CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Set 9 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions Set 9 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Set 9 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

The question paper consists of 5 sections and 37 Questions.

1. Section A consists of Questions 1-18 carrying 1 mark each and is multiple choice questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section B consists of Questions 19-24 carrying 2 marks each and are very short answer types and should not exceed 60-90 words. Attempt any 5.
3. Section C consists of Questions 25-30 carrying 3 marks each and are short answer types and should not exceed 100-150 words. Attempt any 5.
4. Section D consists of Questions 31-33 carrying 4 marks each and are case studies. There is internal choice available.
5. Section E consists of Questions 34-37 carrying 5 marks each and are short answer types and should not exceed 200-300 words. Attempt any 3.

Section – A (18 Marks)

Question 1.
Maintenance of the ground is done by: [1]
(a) Refreshment committee
(b) Ground and equipment committee
(c) Announcement committee
(d) Finance committee
Answer:
(b) Ground and equipment committee

Explanation: Ground maintenance focuses on keeping a facility’s outdoor areas neat and presentable.

Question 2.
League tournament is also known as: [1]
(a) Limination tournament
(b) Berger tournament
(c) Challenge tournament
(d) Tabular tournament
Answer:
(b) Berger tournament

Explanation: In Serbian it is called the Berger system after the chess player Johann Berger.

Question 3.
Which of these is an important micro mineral in our diet: [1]
(a) Sodium
(b) Magnesium
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Iron
Answer:
(d) Iron

Explanation: All of these are macro minerals, except Iron.

Question 4.
The deficiency of which vitamin causes Beriberi? [1]
(a) Vitamin B12
(b) Vitamin B2
(c) Vitamin B6
(d) Vitamin B1
Answer:
(d) Vitamin B1

Explanation: It is a part of vitamin B complex and helps in metabolizing carbohydrates. It maintains the health of the liver, kidneys, intestines, stomach, brain, etc.

Question 5.
Given below are the two statements labeled Assestion (A) and Reason (R). [1]
Assertion (A): Vitamins are compounds of carbon essential for the normal growth and working of the body.
Reason (R): Vitamin D is essential for normal growth of the body. Deficiency of vitamin A results in night blindness and impacts the kidneys, nervous system and digestive system.
In relation to the above two statements which one ofthe following is correct?
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 6.
Type I and Type II are the types of ____________. [1]
(a) Asthma
(b) Diabetes
(c) Obesity
(d) Fiber
Answer:
(b) Diabetes

Explanation: Diabetes is of two types, that is Type I (child diabetes) and Type II (adult diabetes).

Question 7.
Match the following: [1]

List I (Disease)	List II (Asana)
(A)    Obesity	(1)     Pavanamukt ans
(B)     Diabetes	(2)     Tadasana
(C)     Asthama	(3)     Hastasana
(D)    Hypertension	(4)     Chakrasana

Codes:(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(b) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(c) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
(d) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
Answer:
(a) (A) (iii), (B) (i), (C) (iv), (D) (ii)

Question 8.
Which disability creates hindrances for an individual to store, process and produce information? [1]
(a) Physical disability
(b) Intellectual disability
(c) Cognitive disability
(d) OCD
Answer:
(c) Cognitive disability

Explanation: It is a neurological disorder that creates hindrances or obstruction for an individual to store, process and produce information. This ability can affect an individual’s ability or capability to read, compute, speak and write. Ex. memory disorder, hyperactivity, dyslexia.

Question 9.
During ___________most of the motor skills learning takes place. [1]
(a) puberty
(b) adolescences
(c) childhood
(d) adulthood
Answer:
(c) Childhood

Explanation: A motor skill is a learned ability to cause a predetermined movement outcome with maximum certainty. Motor learning is a relatively permanent change in the ability to perform a skill. Much of the development of these skills occurs during early childhood.

Question 10.
This disease is caused due to the position of the baby’s legs in the mother’s womb. This disease is: [1]
(a) Bow legs
(b) Kyphosis
(c) Lordosis
(d) Scoliosis
Answer:
(a) Bow legs

Explanation: Bow legs are a condition in which the legs curve outward at an extreme angle at the knees, while the child’s feet are together. Babies are born with bowlegs because of their folded position in the uterus (womb).

Question 11.
Match the following: [1]

List I	List II
(A) ADHD	(1) Argumentative or obstinate behaviour.
(B) SPD	(2) Overexcited by some sounds
(C) ASD	(3) Underreactive in some situations
(D) ODD	(4) Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt.
(E) DCD	(5) Very short span of attention failing

Codes: (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(a) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(b) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i) (v)
(c) (v) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(d) (i) (i) (iii) (iv) (v)
Answer:
(c) (A) (v), (B) (iii), (C) (ii), (D) (i), (E) (iv)

Question 12.
Match the following:
Which test is used to measure flexibility? [1]
(a) Back stretch test
(b) Chair sit and reach test
(c) Sit and reach test
(d) Partial curl up
Answer:
(c) Sit and reach test

Explanation: The sit and reach test is the most common flexibility test. It measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings.

Question 13.
Elevation reduces injury by: [1]
(a) Helping to support the weight of the limb
(b) Reducing blood flow to the area
(c) Allowing white cells to be released to fight
(d) Increasing blood flow to the area
Answer:
(b) Reducing blood flow to the area

Explanation: Elevation reduces swelling and bruising by making it more difficult for blood to reach the injury. It is best to elevate the area for 2-3 hours a day.

Question 14.
Which muscle fibers are best used for aerobic activities? [1]
(a) White fiber
(b) Red fibers
(c) Brown fiber
(d) Yellow fiber
Answer:
(b) Red fibers

Explanation: Slow twitch fibers are also known as red fibers since they have high oxygen content and help to work for longer duration. On the other hand, fast-twitch muscle fibers support quick, powerful movements, such as sprinting or weightlifting. It is white in colour because of less oxygen content.

Question 15.
Bending of head towards right or left side of the shoulder is: [1]
(a) Extension
(b) Flexion
(c) Lateral extension
(d) Lateral flexion
Answer:
(d) Lateral flexion

Explanation: The movement of a body part to the side is called lateral flexion. This type of movement is commonly associated with the neck and spine. For example, when you move your head toward one of your shoulders or bend your body sideways, you’re performing a lateral flexion.

Question 16.
The term rest and motion are studied under: [1]
(a) Biochemistry
(b) Anatomy
(c) Biomechanics
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Biomechanics

Explanation: According to Newton’s first law, an object in motion will tend to stay in motion, and an object at rest will tend to stay at rest, unless acted upon by a force. This all is a part of biomechanics.

Question 17.
Emotionally unstable, anxiety, sadness are attributes of which personality: [1]
(a) Extroversion
(b) Neuroticism
(c) Agreeableness
(d) Openness
Answer:
(b) Neuroticism

Explanation: Neuroticism is one of the Big Five higher-order personality traits in the study of psychology. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness

Question 18.
In which type of fracture does a broken bone damage internal organs? [1]
(a) Comminuted
(b) Greenstick
(c) Complicated
(d) Transverse
Answer:
(c) Complicated

Explanation: In this, the bone is crushed. Moreover, delicate organs like brain, heart, liver kidney nerves, blood vessels, etc. are damaged by it.

Section – B (10 Marks)

Question 19.
Explain the various committees and their responsibility. [2]
Answer:
Different committees work together for the smooth conduction of any sports event. The various committees are following:
(1) Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical conduct of the event. It also selects various officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time keepers, etc.
(2) Transport committee: It is responsible for providing facilities regarding transportation of various teams and officials at the venue of sports events.
(3) Reception committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the chief guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.
(4) Boarding and lodging committee: It is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sports person and other officials.

Question 20.
Prepare a knockout fixture of 15 teams for basketball tournament. [2]
Answer:
Knockout fixture for basketball tournament:
Total no. of teams: 15

Number of matches: N – 1 = 15 – 1 = 14 matches
Number of rounds: 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = (2)²     =4 rounds

Teams in upper half: \(\begin{aligned}\frac{N+1}{2} &=\frac{15+1}{2} \\&=\frac{16}{2}=8 \text { teams }\end{aligned}\)

Teams in lower half: \(\begin{aligned}\frac{N+1}{2} &=\frac{15-1}{2} \\&=\frac{14}{2}=7 \text { teams }\end{aligned}\)

Total byes: Highest power of 2 – No. of teams = 16 – 15 = 1 bye

Bye in upper half: \(\frac{\mathrm{Nb}-1}{2}=\frac{1-1}{2}=0 \text { bye }\)

Bye in lower half: \(\frac{\mathrm{Nb}+1}{2}=\frac{1+1}{2}=1 \text { bye }\)

Question 21.
Explain mineral as an essential element of the diet. [2]
Answer:
Mineral: It contains certain elements required by our body. It is needed in small quantities, but it is very necessary for the proper growth and development of our body. Its deficiency causes some diseases. It is supplied in the form of salts by various food items. There are 16 essential minerals: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, chromium and fluoride. Macro minerals

(1) Calcium: It is among the top macro minerals in terms of the growth and development of our bones and teeth.
(2) Phosphorus: It is also found abundantly in our body. It keeps our bones and teeth healthy.
(3) Magnesium: It is found in bones and muscles of our body. It is required for healthy bones, muscles and immunity system.
(4) Sodium: It helps in muscular activities. It also helps in the transmission of nerve impulses.
(5) Potassium: It helps in maintenance of fluid in the body. It helps in muscle growth and neuromuscular activities.

Question 22.
Explain diabetes and its preventive measures. [2]
Answer:
Diabetes: Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate or because the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Patients with high blood sugar experience polyuria. If diabetes is not controlled, it can lead to renal failure, loss of vision, amputation of limbs and cardiovascular diseases.

Preventive measures of diabetes:
(1) Always eat healthy food, which includes plenty of vegetables, fruits, fiber rich whole grains, etc.
(2) Rather than a big meal, one should take meals in small portion. Overeating should be avoided.
(3) Regular exercise should be done. Because exercise improves the production of insulin and strengthens the heart.
(4) Reduce the intake of saturated fat because it leads to overweight, which ultimately enhances the chances of diabetes.

Question 23.
Explain the various types of disabilities. [2]
Answer:
Types of disabilities:
Cognitive disability: It is a neurological disorder that creates hindrance or obstruction for an individual to store, process and produce information.
(1) Memory disorder: It is found in an individual who has auditory problems or difficulty in remembering something that he/she heard, said or saw before something.
(2) Hyperactivity: An Individual with cognitive disability may not have attention for a long period. He/she finds it difficult to stay at one place.
(3) Dyslexia: An individual with cognitive disability may exhibit dyslexia. It means that he/she may have difficulty in writing, reading, speaking, etc.

Intellectual disability: It is a disability characterized by significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning and problem solving) and in adaptive behaviour, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills.

Physical disability: It is a limitation on an individual’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. Other impairments such as respiratory disorder, blindness, epilepsy and sleep disorders which limit other facets of daily living are also included in physical disabilities.

Question 24.
Explain ADHD with its possible causes. [2]
Answer:
ADHD: It is a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. It is a medical condition that affects how well someone can sit still, focus and pay attention. An individual with ADHD has some problems focusing in some activities. This type of disorder is found more commonly in boys than in girls.
Causes of ADHD: The various possible causes are following:

(1) Genetic factors: It is not a disorder that is passed socially. Parents, siblings and children of people with ADHD may be up to five times likely to have the disorder than the people who are not related to someone with ADHD.
(2) Brain injuries: When a baby’s brain is damaged before or after birth, it could make the baby more likely to develop ADHD later on.
(3) Diet: Taking a particular type of food or food additives also plays a significant role in causing ADHD.
(4) Low birth weight: It is observed that children with low birth weight are more likely to develop ADHD.

Section – C (15 Marks)

Question 25.
Differentiate between fine motor and gross motor development. [3]
Answer:

	Fine motor development	Gross motor development
(1)	It is the development of small muscles i.e., fingers,toes, wrist, etc.	It is the development of large muscles i.e. arms, legs, etc.
(2)	It needs practice.	It needs co­ordination and balance.
(3)	Example: picking up small objects and holding a spoon.	Example: sitting, standing and running.
(4)	Fine motor skills are developed during the preschool age.	Gross motor skills are developed during the infancy stage.
(5)	It can be enhanced by keeping the child’s hands busy.	It can be enhanced by allowing a child to play with a ball or in the playground.

Question 26.
Explain push-ups (boys) and modified pushups (girls) as a motor fitness test. [3]
Answer:

Push-ups (Boys)	Modified push-ups (Girls)
Push-ups require no equipments or no cost.	This is regarded as one of the most effective upper body exercises as it strengthens several muscles.
Push-ups help in strengthening cardiovascular ability.	Modified push-ups are a variation of regular pushups and are also known as knee push-ups.
To perform this, put your knees down on the floor, hands on either side of the chest and keeping your back straight, lower the chest down towards the floor; do the same level each time. Do as many push-ups as you can until the exhaustion.	It is done with the knees slightly bent and touching the ground. To perform this exercise, sit on a mat in kneeling position, keep the hands below shoulder and knees behind hips, so the back is angled and long, tuck your toes under, tighten the stomach and bend your elbows to lower the chest toward the floor and press chest back to the start position.
Then, count the total number of push-ups done correctly.	Repeat the exercise as per your desire. The total number of push-ups done correctly is used to measure the strength of the upper body.

Question 27.
Explain the physiological factors which determine flexibility. [3]
Answer:
There are many factors which determine the flexibility, which are mentioned here:

(1) Muscle strength: Muscles should have a minimum level of strength to make the movement possible, especially against gravity or external force. In sprinting or running, the legs or knees cannot be lifted to the required height or angle if the related muscles (abdominal muscles) are weak.

(2) Age and gender: Gender and age also determine flexibility. Females tend to be more flexible than males. As a matter of fact, that flexibility decreases with the advancement of age. It is trainable. It can be enhanced with the help of training, as strength and endurance are enhanced.

(3) Joint structure: In a human body, many different types of joints are there. Some of the joints have a greater range of motion than others.

(4) Stretchability of muscles: This factor also limits the range of movements. For making any movement at a joint, the muscle must contract to execute the movement. If muscles are not regularly stretched, they tend to get shorter and finally lead to restrict the range of movement possible at a joint. The stretch ability of muscles is trainable up to some extent.

(5) Internal environment: Internal environment of the athlete influences their flexibility. For example, 10 minutes in a warm bath increases body temperature and flexibility, whereas 10-minute stay outside in 10°C reduces body temperature and flexibility.

Question 28.
Explain Newton’s laws of motion with an example. [3]
Answer:
Law of Inertia: It is the first law of motion. According to this law, a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an external force. Similarly, if an object is in a state of motion tries to remain in the same position, unless some external force is applied on it. The tendency of the bodies to resist a change in their state of motion is known as inertia.
Ex: cricket ball will continue to be in motion until it is not stopped by resistance from rough ground and air.

Law of Acceleration: It is the second law of motion. According to this law, “A change in acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.” This law indicates that a greater force is required to attain a certain space in a given time.
Ex: In cricket, while taking a high catch, the player is required to move his/her handsbackwards while taking the catch. This increases the time, thus, decreasing the force required to stop the ball. This ensures that the player doesn’t get hurt in the process.

Law of Action Reaction: According to this law, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction or for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Ex: In shooting, when a gun or pistol is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun or pistol jerks backward (reaction). When a person walks, he presses the ground in backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes him in the forward direction with an equal force (reaction).

Question 29.
Explain Carl Jung’s trait of personality. [3]
Answer:
According to Carl Jung, personality can be classified into three types:
(1) Extrovert, (2) Introvert and (3) Ambivert.

(1) Extrovert:

• Full of self confidence
• Fuel of zest
• Realistic
• Social and friendly
• They can be good actors or political leaders.

(2) Introvert:

• Self conscious
• Lack of self confidence
• Shy
• Less friendly and social
• They can be philosophers, scientists, poets, artist, etc.

(3) Ambivert:

• Mixture of both extroverts and introverts
• They can deal with all situations

Question 30.
Explain the methods of developing speed. [3]
Answer:
Speed can be developed indirectly by developing its dependent factors like flexibility, technique, explosive strength and coordinative abilities. The training methods for speed
(1) Acceleration run and (2) Pace run method

(1) Acceleration run method: This is a training method for developing the acceleration zone or speed up zone in races. Acceleration is the capacity to attain maximum speed in minimum time. In this training method, the athlete runs 20 to 30 meter distance with maximum speed to attain the top speed as fast as possible. The rest period is 2-5 minutes to provide sufficient recovery. This training is repeated 5 to 10 times with sufficient rest period. Acceleration runs should be started only after a proper warm up. It is practiced 3-4 times in a week. In this method, speed or intensity is kept 90 to 100% of the total individual capacity. It is usually practiced when a competition is close.
Schedule:

• Speed or intensity: 90 to 100 percent of best possible ability.
• Distance or duration of work: 20 to 30 meters (4 to 6 seconds).
• Number of Repetitions: 5 to 10 times.
• Recovery period: 2 to 5 minutes (sufficient recovery).
• Care: Perform proper warm-up, crouch position during start, first few steps of short distance and body bent forward.

(2) Pace run method: Pace is setting a stable speed, which is a very important part of race. Pace running is running the complete distance at a constant or steady pace by distributing energy evenly in race. Pace running is used in races of 800 meters and above. If pace is disturbed constantly, then the race is affected to a great extent. For this method, machines like treadmills can be used to provide stable pacing. This method is practiced, when the competitions are close. In this method the speed is kept around 60 to 90 percent of best ability. Distance can vary from 200 to 800 meters. This method develops anaerobic endurance for longer period, thus, constant pace can be achieved. It is practiced 3 to 4 times in a week.

Advantages:
(1) It improves the reaction time of athletes, thus the athlete takes a quick start as the race begins.
(2) It develops the capacity of the athlete to adjust his/her top speed.
(3) This method develops anaerobic endurance for longer period, thus constant pace can be achieved.
(4) Speed development training method develops acceleration ability, thus it helps the athlete to reach maximum speed in the starting.

Section – D (12 Marks)

Question 31.
Vimal is a state level wrestler. He has been asked by his coach to include sufficient amount of simple carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and proteins in his diet. His coach has also given him a diet plan to be followed and made him aware of pitfalls of dieting. [4]

(A) Name the three macro nutrients.
(B) Name the two micro nutrients.
(C) What is healthy weight?
(D) Mention any one pitfall of dieting
OR
Write the formula for calculating Body Mass Index.
Answer:
(A) Carbohydrates, proteins and fat.
(B) Vitamins and minerals.
(C) Healthy weight refers to an ideal body weight at which a person leads a healthy life.
(D) One pitfall of dieting is (i) people take 1500 – 1800 calories per day in dieting. But this is not sufficient to meet the daily requirements. It may result in excessive weight loss, low rate of metabolism and other health problems.

OR

\(\mathrm{BMI}=\frac{\text { (Body weight in } \mathrm{kg})}{\text { (Height in metres }^2}\)

Question 32.
Mr. Rajesh Chauhan, principle of Mathura I Public School is facing the issue of back pain since last six months. He went to a therapist, who advised him to practice yoga and get involved in some physical activities for curing his back pain. In this context, answer the following questions: [4]

(A) Mention any two causes of back pain.
(B) What are the symptoms of back pain?
(C) Name any two asanas which prevent and cure back pain.
(D) Other than yoga, what is the way to prevent back pain.
OR
Back pain is a common ailment for which age group?
Answer:
(A) Two causes of backpain are:

• Abnormal curvature of spine.
• Strain in muscles ligaments and joints due to luting heavy loads.

(B) Two symptoms of backpain are:

• Swelling on the back.
• Pain anywhere on the back.

(C) Two asanas recommended for cure and prevention of back pain are- Vakrasana and Shalabhasana.
(D) Backpain can be prevented by doing exercises which strengthen the abdominal and back muscles, spine, hips and upper leg regions.

OR

Between 35 to 55 years and more.

Question 33.
Asha School for children with special needs has to identify a place for physical activity. Schools need to understand that physical education is not a secondary subject, in fact, it is as essential as other skills. It is mandatory to develop lifelong habits for fitness among children. [4]

(A) What is regular physical activity particularly important for children with special needs.
(B) Mention any one strategy by which physical activites can be made assessable for children with special needs.
(C) What is assistive technology?
(D) How does physical activity brings about improvement in cognitive abilities in children with special needs?
Answer:
(A) Regular physical activity is particularly important for children with special needs as it results in improved functional status and quality of life in them.
(B) One of the strategy by which physical activities can be made accessible to children with special needs is by understanding the type of disabilities of children, for which complete medical check-up should be conducted.
(C) Assistive technology refers to creating devices, tools or equipments that help children with special needs to participate in the learning activities.
(D) Physical activity increases the metabolism of brain in the children. It results in cognitive improvement in children with special needs allowing them to require new skills, learn new things and focus on specific goals.

Section – E (15 Marks)

Question 34.
What do you mean by asthma? Explain its symptoms, causes and two asanas to cure it. [5]
Answer:
Asthma: Asthma is a chronic disease. It causes inflammation and narrowing of bronchial tubes, the passage for air to enter and leave the lungs. There are two types of asthma: allergic and non-allergic.

Symptoms: People with asthma have symptoms when the airways are narrowed (bronchospasm), swollen (inflamed) or filled with mucus. Common symptoms of asthma include:
(1) Coughing, especially at night
(2) Wheezing
(3) Shortness of breath
(4) Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

Causes:
No single cause has been identified for asthma. Instead, researchers believe that the breathing condition is caused by a variety of factors.

These factors include:
(1) Genetics: If a parent has asthma, you’re more likely to develop it.
(2) History of viral infections: People with a history of viral infections during childhood are more likely to develop the condition.
(3) Hygiene hypothesis: This hypothesis proposes that babies aren’t exposed to enough bacteria in their early months and years. Therefore, their immune systems don’t become strong enough to fight off asthma and other conditions.
(4) Early allergen exposure: Frequent contact with possible allergens and irritants may increase your risk for developing asthma.

Asana to cure asthma:
Bhujangasana: This asana is known as Kobra/Snake pose. Lie down on your belly on the ground and joining the feet, completely touch the ground. Touch your body from toes to naval to the ground. Raise the upper part of the body touching the hands in front of the shoulders to the ground. Thus, the upper part of the body will become like a snake.

Benefits:
(1) Stretches muscles in the shoulders, chest and abdominals
(2) Decreases stiffness of the lower back
(3) Strengthens the arms and shoulders
(4) Increases flexibility
(5) Improves menstrual irregularities
(6) Elevates mood
(7) Firms and tones the buttocks
(8) Invigorates the heart

Ardha Matsyendrasana: This is known as half fish pose. The left heel is kept under the right thigh and the right leg is crossed over the left thigh. After that, hold the right toes with the left hand and turn the head and back to the right side. In this position, move the trunk sideways. Then perform the same asana in the reverse position.

Benefits:
(1) Stretches back muscle and spine.
(2) Cures constipation and indigestion.
(3) Helps to increase oxygen supply to the lungs.
(4) Releases stiffness of hip joints.
(5) Beneficial for slipped disc patient.

Question 35.
What are bone injuries? Discuss the types, causes and prevention of fracture. [5]
Answer:
Bone injury: Bone injury is a serious and painful injury. If bone injury is not handled properly, it may lead to permanent disability, which will be handled by an expert doctor.

Fracture: Fracture is a broken or cracked bone, mainly caused by terrible force due to accidents. It is caused due to direct or indirect impact, collision, falls, accidents, etc. in different sports.

Fracture can be categorized as follows:
(1) Simple fracture: A fracture without any wound is called simple fracture.
(2) Compound or open fracture: In this fracture, there is a cut over the skin by the sharp edges of a broken bone or by external object along with broken bones. Generally, the broken bone comes out through the skin by tearing it.
(3) Green Stick Fracture: These fractures are commonly seen in children because their bones are very soft and delicate, whenever there is any stress on the bone or it is bent.
(4) Comminuted fracture: When a bone is broken up into many small pieces, it is called comminuted fracture. Such a type of fracture is possible in cycle race or motorcycle race.
(5) Impacted fracture: This happens when a broken bone is driven into another bone.
(6) Complicated fracture: This is when a bone is crushed; moreover, delicate organs like brain, heart, liver, kidney nerves, blood vessels, etc. are damaged by it. This type of fracture is complicated and dangerous. Such fractures are common in high jump and pole vault.
(7) Stress fracture: It is a small crack in bone. It can be caused due to the overuse of stretch activities. This is why it is common in athletes and runners.
(8) Transverse fracture: It is a fracture that occurs in the spinal bone. It is severely painful. Medical help is necessary to rectify this injury. Sometimes, even a surgery or an operation may be required to treat this fracture.
(9) Oblique fracture: These are slanted fractures that occur when force is applied at any angle other than a right angle on a bone.

Causes of fracture:
There are three common causes of bone fractures:
(1) Trauma: This includes falls, twisting injuries, sports injuries, car accidents, or even fights.
(2) Medical conditions that weaken the bone: This includes osteoporosis, infections, chronic steroid use, or tumors that occur in bones.
(3) Overuse injuries: Commonly seen in athletes, stress fractures (non-displaced hairline cracks in bone) result from repetitive motions and repeated stresses on the bone.

Prevention:
Proper diet and exercise may help in preventing some fractures. A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D will promote bone strength. Weight bearing exercise also helps keep bones strong.

Question 36.
Explain big five theory as a trait of personality. [5]
Answer:
‘The Big Five Theory’, as per its name, identifies five distinct factors as central to the personality.
These five factors can be remembered through the acronym OCEAN.
(1) Openness: A person who is likely to learn new things, new concepts and enjoy new experiences usually remains at the top in openness. It includes traits like being imaginative, insightful and having a variety of interests.
(2) Conscientiousness: These are those people who have a high degree of conscientiousness, are reliable and prompt. Such people remain organized, systematic, laborious and complete in all respects.
(3) Extroversion: These people get energy from interacting with other individuals, whereas introverts get their energy from within themselves. Extroversion includes the traits of being energetic, talkative and assertive.
(4) Agreeableness: Such individuals are friendly, cooperative, compatible, kind and gentle. People with too much agreeableness may be more distant or aloof.
(5) Neuroticism: It is also called emotional stability. This dimension relates to one’s emotional stability and the degree of negative emotions. People who have high neuroticism usually experience emotional instability and negative emotions. Such individuals remain moody and tense.

Question 37.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Isometric, Isotonic and Isokinetic exercises. [5]
Answer:
Advantages of isometric, isotonic and isokinetic exercises:

These exercises can be done anywhere.	Strength and endurance, both can be developed by these exercises.	It allows development of strength over full range of motion.
No equipment is required to perform these exercises. Any immoveable object or your own body serves as resistance.	These exercises develop dynamic strength.	Exercises can be performed at a variety of speeds.
Less time is required to perform these exercises.	These exercises improve flexibility.	Endurance and speed can also be improved.
These exercises are valuable for rehabilitation purposes and can be performed by an injured person too.		It is the fastest way to improve muscle strength.

Disadvantages of isometric, isotonic and isokinetic exercises :

These exercises develop static strength only, whereas in games and sports, mostly dynamic strength is required.	Equipment is required to perform these types of exercises.	Equipment of high cost is required for this.
In these exercises, strength is developed at only a specific joint angle, not through out the range of motion.	Chances of muscle soreness and injuries are more in these types of exercises.	These have to be performed under strict observation of a trainer.
There is a loss of interest after a few days because of repetition of exercises each day.		These exercises are mostly exhaustive in nature.