just eject an electron from the outer most surface of metal is known as work function of the metal.

(v) Cut-off Potential For a particular frequency of incident radiation, the minimum negative (retarding) potential V₀ given to plate for which the photoelectric current becomes zero, is called cut-off or stopping potential.

(vi) Cut-off Frequency The minimum frequency of light which can emit photoelectrons from a material is called threshold frequency or cut-off frequency of that material.
(vii) Cut-off Wavelength The maximum wavelength of light which can emit photoelectrons from a material is called threshold wavelength or cut-off wavelength of that material.
Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter Class 12
3. Effect of Intensity of Light on Photo current For a fixed frequency of incident radiation, the photoelectric current increases linearly with increase in intensity of incident light.

Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation Class 12
4. Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current For a fixed frequency and intensity of incident light, the photoelectric current increases with increase in the potential applied to the collector. When all the photoelectrons reach the plate A, current becomes maximum it is known as saturation current.

Class 12 Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation Notes
5. Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on Stopping Potential We take radiations of different frequencies but of same intensity. For each radiation, we study the variation of photoelectric current against the potential difference between the plates.

Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Notes
6. Laws of Photoelectric Emission
(i) For a given material and a given frequency of incident radiation, the photoelectric current number of photoelectrons ejected per second is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
(ii) For a given material and frequency of incident radiation, saturation current is found to be proportional to the intensity of incident radiation, whereas the stopping potential is independent of its intensity.
(iii) For a given material, there exists a certain minimum frequency of the incident radiation below which no emissions of photoelectrons takes place. This frequency is called threshold frequency.
Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron or equivalent stopping potential is independent of intensity of incident light but depends only upon the frequency (or wavelength) of the incident light.
(iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process. The time lag between the incidence of radiations and emission of photoelectron is very small, less than even 10^-9 s.
Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter Notes Class 12
7. Einstein Photoelectric Equation Energy Quantum of Radiation, Kmax = hv – Ф₀ where, hv = energy of photon and Ф = work-function
NOTE: According to Planck’s quantum theory, light radiations consist of tiny packets of energy called quanta. One quantum of light radiation is called a photon which travels with the speed of light.
Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation Notes
8. Relation between Stopping Potential (V₀) and Threshold Frequency (v₀)


Class 12 Physics Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter Notes
9. Important Graphs related to Photoelectric Effect

(iii) Frequency (v) and photoelectric current (I) graph. This graph shows that the photoelectric current (I) is independent of frequency of the incident light till intensity remains constant.

(iv) Intensity and stopping potential (V₀) graph

(v) Photoelectric current (I) and time lag (t) graph is given by

CBSE Notes