CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Set 5 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions Set 5 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Set 5 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

The question paper consists of 5 sections and 37 Questions.

1. Section A consists of Questions 1-18 carrying 1 mark each and is multiple choice questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section B consists of Questions 19-24 carrying 2 marks each and are very short answer types and should not exceed 60-90 words. Attempt any 5.
3. Section C consists of Questions 25-30 carrying 3 marks each and are short answer types and should not exceed 100-150 words. Attempt any 5.
4. Section D consists of Questions 31-33 carrying 4 marks each and are case studies. There is internal choice available.
5. Section E consists of Questions 34-37 carrying 5 marks each and are short answer types and should not exceed 200-300 words. Attempt any 3.

Section – A (18 Marks)

Question 1.
Which committee is responsible for selecting the officials in Tournaments? [1]
(a) Ground and equipment Committee
(b) Publicity Committee
(c) Technical Committee
(d) Transport Committee
Answer:
(c) Technical Committee

Explanation: A technical committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, recorders, starters, marshals, track umpires, timekeepers and lap scorers for athletic meet sports events.

Question 2.
Which types of tournaments are generally conducted in individual games i.e., boxing, tennis, etc? [1]
(a) Challenge
(b) League cum knockout
(c) Staircase
(d) Cyclic
Answer:
(a) Challenge

Explanation: Challenge tournament is the one in which there are one-to-one contests or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the other and the other player accepts the challenge.

Question 3.
How much water does our body contain? [1]
(a) 40%
(b) 50%
(c) 60%
(d) 70%
Answer:
(c) 60%

Explanation: Up to 60% of the human adult body is water. The brain and heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. The skin contains 64% water; muscles and kidneys are 79%, and even the bones are watery: with 31% of water.

Question 4.
Which is the branch of science that refers to all the processes by which an individual digests his/her food? [1]
(a) Nutrition
(b) Food
(c) Nutrients
(d) Water
Answer:
(c) Nutrients

Explanation: Nutrition is the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for the replacement of tissues.

Question 5.
In ______ blood glucose level is high: [1]
(a) Obesity
(b) Diabetes
(c) Hypertension
(d) Sinusitis
Answer:
(b) Diabetes

Explanation: High blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, is a major concern, and can affect people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Frequent or ongoing high blood sugar can cause damage to the nerves, blood vessels, and organs. It can also lead to other serious conditions.

Question 6.
If 8 teams are participating in double league tournament, then the number of matches will be: [1]
(a) 30
(b) 42
(c) 48
(d) 56
Answer:
(d) 56

Explanation: Formula for double league tournament is N (N-1) because the number of matches are double.

Question 7.
Given below are two statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Bhujangasana and Tadasana can treat lordosis.
Reason (R): The asanas string then the muscles and help in maintaining balance of the body. [1]
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
Answer:
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Question 8.
Match the following: [1]

	List 1		List 2
(A)	Cognitive	(i)	disorder
(B)	OCD	(ii)	Improvement techniques
(C)	Physical activities	(iii)	disability
(D)	Competition in sports & games for CWSN	(iv)	Paralympics

(a) (A) (iii), (B) (i), (C) (ii), (D) (iv)
(b) (A) (iv), (B) (ii), (C) (i), (D) (iii)
(c) (A) (ii), (B) (iii), (C) (iv), (D) (i)
(d) (A) (iv), (B) (iii), (C) (i), (D) (ii)

Answer:
(a) (A) – (iii), (B)- (i), (C) – (ii) (D) – (iv).

Question 9.
The abnormal lateral curvature of spine is known as: [1]
(a) Kyphosis
(b) Friction
(c) Polishing
(d) Scoliosis
Answer:
(d) Scoliosis

Explanation: In Scoliosis, the spine gets bent in S shape. Kyphosis is excessive outward curvature of the spine, whereas friction and polishing is not related with spinal problem.

Question 10.
Which of the following is not a cause of flat foot deformity? [1]
(a) Lack of vitamin D and calcium
(b) Faulty posture
(c) Body heaviness
(d) Standing for a long time
Answer:
(a) Lack of vitamin D and calcium

Explanation: Vitamin D keeps bones, teeth and muscles healthy, whereas flat foot is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground.

Question 11.
Which of the following test is used to measure speed and agility? [1]
(a) Half Marathon race
(b) 100 m race
(c) 1.5 km run
(d) 4 * 10 m Shuttle run
Answer:
(d) 4 * 10 m Shuttle run

Explanation: Agility is the ability to move quickly and change directions while maintaining control and balance. Good agility requires a combination of speed, acceleration, balance, power and coordination, plus good reflexes.

Question 12.
What is the aim of conducting partial curl up test? [1]
(a) Test weight loss
(b) Test abdominal strength
(c) Test brain activity
(d) Test back strength
Answer:
(b) Test abdominal strength

Explanation: This test measures abdominal strength and endurance, which is important in back support and core stability. Weight loss can be checked with a weight machine, whereas for brain activity, some psychological test is considered and for back strength bench press, leg press, etc. practices are chosen.

Question 13.
What is the amount of blood pumped into one ventricle beat? [1]
(a) 80 to 90 ml/beat
(b) 70 to 90 ml/beat
(c) 50 to 60 ml/beat
(d) 60 to 90 ml/beat
Answer:
(b) 70 to 90 ml/beat

Explanation: This is called the heart rate. During each and every heartbeat, the ventricles pump about 70 ml of blood. This is known as stroke volume. This means heart pumps 72 * 70 ml = 5040 ml or approximately 5 liters of blood per minute.

Question 14.
Which of the following practices is helpful in assessing non-serious injuries? [1]
(a) TOTAPS
(b) Immobilization
(c) RICE
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) TOTAPS

Explanation: Touch, Observe, Talk, Active Movement, Passive Movement, Skill Test (injury management). It is used to assess the extent of the injury and to see if medical attention is required or if they can resume their activity. Immobilization and RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) are parts of rehabilitation process.

Question 15.
The movement that occurs between long bones, causing a change in the angle between two bones: [1]
(a) Gliding movement
(b) Flexing movement
(c) Circular motion
(d) Angular movement
Answer:
(d) Angular movement

Explanation: Angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes. There are several different types of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Flexion, or bending, occurs when the angle between the bones decreases.

Question 16.
Which type of movement takes place when the angle between two bones decreases? [1]
(a) Inward
(b) Outward
(c) Flexion
(d) Force of friction
Answer:
(c) Flexion

Explanation: Centrifugal movements are outward movements and centripetal movements are inward movements, whereas force of friction is the opposing force on any object.

Question 17.
A six-minute walk test for senior citizen measures which of the following? [1]
(a) Upper body fitness
(b) Lower body fitness
(c) Walking fitness
(d) Functional fitness
Answer:
(c) Walking fitness

Explanation: It is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance of aged people, whereas to access upper body fitness, push-ups and for lower body fitness, chair stand test is used.

Question 18.
Match the following: [1]

List I (Development Stages)		List II (Characteristics)
(A)	Infant hood	(i)	Skip and balance on foot
(B)	Early childhood	(ii)	Learn values
(C)	Middle Childhood	(iii)	Also referred as adolescence
(D)	Late childhood	(iv)	Learn to sit and crawl

Codes: (A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(b) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(d) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
Answer:
18. (b) (A)- (iv). (B) – (i). (C)- (ii) (D)- (iii)

Section – B (10 marks)

Question 19.
Draw a fixture of 11 football teams participating in a tournament on the basis of knockout. [2]
Answer:
Number of teams (N) = 11
No of matches:N-1 =11-1 = 10 matches
No of rounds: 2*2*2*2 = (2)4 = 4 rounds

Teams in upper half: \(\frac{\mathrm{N}+1}{2}=\frac{11+1}{2}\) = 6 teams

Teams in lower half: \(\frac{N-1}{2}=\frac{11-1}{2}\) = 5 teams

Total bytes: Highest power of two- No of teams
= 16- 11 = 5 byes

Byes in upper half: \(\frac{\mathrm{Nb}-1}{2}=\frac{5-1}{2}\) = 2 bytes

Byes in lower half: \(\frac{\mathrm{Nb}+1}{2}=\frac{5+1}{2}\) = 3 bytes

Question 20.
Mention the sources and functions of carbohydrates in human body. [2]
Answer:
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy foods. The main sources of carbohydrates are:
(1) Starch: It is obtained from wheat, maize, beet, potato, rice, coneflower, etc.
(2) Sugar: It is obtained from milk, beet, sugarcane, honey, etc.
(3) Cellulose: It is obtained from cereals, vegetables, fruits, etc.

The main function of carbohydrates is given below:
(1) They provide energy to the body.
(2) They provide fuel for the central nervous system.
(3) They help to-enhance metabolism.

Question 21.
Write the benefits of Bhujangasana. [2]
Answer:
Benefits of Bhujangasana:

1. It relaxes body and mind.
2. It improves digestive functioning.
3. It cures cold and bronchial problems.
4. It cures diabetes and arthritis.
5. It opens the chest and increases oxygen supply to the lungs.
6. It removes liver troubles.

Question 22.
Write the causes of obesity. [2]
Answer:
Following are the causes of obesity:
(1) Imbalance between calories intake and calories consumed: When a person takes a large amount of food, he/she gets more calories. If he/she does not do physical work, then due to imbalance between calories consumed and calories intake, the extra calories are deposited in the form of fats. Thus, the person becomes obese.
(2) Heredity: Heredity is also a cause of obesity. It is seen that if the parents are obese, their children are likely to be obese.
(3) Endocrine Gland functioning: When the thyroid gland secretes less amount of thyroxin, a person becomes obese.

Question 23.
Mention the causes of ADHD. [2]
Answer:
Following are the causes of ADHD:
(1) Use of cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy: Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of offspring ADHD. It can increase your risk of preterm birth. The baby could have a low birth weight or certain birth defects.
(2) Disorder and brain injury in childhood: Children who have had a serious head injury are more likely to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but new research suggests that symptoms may not develop for up to a decade later. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause for hospitalization in young children and teenagers.
(3) Food additives and sugar: Sugar and other high-carb foods boost dopamine levels in the brain. Since kids with ADHD have chronically low levels of dopamine, they are more likely than other kids to crave and eat sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods.

Question 24.
Enlist the spinal postural deformities. Explain the cause of kyphosis. [2]
Answer:
Spinal Postural deformities are:
(1) Kyphosis
(2) Lordosis
(3) Scoliosis

Causes of Kyphosis:
(1) Bad posture during work: People who adopt a poor posture for long periods, such as frequently working at a computer.
(2) Weakening of muscles: Where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture).
(3) Carrying heavy load on shoulders: Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position.

Section – C (15 marks)

Question 25.
Write briefly about modified pushups (girls) test. [3]
Answer:
Push-ups are regarded as one of the most effective upper-body exercises. They can be done anywhere. They strengthen several muscles. Modified push-ups are a variation of regular push-ups and are also known as knee push-ups. As the upper body’s strength in girls is comparatively lesser, it is a good exercise for them.

This exercise is used by people who have limited upper body strength or have had some injury. It is done with knees slightly bent and touching the ground.

Procedure: To perform this exercise, sit on a mat in kneeling position. Keep the body below the shoulders and the knees behind your hips so that your back is angled and long. Tuck your toes under, tighten the stomach and bend elbows to the lower chest toward the floor, press the chest back to the start position. Repeat the exercise as per your desire.

Score: The total number of correct push-ups done in one minute.

Question 26.
Explain the factors affecting motor development.
Answer:
Factors affecting motor development:

1. Heredity: Motor development largely depends on genetic factors. Many attributes like height, body weight, muscle mass, etc. are acquired from parents.
2. Environment: Encouragement, love and security of children help them take risks and know more about the environment. This effort Leads to better sensory development of children, which is a pre-requisite of motor development.
3. Physical activity: Regular physical activities always promote motor development. These activities should be planned according to the age.
4. Nutrition: Proper nutrition always leads to good motor development.
5. Immunization: Timely immunization of mother and child always facilitate better sensory motor development.
6. Age or maturity: Infancy and pre-school years are a period of rapid motor development. In later childhood and late adolescence, therefore, growth and motor development slow down.
7. Practice: Practice of activities helps in developing skilled voluntary movements. They have no targets to achieve but are curious. This leads to motor development.

Question 27.
How can dislocation be managed? [3]
Answer:
When the bones are displaced from their original position, it’s called dislocation. It is the main injury of joints.

It can be managed by:

Rehabilitation: This process is started after the splint or sling is removed. The purpose of designing exercises is to restore the normal range of motion and strength amounts to the joint.

Immobilization: The joint should be immobilized with a sling for several weeks.

Reduction: The doctor tries to prescribe some gentle movements around the affected joint to help the bones come back into position.

Ice therapy: Ice packs might help to relieve pain or to reduce the inflammatory swelling.

Question 28.
Define flexion and abduction with proper examples. [3]
Answer:
Flexion: It is a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. When we flex our knee joint, the angle between our femur or upper leg and tibia/fibula or lower leg decreases.
Example: Bending the elbow, clenching a hand into a fist, tuck jump, etc.

Abduction: Abduction is a movement laterally away from the middle of our body. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot.
Example: Move leg or arm to the side away from the middle of body.

Question 29.
Explain motivation and its types. [3]
Answer:
The word ‘motivation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘mover’, which means to change or to move. Thus, motivation is referred to change inner urge to achieve the goal. According to Alderman: Motivation is the general level of arousal to action in an individual.

Motivation is of two types:
(1) Intrinsic or internal motivation
(2) Extrinsic or external motivation

Intrinsic motivation: In this type of motivation, an individual gets energy or reason to do any work from within himself/herself. This motivation may be fired by goals or simple joy of enthusiasm or needs of the body. It is natural motivation.

Extrinsic motivation: When external forces, positive or negative, produce a behavioural change. Reward, punishment, praise, blame and crash prize are examples of extrinsic motivation.

Question 30.
Explain strength and write the methods of improving strength. [3]
Answer:
Strength: It is an ability of the muscles to overcome resistance. Strength can be defined as the amount of force a muscle can exert. It is an essential component for games and sports.

Methods of improving strength:
Strength is largely developed through weight training. Weight training programs can be divided into three categories, corresponding to three types of muscle contraction: Isometric, isotonic and isokinetic.

(1) Isometric exercises: The word ‘isometric’ is derived from the Latin word ‘iso’ which means ‘same’ and ‘metric’ which means ‘length’. In isometric exercises, the force of resistance is more than the force of individual, so the movement of muscles is not visible to the third person.

When these exercises are done, muscles do not change their length, but contraction remains in muscles. Ex. plank and side bridge, as well as the wall sit and yoga, poses such as chair and tree poses.

(2) Isotonic exercises: Isotonic is derived from the Greek word ‘isos’ and ‘tonos’ which mean same tension. In this strength training exercise, the muscular group has tension along with movement. Ex. bicep curl leg extension.

(3) Isokinetic exercises: These exercises are the combination of isometric and isotonic exercises. They are performed on special machines. Ex. stationary bike.

Section – D (12 marks)

Question 31.
A new student, Rohan, is quite interested in participating in the sports events of his new school. He has been taught the latest rules and regulations of the game of football. He learn the biochemical aspects of the game including various movements, from the football coach.

(A) What is flexion?
(B) What is extension?
(C) What is abduction?
(D) What is adduction?
OR
Which movement type involves the sequention combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction at a joint. [4]
Answer:
(A) Flexion is the type of movement in which the angle between joint decrease.
(B) Extension is straightening parts of a joint so that the angle increases.
(C) Abduction means moving a part away from midline.
(D) Adduction is moving a part towards the midline.

OR

Circumduction.

Question 32.
Newton’s law of Motion is applied widely in various sports. Answer the following questions on the basis of images of few sports shown below:

(A) Write the second law of motion. From the above pictures, mention the sport in which it is applied.
(B) What does Newton’s first law of motion state?
(C) What is Newton’s third law of motion? From the above pictures, identify the sport in which it is applied.
(D) Which force plays a significant role regarding the fall in the basket?
OR
What is Newton’s OR first law of motion a known as? [4]
Answer:
(A) Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration produced in an object due to extent force is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass. The sport in which this law has been applied is 1st sprints.
(B) Newton’s first law of motion states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion with remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless any external force is applied on it to change that state.
(C) Newton’s third Law of motion states that for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The sport in which third law of motion has been applied is swimming.
(D) Air resistance plays a significant role in basket with regard to the tall.

OR

Law of Inertia

Question 33.
Raghu Gupta is a teacher in a school. His age is 67. He faces a lot of difficulty in going to the school and taking classes. His colleagues advices him to get a fitness test conducted by an expert. [4]

Test 1

Test 2

(A) Identify test no. I and mention the purpose of this test.
(B) Identify test no. II and mention the purposed of this test.
(C) Name the equipments required to conduct Test I.
(D) What does Test II determine? [4]
Answer:
(A) Test I is chair sit and reach. Its purpose is to measure flexibility of lower body.
(B) Test II is back scratch test its purpose is to measure an upper arm and shoulder girdle flexibility.
(C) The equipments required to conduct Test I are ruler a chair with straight back or folding chair (17 each/44 cm high).
(D) The back scratch test determines if the hands can be brought together behind the back, particularly the shoulders, to check the stretchability of the shoulders.

Section – E (15 marks)

Question 34.
What is league tournament? Explain the method to decide winner in league tournament. [5]
Answer:
League Tournament: In league tournaments, all teams play against each other in a fixed number of times, irrespective of winning or losing. Points are awarded for a win, Lose or draw and the winner is the one with most points after all games are played. It is very time-consuming. It is also known as ‘Round Robin Tournament’.

Mr. Burger was the first person, who imagined about the league tournament and owing to that, it is also called burger system. In these tournaments, it is very important to determine the number of games to be played.

Method for deciding winner in a league tournament: The scoring in the league matches is done in the following way:
Winner of the Match = 2 points
Draw of Match =1 point
Loser of the Match = 0 point

If the points are equal in case of 2 teams, the match is held again. But, if it remains a draw, the team which won maximum number of matches is declared winner. If the tie still remains, the team which ceased maximum no. of goals is declared winner. If the tie still remains, a match is held again between the 2 teams. If there is draw again the winner is declared by toss. Some other methods to decide the winner are discussed below:

(1) British Method: In this method, total obtained points are divided by the total possible points. For example, if a team has played 10 matches, and won 6 matches, Lost 2 matches and 2 remain draw, the percentage of points will be:

Total obtained points = 12 + 2 = 14
Possible Points = 20

\(\begin{aligned}
\text { Percentage of points } &=\frac{\text { Obtained Point }}{\text { Possible points }} \\
\qquad \times 100 \\
&=\frac{14}{20} \times 100
\end{aligned}\)
Percentage of points = 70%

(2) American Method: In this method, the number of matches won are divided by the total number of matches played. If a team plays 10 games and wins 5 games, then:

\(\begin{aligned}
\text { Percentage } &=\frac{\text { Matches won }}{\text { Matches Played }} \times 100 \\
&=\frac{5}{10} \times 100
\end{aligned}\)
= 50%

Question 35.
Discuss the effects of exercise on muscular system. [5]
Answer:
Regular exercise causes the following effects on the muscular system:

Healthy and sound body: Our body becomes balanced and flexible by doing regular exercise and by looking beautiful.

Proper blood circulation: The heart pumps blood easily with exercise. As a result of exercise, blood reaches every part of the body properly and adequately and the muscles of the heart begin to function properly.

Aerobic and anaerobic endurance increases: By doing exercise, the capacity of muscles to work for longer duration without fatigue is improved.

Increase in muscle mass: Regular exercise increases the muscle mass, i.e, increase in myoglobin content of muscles, thus controlling the weight of an individual.

Number of capillaries increases: By doing exercise, the number of functioning capillaries per muscle increases and the blood supply to the muscles increases.

Increase in coordination: Regular exercise increases coordination in the muscles. As a result, a person does not feel fatigue even after working for a long time.

Effects on bones and joints: Children’s bones happen to be very soft and fragile. Thus the bones and muscles become strong by doing exercise. They become hard and can work for more time. It also has effects on our joints.

Helpful in old age: Old age leads to many deformities in our body like a hump in back, pain in joints, swelling, etc But we can keep away from problems in old age if we keep on exercising regularly from a young age.

Delays fatigue: Regular exercise increases muscle capacity, so less lactic acid is produced by the muscles and fatigue also decreases. Thus, muscles can work for a long time with greater efficiency.

Controls extra fat: Regular exercise helps in controlling extra body fat Exercises burn the calories which are taken in the form of fat.

Question 36.
Explain Newton’s Third Law of Motion with its application in sports. [5]
Answer:
Newton’s Third Law: When one body exerts force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the first body, because for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is also known as Law of Action and Reaction.

Applications in sports:

• Dribbling in basketball: When a basketball player dribbles or exerts force on the ball the ball strikes on the floor with a force (action), and then the ball comes up with an equal force from the floor (reaction).
• In swimming: When a swimmer pushes against the starting blocks, he/she has exerted a downward force against the blocks. The blocks, in turn, exert the same force upward and forward against the swimmer.
• Short-distance races: When a sprinter drives against the start blocks, the blocks push back against his/her feet. If the blocks were to slip, there would be inadequate reaction and the runner would have a poor start.
• In shooting: The bullet moves forward (action) when a gun or pistol is fired, the gun or pistol jerks backward (reaction).

Question 37.
Explain Interval training with its advantages and disadvantages. [5]
Answer:
Interval Training: This method enables the athlete to improve the workload by diversifying heavy bouts of fast running with recovery period of slower jogging. This method provides break and rest between periods of hard exercise and rest In this method, the athlete runs hard at any distance up to 1000 meters and then has a period of easy jogging.

This scientific principle of training was first introduced by ‘Finn Paa vo Nurmi and his coach Pikhala, who recognised the relationship between work and rest Instead of running 10-20 miles daily, Finn used to run 400-meter race 10-20 times a day. He felt it improved his speed and endurance and he created history by winning nine gold and three silver in various events in the Olympic Games.

Advantages of interval Training:

1.  Increases endurance, overall fitness and level of performance.
2. More work out in lesser time.
3. Coach can instruct and guide about his weakness in resting time.
4. Patience of athletes improves.
5. Progress of athletes can be measured easily.
6. Results are evident faster.
7. Maximum results in minimum time.
8. Improves cardiovascular system.
9. Engages aerobics and anaerobics.
10. Improves repair rate of body

Disadvantages of Interval Training:

1. Increased chances of injury.
2. Cardiac diseases may occur due to daily training.
3. Due to toughness on your body, increased risk of over training.