CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 3 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions Set 3 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Set 3 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

All the questions are compulsory.

1. Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
2. Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50 words each.
3. Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
4. Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
5. Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170 words.

Section – A (12 Marks)

Question 1.
______ countries sided with USA after World War II to form Western Alliance. [1]
(A) Eastern European
(B) Western European
(C) Asian
(D) African
Answer:
(B) Western European

Explanation: The western European nations like Britain and France showed their support for the USA by joining the capitalist bloc.

Question 2.
NATO came into existence in the year ______. [1]
(A) 1948
(B) 1949
(C) 1950
(D) 1951
Answer:
(B) 1949

Explanation: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was established to provide military security to the nations supporting the capitalist bloc.

Question 3.
‘Operation Desert Storm’ was launched by ______ against ______. [1]
(A) UN, Iraq
(B) India, Pakistan
(C) USA, Russia
(D) Iraq, Iran
Answer:
(A) UN, Iraq

Explanation: Operation Desert Storm was launched by the UN to drag the Iraqi force out of the region of Kuwait.

Question 4.
H.D. Deve Gowda became the Prime Minister of India from which of the following factions? [1]
(A) Janata Party
(B) Bharitya Janata Party
(C) Congress
(D) NDA
Answer:
(A) Janata Party

Explanation: H.D. Deve Gowda was successful in gaining the seat of the Prime Minister from the Janata Party.

Assertion Reason Questions: Directions for Q.Nos. 5 and 6
In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read these statements and choose one correct answer from the given options
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false, but R is true

Question 5.
Assertion (A): The European Union combined armed forces is the second largest in the world.
Reason(R): EU believes in military power more than the diplomatic channels. [1]
Answer:
(C) A is true but R is false

Explanation: EU has one of the most powerful militaries, however it is in favour of resolving the conflicts through the medium of negotiation.

Question 6.
Assertion (A): The Farakka Treaty was signed in 1996 for the sharing of the water of the Indus River.
Reason(R): The treaty was signed between India and Bangladesh. [1]
Answer:
(D) A is false, but R is true

Explanation: The Farakka Treaty was signed between India and Bangladesh for the sharing of the water of Ganga River.

Question 7.
In Security Council, there are ______ permanent members and ______ non-permanent members. [1]
(A) 5, 10
(B) 10, 5
(C) 5, 15
(D) 10, 15
Answer:
(A) 5, 10

Explanation: The Security Council has total 15 members. Out of this 5 are permanent and 10 are non-permanent members.

Question 8.
______are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. [1]
(A) Common
(B) Reserve
(C) Protected
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) Common

Explanation: The common resources are those resources that are shared by the community and are not owned by specific entity.

Question 9.
Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh declared the state as a Constitutional Monarchy and held the first elections under Universal Adult Franchise. In September 1949, Government of India pressurised Maharaja of this state to sign an agreement and become a part of India. Which state was this? [1]
(A) Mizoram
(B) Manipur
(C) Nagaland
(D) Tripura
Answer:
(B) Manipur

Explanation: Manipur became a part of India in the year 1949 through an agreement between Raja Bodhachandra Singh and Government of India.

Question 10.
Who among the following adopted an ‘open door’ policy in 1980s? [1]
(A) China
(B) EU
(C) Japan
(D) USA
Answer:
(A) China

Explanation: China under the vision of Deng Xioping opened its economy for privatisation that led to the infusion of capital in the country.

Question 11.
The primary area of focus of Second Five-Year Plan was ______. [1]
(A) Agriculture
(B) Industrialisation
(C) Banking Reforms
(D) Transportation
Answer:
(B) Industrialisation

Explanation: The second Five -Year Plan laid emphasis on the process of industrialisation.

Question 12.
How many judges are there in the International Court of Justice? [1]
(A) 12
(B) 13
(C) 14
(D) 15
Answer:
(D) 15

Explanation: The International Court of Justice whose headquarter is at Hague, Netherlands comprises of 15 judges.

Section – B (12 Marks)

Question 13.
Why different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances? [2]
Answer:
Different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances because of the concept of logic of deterrence and logic of restraint exercised by the two superpowers.

It implies that: Even if one of the superpowers try to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rivals the other would still be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction. Both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war.

Both superpowers were expected to behave more rationally and in a responsible manner in the sense that they understood the risks in fighting wars which may create a massive destruction. So, both the superpowers exhibited restraint on their actions to prevent the cold war from escalating into a full-fledged war.

Question 14.
Suggest any two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save environment. [2]
Answer:
The two steps are:

1. India’s National Auto Fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
2. The Electricity Act, 2003, encourages the use of renewable energy which does not cause pollution to the environment

Question 15.
Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was adopted by India? [2]
Answer:
The models of development are:
(i) The liberal capitalist model
(ii) The socialist model
India adopted the model which is a combination of both models. It came to be known as the mixed model of economy where ideals of capitalism and socialism both were adopted in some sense.

Question 16.
Write a short note on India-Israel relationship. [2]
Answer:
India is known in Israel as an ancient nation with strong cultural traditions and in popular Israeli perception, India is an attractive, alternative tourist destination. The key to the growing India-Israel ties, however, is in the realm of security and defense. Increased high-level exchanges and ministerial visits on both sides have expanded cooperation in different functional areas such as trade, agriculture, culture, education and security.

Question 17.
What is UNESCO? What are some of its functions? [2]
Answer:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) was established on 4 November 1946.

• With its headquarter in Paris, France, UNESCO is a special body of the United Nations whose main objective is to promote education, natural science, society and anthropology, culture and communication.
• During past several years, the special work done by UNESCO has been to promote literacy, technical and educational training and independent media, etc. all across its member nations.

Question 18.
Give two pieces of evidence for the rapid climate change of the world? [2]
Answer:
The two pieces of evidence are:

Global Temperature Rise: The planet’s average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere. Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.

Warming Oceans: The oceans have absorbed much of. this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

Shrinking Ice Sheets: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment shows Greenland lost an average of 286 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2016, while Antarctica lost about 127 billion tons of ice per year during the same time period. The rate of Antarctica ice mass loss has tripled in the last decade.

Section – C (20 Marks)

Question 19.
Name the principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. How do you assess the prospects of the resolution of this conflict? [4]
Answer:
The principal players involved in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka are the Sinhalese and Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. This migration independence. The Sinhalese nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not give ‘concessions’ to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhalese people only.

The Sri Lankan crisis continues to be violent. But there is always a ray of hope. Both communities should be regarded as the citizens of the country. Both communities should work for the development of the country. The prospect of the resolution of this conflict is bright.

Question 20.
Explain the internal divisions of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and describe how these led to multiple regional aspirations in that state. [4]
Answer:
The internal divisions of Jammu and Kashmir are as under:

1. Jammu region having Hindu, Sikh and Muslim population speaking different languages.
2. Kashmir region having Muslim majority and Hindu minority population speaking Kashmiri.
3. Ladakh region having Muslim and Buddhist population.

These divisions led to regional aspirations as:

1. One section of society wants Kashmir as a separate nation free from India and Pakistan.
2. One section of society wants Kashmir to be merged with Pakistan.
3. One section of society wants Kashmir to continue as part of Indian Union with greater autonomy.

Question 21.
Assess the impact of coalition governments on the politics of India. [4]
Answer:
Impact of coalition governments: Agreement of new economic policies: Most parties were in support of the new economic policies and believed that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.

Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties had recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted and support reservation of seats for OBCs in education and employment.

Acceptance of the role of state-level parties in governance of the country: State-level parties were sharing power at the national level and had played a central role in the country’s politics. Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement as most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term of five years.

Question 22.
Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in post-emergency politics. [4]
Answer:
The major trends in the electoral performance of BJP since 1989 can be traced as:
In the elections of1989, the National Front under V.E Singh, came to power with support from the Left Front and BJP from outside because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. The Mandal Commission Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdrew it. The rule of National Front ended in November 1990.

In 1996, BJP minority government was formed for a short period. In June 1996, BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The regional parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support. The political competition during the nineties was divided between the coalition led by BJP and coalition led by Congress

Question 23.
Identify any two aspects of India’s foreign policy that you would like to retain and two that you would like to change if you were to become a decision-maker. Give reasons to support your position. [4]
Answer:
Two aspects of Indian policy worth supporting are:
(i) India has always been a peace loving country which helped in restoration of peace in countries like Korea, China, etc.
(ii) India has never aligned with any of the military blocs of the world and has played a vital role in establishment of NAM.

Two aspects of Indian policy worth changing are:
(i) The wars waged on India by neighbours in spite of having a peaceful image put a question mark on India’s ability to keep neighbours in control.
(ii) The purpose of establishment of SAARC got underwater with the regular conflicts with China and a SAARC country like Pakistan.

Section – D (12 Marks)

Question 24.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Thus it was decided that what was till then known as ‘India’ would be divided into two countries, ‘India’ and ‘Pakistan’. Such a division was not only very painful but also very difficult to decide and to implement. It was decided to follow the principle of religious majorities. This basically means that areas, where the Muslims were in majority, would make up the territory of Pakistan.

The rest was to stay with India. The idea might appear simple, but it presented all kinds of difficulties. First of all, there was no single belt of Muslim-majority areas in British India. There were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the east. There was no way these two parts could be joined. So, it was decided that the new country, Pakistan, will comprise two territories, West and East Pakistan separated by a long expanse of Indian territory. Secondly, not all Muslim-majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, the undisputed leader of the North Western Frontier Province and known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’, was staunchly opposed to the two-nation theory. Eventually, his voice was simply ignored and the NWFP was made to merge with Pakistan. The third problem was that two of the Muslim-majority provinces of British India, Punjab and Bengal, had very large areas where the non-Muslims were in majority.

Eventually, it was decided that these two provinces would be bifurcated according to the religious majority at the district or even lower level. This decision could not be made by the midnight of 14-15 August. It meant that a large number of people did not know on the day of Independence whether they were in India or in Pakistan. The Partition of these two provinces caused the deepest trauma of Partition.

(i)Which principal was followed for the division of India and Pakistan?
(A) Principal of cultural majorities
(B) Principal of ethnicity of the people
(C) Principal of religious majorities
(D) None of the above

(ii)”There was no way these two parts could be joined.” For which of the below, this sentence is meant to be:
(A) There were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the east.
(B) There were two belts one in north and another in west.
(C) There were two areas within the borders of modern India.
(D)There were two areas within the borders of modern Pakistan.

(iii)Who was known as “Frontier Gandhi”?
(A) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(B) Abdul Gaffar Khan
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) None of the above

(iv) Which two provinces of British India had very large areas where non-Muslims were in majority?
(A) Punjab and UP
(B) Bengal and Gujarat
(C) Punjab and Haryana
(D) Punjab and Bengal
Answer:
(i) (C) Principal of religious majorities
(ii) (A) There were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the east.
(iii) (B) Abdul Gaffar Khan
(iv) (D) Punjab and Bengal

Question 25.
In the given outline political map of India, five states have been marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with the respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabet as per the following format: [4]
(i) The state where the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place.
(ii) The state where a Dairy Cooperative Movement under the name ‘Amul’ was launched.
(iii) The state which was benefitted by the ‘Green Revolution’.
(iv) The state which was created in 2000.

Sr. Number for the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the state
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:
(i) Punjab (C)
(ii) Gujarat (D)
(iii) Uttar Pradesh (A)
(iv) Chhattisgarh (B)

Question 26.
Study the given Cartoon and answer the questions that follow: [4]

(i) Where can we see “a sharp increase” due to Globalization?
(A) employment and capital
(B) trade and economic exchanges
(C) poverty and hunger
(D) all the above

(ii) In between which years the world’s export has increased 33-fold?
(A) 1970-1980
(B) 1950-1990
(C) 1950-2000
(D) 1950-2010

(iii) What is the impact of increase in the economic exchanges between the countries of the world?
(A) strong global economic growth
(B) sharp decline in the trade
(C) decline in the unemployment numbers
(D) increase in the index of poverty and hunger index

(iv) After the 1980s, which policy was introduced by US and UK?
(A) 4D Policy
(B) 3D Policy
(C) Fair Trade Policy
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(i) (B) trade and economic exchanges
(ii) (D) 1950-2010
(iii) (A) strong global economic growth
(iv) (B) 3D Policy

Section – E (24 Marks)

Question 27.
Mention the limitations of USSR that led to its disintegration.
OR
Examine any six consequences of disintegration of the Soviet Union. [6]
Answer:
Limitations of USSR that led to its disintegration:

The political limitations of Soviet Union: The Soviet System became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech, hushed people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons.

Most of the institutions of the Soviet state needed reform: the one-party system represented by the communist party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. The party refused to recognise the urge of people in the fifteen different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs including their cultural affairs.

Although on paper, Russia was only one of the fifteen republics that together constituted the USSR, in reality, Russia dominated everything and people from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.

The economic limitations of Soviet Union: In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US from time to time but at a great cost. The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology, infrastructure (e.g., transport, power) and most importantly in fulfilling the political or economic aspirations of the citizens.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the system even further. Though wages continued to grow, productivity and technology fell considerably behind that of the West. This led to shortages in all consumer goods. Food imports increased every year. The Soviet economy was faltering in the late 1970s and became stagnant.

The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and in the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet System (The five Central Asian Republics in particular). This led to a huge economic burden that the system could not cope with.

OR

Consequences of disintegration of the Soviet Union:

1. End of Cold War confrontations.
2. End to arms race and a possible new peace.
3. Power relations changed in the world.
4. US became the sole power. Capitalism became the dominant philosophy.
5. Emergence of many new countries.
6. The international system saw many new players emerge, each with its own identity, interests and economic and political difficulties.

Detailed Answer:
The collapse of the USSR and the socialist system in Eastern Europe had profound consequences for the world politics. Following were some consequences of the disintegration of the USSR:
(A) The disintegration of the USSR meant the end of the Cold War. The ideological dispute over whether the socialist system would beat the capitalist system, was not an issue anymore.
(B) The Cold War had engaged the military of the two blocs and had triggered a massive arms race and accumulation of nuclear weapons. The end of the Cold War brought an end to this arms race and a possible new peace.
(C) Power relations in world politics changed and as a result the relative influence of ideas and institutions also changed.
(D) The end of the Cold War left only two possibilities. It was either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a unipolar system or different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the international system, thereby bringing in a multipolar system where no power could dominate and in due course, the US became the sole superpower.
(E) The capitalist economy became the dominant economic system internationally which was backed by the power of the US.
(F) Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund became powerful advisors to all countries which adopted capitalism as they gave them loans for their transitions to capitalism.
(G) The notion of liberal democracy emerged as the best way to organise political life.
(H) The end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries.
(I) The international system saw many new players emerge, each with its own identity, interests and economic and political difficulties.

Question 28.
How are the threats faced by the people in the Third World different from those faced by the people living in the First World? Support your answer with examples.
OR
What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy. [6]
Answer:
The Third World countries face the threats not only from outside their borders but also from within. On the other hand, most of the First World countries face threats only from outside their borders. Third World faces threats from separatist movements. There is no such threat in the First World countries. For the newly independent Third World countries, external and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security than the First world countries.

Detailed Answer:
The threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face are different. The people of the third world face the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries. They also face the threat of internal military conflict. For the newly independent countries, external and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security than the First world countries.

The Third World countries face the threats not only from outside their borders but also from within. On the other hand, most of the First World countries face threats only from outside their borders Third World. The countries of the Third World fear from their neighbours even more than they feared the US or Soviet Union. The people of the Third World have apprehension of separatist movements which wanted to form independent countries.

The people of the Third World also face the danger of poverty, health hazards and human rights. But the people of the First world do not face such threats. They do not have the fear of external aggression as they are powerful. These countries are well developed so there are no threats of poverty and human hazards.

OR

Security means “freedom from threats”. Four different components of India’s security strategy are:

1. The first component is strengthening its own military capabilities because India has been involved in conflict with neighbours, i.e., Pakistan and China.
2. The second component has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security.
3. The third component is towards meeting security challenges within the country such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.
4. The fourth concept has been an attempt to develop its economy and to bring the citizens out of poverty and economic inequalities.

Detailed Answer:
India has faced traditional and non-traditional threats to its security. These threats have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. The security strategy of India has four broad components which have been used in varying combinations from time to time.

Following are the four components of India’s security strategy:

The first component is strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours. It was in conflict with Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. It had also been involved in conflict with China in the year 1962. Since India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries in the South Asian region, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security. India first tested a nuclear device in 1974.

The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament and the UN as a forum in which international conflicts could be settled. India also took initiative to bring about a universal and non-discriminatory, non-proliferation regime in which all countries would have the same rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.

The third component of Indian security strategy is directed towards meeting security challenges within country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab and Kashmir among others have, from time to time, sought to break away from India. Our country India has tried its best to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system which allows different groups of people to freely articulate their grievances and share political power.

The fourth component of India’s security strategy is its economic development. India is developing its economy in such a way that the vast mass of citizens is lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist. There is a pressure on the democratically elected governments to combine economic growth with human development.

Question 29.
Examine the major changes that the country witnessed at the time of fourth general elections in 1967.
OR
Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister. [6]
Answer:
The General Elections of 1967 were the first elections contested by Congress without Nehru. The results of the elections were coined as a ‘political earthquake’ as the popularity of Congress had reduced by a large scale. Though, Congress managed to secure majority at Centre but with lowest number of seats in comparison to all three previous general elections. At state level, Congress lost majority to local parties and non-Congress parties which was a blow.

Strong Congress leaders like S.K. Patil, K.Kamraj, K.B. Sahay, etc. were defeated in their constituencies. These elections gave rise to a new form of government- the coalition government. In Bihar, it was named as Samyukt Vidhayak Dal – formed by the coalition of Samyukt Socialist Party, Bharatiya Kranti Dal, Jana Sangh and Praja Socialist Party.

In Punjab, it was named as Popular United Front – formed by the coalition of Shiromani Akali Dal and Sant Fateh Singh group. These elections also witnessed defections by Congress legislators mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. Some of the defections were so frequent that these were nicknamed as “Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram”, after the defections shown by Gaya Lai from Haryana.

OR

Indira Gandhi was the daughter of popular ex-Prime Minister J.L. Nehru. She had become Congress President in 1958. She had been a Union Minister for Information in Shastri’s Cabinet from 1964 to 1966. She had given a positive famous slogan “Garibi Hatao”. She had focused on the growth of the public sector. She had imposed a ceiling on the rural landholdings and urban property to remove disparities in income and opportunity.

She had abolished the princely privileges to prevail the principles of equality and social and economic justice. Decisive victory in the 1971’s India-Pakistan war soared Indira Gandhi’s popularity. First nuclear explosion in 1974 also increased her popularity. India termed it a peaceful explosion.

Question 30.
Why is emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics? Analyse any three reasons.
OR
The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming into power at the centre. What would you consider as the reasons for this development? [6]
Answer:
Causes of Emergency:

1. The Bangladesh Crisis had put a heavy strain on India’s economy.
2. This was followed by war with Pakistan.
3. After the war, the US Government stopped all aid to India. Industrial growth was Monsoons failed in 1972-1973.
4. This resulted in a sharp decline in agricultural productivity and increase in the activities of Marxist groups.
5. Students in Gujarat started an agitation against rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities, and against corruption in high places.
6. Leader Jaya Prakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of the Congress Government in Bihar and gave a call for Total Revolution in the social, economic and political spheres in order to establish what he considered to be true democracy.
7. A series of bandhs, gheraos, and strikes were organised in protest against the Bihar government.
8. There was constitutional hindrance regarding the change in the basic structure. The Supreme Court said that the government cannot change it.
9. Secondly, there was a question that the Parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment? The Court said that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in such a manner that rights are curtailed.
10. Thirdly, the Parliament amended the Constitution saying that it can abridge Fundamental Rights for giving effect to Directive Principles.

OR

The following factors were responsible for the defeat of the Congress and the emergence of the opposition to power :

• Imposition of the National Emergency: For the first time in the history of free India, National Emergency was imposed.
• Imposition of Black Acts: During the Emergency, the various Black Acts were passed by the Indira Gandhi-led Congress government.
• Constitutional Amendments: Through the 42nd Amendment, Indira government lowered the position of the judiciary.
• Compulsory Sterilisation: At the stance of Sanjay Gandhi, the various states particularly Haryana resorted to the compulsory sterilization to a great extent.
• Rising Prices: The condition of Indian people became pitiable due to the continuous rise in prices.