Students must start practising the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 10 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions :

All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.

  1. Question Nos 1 -18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
  2. Question Nos 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type – I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
  3. Question Nos 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type – II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
  4. Question Nos 28 – 31 in Section D are Long Answer Type – I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
  5. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type – II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words
  6. Question Nos 33- 36 in Section F is based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section – A (18 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following hormones are secreted when a person is in stress? [1]
(i) Cortisol
(ii) Adrenaline
(iii) Serotonin
(iv) Dopamine
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i), (iii), (iv)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Answer:
(b) (i) and (ii)

Explanation: Both cortisol and adrenaline are secreted which causes arousal in the body to go into flight and fight mode.

Question 2.
Which of the following classifications was published by American Psychiatric Association? [1]
(a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder
(b) International Classification of Diseases
(c) ICD-10 Classification of Behavioural and Mental Disorders
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorder

Explanation: DSM 5 is established by APA and it is currently in its 5 versions and is used in India.

Question 3.
Which of the following test battery is widely used? [1]
(a) Bhatia’s Battery of Performance Tests
(b) CIE Verbal Group Test of Intelligence by Uday Shankar
(c) Group Test of General Mental Ability by S. Jalota
(d) Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta
Answer:
(a) Bhatia’s Battery of performance test

Explanation: This test is widely used in comparison to other tests.

Question 4.
_______refers to the phenomena that occur when each person thinks that it is not her/ his responsibility alone to give help and that someone else may take the responsibility. [1]
(a) Social loafing
(b) Social facilitation
(c) Diffusion of responsibility
(d) Bystander effect
Answer:
(c) Diffusion of responsibility

Explanation: Each person thinks that it is not her/his responsibility alone to give help and that someone else may take the responsibility. This phenomenon is called diffusion of responsibility. On the other hand, if there is only one bystander, this person is more likely to take responsibility and actually help the victim.

Question 5.
Rehman wanted to go to his friend’s house for a night, but he knew that his father won’t allow him. To make him comply with his request, he first asked his father to send him to his friend’s house, to which his father refuse(d) He later asked to let him go to his friend’s house for a night and his father compile(d) Which technique did he use? [1]
(a) Deadline technique
(b) Door-in-the-face technique
(c) Foot-in-the-door technique
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Door-in-the-face technique

Explanation: The door-in-the-face technique: In this technique, you begin with a large request and when this is refused a later request for something smaller, the one that was actually desired, is made, which is usually granted by the person.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Question 6.
If the others present are also performing the same task, this is called a situation of _______ [1]
(a) Social loafing
(b) Diffusion of responsibility
(c) Co-action
(d) Evaluation apprehension
Answer:
(c) Co-action

Explanation: If the others present are also performing the same task, this is called a situation of co-action. In this situation, there is social comparison and competition. Once again, when the task is simple or a familiar one, performance is better under co-action than when the person is alone.

Question 7.
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) consists of which tests? [1]
(a) Verbal tests
(b) Nonverbal tests
(c) Both a and b
(d) Performance tests
Answer:
(c) Both a and b

Explanation: CAS consist of both verbal and non-verbal tests and it is a battery of tests developed by JP Das.

Question 8.
Which stage of Componential intelligence involves planning? [1]
(a) Knowledge acquisition
(b) Meta component
(c) Planning
(d) Performance component
Answer:
(b) Meta component

Explanation: First is the knowledge acquisition component, which is responsible for learning and acquisition of the ways of doing things. The second is the meta or a higher order component, which involves planning concerning what to do and how to do. The third is the performance component, which involves actually doing things.

Question 9.
Which cells increase immune activity? [1]
(a) B-cells
(b) T-cells
(c) Natural killer cell
(d) Cytotoxicity
Answer:
(b) T cells

Explanation: Here are several kinds of white blood cells or leucocytes within the immune system, including T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. T cells destroy invaders, and T-helper cells increase immunological activity.

Question 10.
In which therapy, transference is dis-couraged? [1]
(a) Psychodynamic therapy
(b) Logotherapy
(c) Gestalt therapy
(d) Behavioral therapy
Answer:
(b) Logotherapy

Explanation: In logotherapy, transference is discouraged as there should be self-awareness and self-consciousness.

Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Prosocial behaviour does not occur because of the norm of social responsibility.
Reason (R): The norm of social responsibility means that We should help anyone who needs help, without considering any other factor. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Explanation: Prosocial behaviour is encouraged by the Norm of social responsibility which states that we help anyone in need.

Question 12.
Which of the following social psychologist conducted a study on Cooperation and competition? [1]
(a) Sherif
(b) Milgram
(c) CVAsch
(d) Kelman
Answer:
(a) Sherif

Explanation: Sherif conducted a series of experiments on 11–12-year-old boys who did not know each other. The boys were attending a summer camp. Unknown to the boys, there were researchers in the camp who examined their (the boy’s) behaviour. The experiment consisted of four phases, viz. friendship formation, group formation, intergroup competition, and intergroup cooperation.

Question 13.
Ram can write very well and has the ability to use words creatively. Which intelligence is he high on? [1]
(a) Logical-mathematical
(b) Linguistic
(c) Intrapersonal
(d) Spatial
Answer:
(b) Linguistics

Explanation: Linguistic (an ability to produce and use language): It is the capacity to use the language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand others. Persons high on this intelligence are ‘word-smart’, i.e. they are sensitive to different shades of word meanings, are articulate, and can create linguistic images in their mind. Poets and writers are very strong in this component of intelligence.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis.
Reason (R): He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis. He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). The g-factor includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances. In addition to the g-factor, he said that there are also many specific abilities.

Question 15.
Manav was in a grocery store when he suddenly started feelings choked and out of breath. He tried to rush out of the store but was not able to move and was sweating profusely. He felt like he was dying. What kind of disorder Manav might be suffering from? [1]
(a) Anxiety disorder
(b) Panic disorder
(c) Agoraphobia
(d) Illnessis anxiety disorder
Answer:
(b) Panic disorder

Explanation: The clinical features include shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, palpitations, choking, nausea, chest pain or discomfort, fear of going crazy, losing control or dying.

Question 16.
_______is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. [1]
(a) Obsession
(b) Compulsion
(c) Rumination
(d) Stress
Answer:
(a) Obsession

Explanation: Obsessive behaviour is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. The person involved often finds these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful. Compulsive behaviour is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again.

Question 17.
John scored very good marks in his exam and he gave the reason for scoring well that he worked for it, but when his friend got more marks than him, he stated that it was because of luck. What kind of attribution did John make for himself and his friend? [1]
(a) Internal, internal
(b) External, External
(c) Internal External
(d) External, internal
Answer:
(c) Internal, external

Explanation: There is a difference between the attribution made for success and the attribution made for failure. In general, people attribute success to internal factors, such as their ability or hard work. They attribute failure to external factors, such as bad luck, the difficulty of the task, and so on.

Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Compliance could take place even without a norm.
Reason (R): It can take place as one believes that there is no harm or pressure to comply and they comply with choice. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: We can comply as we feel it is necessary or is not forced.

Section – B (10 Marks)

Question 19.
How is an interest different from Aptitude? [2]
Answer:
(Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training. Interest is a preference for a particular activity; aptitude is the potentiality to perform that activity. A person may be interested in a particular job or activity, but may not have the aptitude for it. Similarly, a person may have the potential for performing a job, but may not be interested in doing that.)

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Question 20.
What are the characteristics of an Emotionally intelligent person?
OR
Explain the characteristics of creativity tests. [2]
Answer:
Salovey and Mayer considered emotional intelligence as “the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions”. Characteristics of an Emotionally intelligent person are:

  • Perceive and be sensitive to your feelings and emotions.
  • Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body language, voice and tone, and facial expressions.
  • Relate your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving problems and taking decisions.
  • Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.
  • Control and regulate your emotions and their expressions while dealing with yourself and others to achieve harmony and peace.

OR

The characteristics of creativity tests are: A general feature of most of the creativity tests is that they are open-ended. They permit the person to think of different answers to the questions or problems in terms of her/his experiences, whatever these may have been. Creativity tests involve divergent thinking and assess such abilities as the ability to produce a variety of ideas, i.e. ideas which are off the beaten track, the ability to see new relationships between seemingly unrelated things, the ability to guess causes and consequences, the ability to put things in a new context, etc.

These tests measure general creative thinking abilities like the ability to think of a variety of ideas on a given topic/ situation, alternative ways of looking at things, problems or situations, to guess causes and consequences, to think of unusual ideas to improve and to use common objects.

Question 21.
How is Lifestyle related to stress? [2]
Answer:
Stress can lead to unhealthy lifestyles or health-damaging behaviour. Lifestyle is the overall pattern of decisions and behaviours that determine a person’s health and quality of life. Stressed individuals may be more likely to expose themselves to pathogens, which are agents causing physical illness. People who are stressed have poor nutritional habits, sleep less and are likely to engage in other health risk behaviours like smoking and alcohol abuse. Such health-impairing behaviours develop gradually and are accompanied by pleasant the  experiences temporarily. However, we tend to ignore their long-term damaging effects and underestimate the risk they pose to our lives.

Question 22.
What are Delusions? Explain any 2 kinds of delusions. [2]
Answer:
A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational argument and has no basis in reality. Delusions of persecution are the most common in schizophrenia. People with this delusion believe that they are being plotted against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked or deliberately victimised. People with schizophrenia may also experience delusions of reference in which they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to objects and events.

Question 23.
Explain the 3 kinds of support that one can get. [2]
Answer:
Social support may be in the form of tangible support or assistance involving material aid, such as money, goods, services, etc. For example, a child gives notes to her/his friend, since s/he was absent from school due to sickness. Family and friends also provide informational support about stressful events. For example, a student facing a stressful event such as a difficult board examination, if provided information by a friend who has faced a similar one, would not only be able to identify the exact procedures involved, but also it would facilitate in the determining what resources and coping strategies could be useful to successfully pass the examination.

During times of stress, one may experience sadness, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem. Supportive friends and family provide emotional support by 2020-21 There is growing evidence that social support is positively related to psychological well-being. Generally, social support leads to mental health benefits for both the giver and the receiver.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Section – C (12 Marks)

Question 24.
“Suicides are preventable”. How can we prevent suicide? [3]
Answer:
Suicides are preventable. There is a need for a comprehensive multi-sectoral approach where the government, media and civil society all play an important role as stakeholders. Some measures suggested by WHO include:

  • limiting access to the means of suicide;
  • reporting of suicide by media in a responsible way;
  • bringing in alcohol-related policies;
  • early identification, treatment and care of people at risk;
  • training health workers in assessing and managing suicide;
  • care for people who attempted suicide and provide community support.

Identifying students in distress: Any unexpected or striking change affecting the adolescent’s performance, or attendance You may have got a some bad news in the family (for example, the death of a close relative) or watching your favourite character dying in a film or getting fewer marks than you hoped for or losing your pet.
Some symptoms can be:

  • lack of interest in common activities
  • declining grades
  • decreasing effrt
  • misbehavior in the classroom
  • mysterious or repeated absence
  • smoking or drinking, or drug misuse

Strengthening students’ self-esteem: Having positive self-esteem is important in face of distress and helps in coping adequately. In order to foster positive self-esteem in children the following approaches can be useful:
(1) accentuating positive life experiences to develop a positive identity. This increases confidence in self
(2) providing opportunities for the development of physical, social and vocational skills.
(3) establishing trustful communication.
(4) goals for the students should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and to be completed within a relevant time frame.

Question 25.
Is Social support and stress-related? Comment. [3]
Answer:
Social support is defined as the existence and availability of people on whom we can rely, people who let us know that they care about, value, and love us. Someone who believes that she/he belongs to a social network of communication and mutual obligation experiences social support. Perceived support, i.e. the quality of social support is positively related to health and well-being, whereas social network, i.e. the quantity of social support is unrelated to well-being because it is very time consuming and demanding to maintain a large social network.

Studies have revealed that women exposed to life event stresses, who had a close friend, were less likely to be depressed and had lesser medical complications during pregnancy. Social support can help to provide protection against stress. People with high levels of social support from family and friends may experience less stress when they confront a stressful experience, and they may cope with it more successfully.

Question 26.
Explain any 3 causes of intergroup conflict.
OR
What is meant by Social identity? [3]
Answer:
Some of the major reasons for group conflicts are:

One major reason is the lack of communication and faulty communication by both parties. This kind of communication leads to suspicion, i.e. there is a lack of trust. Hence, conflict results. Another reason for intergroup conflict is relative deprivation. It arises when members of a group compare themselves with members of another group and perceive that they do not have what they desire to have, that the other group has. In other words, they feel that they are not doing well in comparison to other groups.

This may lead to feelings of deprivation and discontentment, which may trigger of conflict. Another cause of conflict is one party’s belief that one is better than the other, and what one is saying should be done. When this does not happen, both parties start accusing each other. One may often witness a tendency to magnify even smaller. differences, thereby conflict gets escalated because every member wants to respect the norms of her/his group.

OR

Social identity is one’s self-definition of who she/he is. This self-definition may include both personal attributes, e.g. hard working, happy-go-lucky, or attributes which you share with others. . Sometimes we perceive ourselves as unique individuals and at other times we perceive ourselves as members of groups. Both are equally valid expressions of self. Our personal identities derived from views of ourselves as unique individuals, and social identities derived from groups we perceive ourselves to be members of, are both important to us.

The extent to which we define ourselves. Social identity is, thus, that aspect of our self-concept which is based on our group membership. Social identity places us, i.e. tells us what and where we are in the larger social context, and thus helps us to locate ourselves in society. Social identity provides members with a shared set of values, beliefs and goals about themselves and about their social world.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Question 27.
Explain the self-report measure that is widely used in the assessment of Psychopathologies. [3]
Answer:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory is used in assessing psychopathologies. This inventory is widely used as a test in personality assessment. Hathaway and McKinley developed this test as a helping tool for psychiatric diagnosis, but the test has been found very effective in identifying varieties of psychopathology.

Its revised version is available as MMPI-2. It consists of 567 statements. The subject has to judge each statement as ‘true’ or ‘false’ for her/ him. The test is divided into 10 subscales, which seek to diagnose hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria,\ psychopathic deviation, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, mania and social introversion. In India, Mallick and Joshi have developed the Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (JMPI) along the lines of MMPI.

Section – D (16 Marks)

Question 28.
Enumerate how Yoga and meditation help deal with mental disorders.
OR
Do any factors influence the healing in therapy? [4]
Answer:
Alternative therapies are so-called because they are alternative treatment possibilities to conventional drug treatment or psychotherapy. There are many alternative therapies such as or pranayama, or to a combination of the two. Meditation refers to the practice of focusing attention on the breath or on an object or thought or mantra. Here attention is focused.

In Vipassana meditation, also known as mindfulness-based meditation, there is no field object or thought to hold the attention. The person passively observes the various bodily sensations and thoughts that are passing through in her or his awareness. The rapid breathing techniques to induce hyperventilation as in Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) is found to be a beneficial, low-risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, stress-related medical illnesses, substance abuse, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

SKY has been used as a public health intervention technique to alleviate PTSD in survivors of mass disasters. Yoga techniques enhance well-being, mood, attention, mental focus, and stress tolerance. Further, alcoholic patients who practice SKY have reduced depression and stress levels. Insomnia is treated with yoga. Yoga reduces the time to go to sleep and improves the quality of sleep. Kundalini Yoga taught in the USA has been found to be effective in the treatment of mental disorders.

Kundalini Yoga is effective in the treatment of the obsessive-compulsive disorder. Kundalini Yoga combines pranayama or breathing techniques with the chanting of mantras. Prevention of repeated episodes of depression may be helped by mindfulness-based meditation or Vipassana. This meditation would help the patients to process emotional stimuli better and hence prevent biases in the processing of these stimuli.

OR

There are several factors which contribute to the healing process. Some of these factors are as follows:
A major factor in the healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the patient/client. If the behavioural system and the CBT school are adopted to heal an anxious client, the relaxation procedures and the cognitive restructuring largely contribute to the healing. The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/ client, has healing properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.

At the outset of therapy while the patient/client is being interviewed in the initial sessions to understand the nature of the problem, she/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced. This process of emotional unburdening is known as catharsis, and it has healing properties. There are several non-specifi factors associated with psychotherapy. Some of these factors are attributed to the patient/ client and some to the therapist.

These factors are called non-specifi because they occur across diffrent systems of psychotherapy and across diffrent clients/patients and diffrent therapists. Non-specifi factors attributable to the client/patient are motivation for change, expectation of improvement due to the treatment, etc. These are called patient variables. Non-specifi factors attributable to the therapist are positive nature, absence of unresolved emotional conflicts, presence of good mental health, etc. These are called therapist variables.

Question 29.
Explain Alfred Adler’s and Karen Homey’s approaches to personality. [4]
Answer:
A number of theorists further developed their ideas following Freud. Some had worked with him and then moved on to develop their own versions of the psychoanalytic theory. These theorists have been called neo-analytic.

Alfred Adler: Adler’s theory is known as individual psychology. His basic assumption is that human behaviour is purposeful and goal-directed. Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create. Our personal goals are the sources of our motivation. The goals that provide us with security and help us in overcoming feelings of inadequacy are important in our personality development. In Adler’s view, every individual suffers from feelings of inadequacy and guilt, i.e. inferiority complex, which arise from childhood. Overcoming this complex is essential for optimal personality development.

Karen Horney: Horney was another disciple of Freud who developed a theory that deviated from basic Freudian principles. She adopted a more optimistic view of human life with an emphasis on human growth and self-actualisation. Horney’s major contribution lies in her challenge to Freud’s treatment of women as inferior. According to her, each sex has attributes to be admired by the other, and neither sex can be viewed as superior or inferior. She countered that women were more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors.

She argued that psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood. When parents’ behaviour toward a child is different, discouraging, and erratic, the child feels insecure and a feeling called basic anxiety results. Deep resentment toward parents or basic hostility occurs due to this anxiety. By showing excessive dominance or indifferent, or by providing too much or too little approval, parents can generate among children feelings of isolation and helplessness which interfere with their healthy development.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Question 30.
Why is there a need to rehabilitate the recovered mentally ill? [4]
Answer:
The treatment of psychological disorders has two components, i.e. reduction of symptoms, and improving the level of functioning or quality of life. In the case of milder disorders such as generalised anxiety, reactive depression or phobia, reduction of symptoms is associated with an improvement in the quality of life. However, in the case of severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia, reduction of symptoms may not be associated with an improvement in the quality of life.

Many patients suffer from negative symptoms such as disinterest and lack of motivation to do work or to interact with people. Rehabilitation is required to help such patients become self-sufficient. The aim of rehabilitation is to empower the patient to become a productive member of society to the extent possible. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training, and vocational therapy.

In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role play, imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group. Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills necessary to undertake productive employment.

Question 31.
Describe the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
OR
Describe Howard’s theory of intelligence. [4]
Answer:
Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”. According to this theory, there are three basic types of intelligence: Componential, Experiential, and Contextual.

(1) Componential Intelligence: Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems. Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools. This intelligence has three components, each serving a different function. First is the knowledge acquisition component, which is responsible for learning and acquisition of ways of doing things. The second is the meta or a higher order component, which involves planning concerning what to do and how to do. The third is the performance component, which involves actually doing things.

(2) Experiential Intelligence: Experiential or creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems. It is reflected in creative performance. Persons high on this aspect integrate different experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and inventions. They quickly fid out which information is crucial in a given situation.

(3) Contextual Intelligence: Contextual or practical intelligence involves the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis. It may be called ‘street smartness’ or ‘business sense’. Persons high on this aspect easily adapt to their present environment or select a more favourable environment than the existing one, or modify the environment to fi their needs. Therefore, they turn out to be successful in life.

OR

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. According to him, intelligence is not a single entity; rather distinct types of intelligence exist. There are 8 types of intelligence:

(1) Linguistic (an ability to produce and use language): It is the capacity to use the language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand others. Persons high on this intelligence are ‘word smart’, i.e. they are sensitive to different shades of word meanings,

(2) Logical-Mathematical (an ability to think logically and critically, and solve problems): Persons high on this type of intelligence can think logically and critically. They engage in abstract reasoning and can manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems.

(3) Spatial (an ability to form visual images and patterns): It refers to the abilities involved in forming, using, and transforming mental images.

(4) Musical (an ability to produce and manipulate musical rhythms and patterns): It is the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns. Persons high on this intelligence are very sensitive to sounds and vibrations, and in creating new patterns of sounds.

(5) Bodily-Kinaesthetic (an ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively): This consists of the use of the whole body or portions of it for display or construction of products and problem-solving. Athletes, dancers, actors, sportspersons, gymnasts, and surgeons are likely to have such kind of intelligence.

(6) Interpersonal (an ability to understand subtle aspects of others’ behaviours): This is the ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with others. Psychologists, counsellors, politicians, social workers, and religious leaders are likely to possess high interpersonal intelligence.

(7) Intrapersonal (an ability to understand of one’s own feelings, motives, and desires): This refers to the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge to effectively relate to others. Persons high on this ability have fier sensibilities regarding their identity, human existence, and meaning of life. Philosophers and spiritual leaders present examples of this type of intelligence.

(8) Naturalistic (an ability to identify the features of the natural world): This involves complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world. It is useful in recognising the beauty of different species of flra and fauna.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Section – E (6 Marks)

Question 32.
“The theory assumes that people are constantly engaged in the process of actualising their true self.” Explain in reference to Roger’s Humanistic Perspective.
OR
Why is Personality seen as driven by unconscious structures? Explain the role of defence mechanisms in protecting the Ego. [6]
Answer:
The humanistic theories are mainly developed in response to Freud’s theory. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have particularly contributed to the development of the humanistic perspective on personality. The most important idea proposed by Rogers is that of a fully functioning person. There is an inborn tendency among persons that directs them to actualise their inherited nature. Rogers makes two basic assumptions about human behaviour. One is that behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile.

The second is that people (who are innately good) will almost always choose adaptive, self-actualising behaviour. The theory assumes that people are constantly engaged in the process of actualising their true self. Rogers suggests that each person also has a concept of ideal self. An ideal self is the self that a person would like to be. When there is a correspondence between the real self and ideal self, a person is generally happy. Discrepancy between the real self and ideal self often results in unhappiness and dissatisfaction.

Rogers’ basic principle is that people have a tendency to maximise self-concept through self-actualisation. In this process, the self grows, expands and becomes more social. Rogers views personality development as a continuous process. It involves learning to evaluate oneself and mastering the process of self-actualisation. He recognises the role of social influences in the development of self-concept. When social conditions are positive, the self concept and self-esteem are high.

In contrast, when the conditions are negative, the selfconcept and self-esteem are low. People with high self-concept and self-esteem are generally flxible and open to new experiences, so that they can continue to grow and self-actualise. This situation warrants that an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard must be created in order to ensure the enhancement of people’s self-concept. The client-centred therapy that Rogers developed basically attempts to create this condition.

OR

Freud’s theory considers the sources and consequences of emotional conflicts and the way people deal with these. In doing so, it visualises the human mind in terms of three levels of consciousness. The fist level is conscious, which includes the thoughts, feelings and actions of which people are aware. The second level is preconscious, which includes the mental activity of which people may become aware only if they attend to it closely. The third level is unconscious, which includes mental activity that people are unaware of According to Freud, the unconscious is a reservoir of instinctive or animal drives.

It also stores all ideas and wishes that are concealed from conscious awareness, perhaps, because they lead to psychological conflcts. Structure of Personality According to Freud’s theory, the primary structural elements of personality are three, i.e. id, ego, and superego. They reside in the unconscious as forces, and they can be inferred from the ways people behave.

Structure of Personality in Freudian Theory Id: It is the source of a person’s instinctual energy. It deals with the immediate gratification of the  primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. It works on the pleasure principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. Freud considered much of a person’s instinctual energy to be sexual, and the rest as aggressive. Id does not care for moral values, society, or other individuals.

Ego : It grows out of id, and seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality. It works by the reality principle, and often directs the id towards more appropriate ways of behaving. For example, the id of a boy, who wants an ice-cream cone, tells him to grab the cone and eat it. His ego tells him that if he grabs the cone without asking, he may be punished. Working on the reality principle, the boy knows that the best way to achieve gratification is to ask for permission to eat the cone. Thus, while the id is demanding, and unrealistic and works according to pleasure principle, the ego is patient, and reasonable, and works by the reality principle.

Superego: The best way to characterise the superego is to think of it as the moral branch of mental functioning. The superego tells the id and the ego whether the gratification in a particular instance is ethical. It helps control the id by internalising parental authority through the process of socialisation. For example, if a boy sees and wants an ice cream cone and asks his mother for it, his superego will indicate that his behaviour is morally correct.

This approach towards obtaining the ice cream will not create guilt, fear or anxiety in the boy. Freud also assumed that id is energised by two instinctual forces, called life instinct and the death instinct. He paid less attention to the death instinct and focused more on the life (or sexual) instinct. The instinctual life force that energises the id is called libido. It works on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratifiation. Ego Defence Mechanisms According to Freud, much of human behaviour reflcts an attempt to deal with or escape from anxiety. Thus, how the ego deals with anxiety largely determines how people behave.

Freud believed that people avoid anxiety mainly by developing defence mechanisms that try to defend the ego against the awareness of instinctual needs. The most important is repression, in which anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. When people repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that wish or desire. In projection, people attribute their own traits to others. Thus, a person who has strong aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way towards her/him.

In reaction formation, a person defends against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite to her/his true feelings. A person with strong sexual urges, who channels her/ his energy into religious fervour, presents a classical example of reaction formation. In rationalisation, a person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions

Section – F (8 Marks)

Case study 1

Addictive behaviour, whether it involves an excessive intake of high-calorie food resulting in extreme obesity or involving the abuse of substances such as alcohol or cocaine, is one of the most severe problems being faced by society today. Disorders relating to maladaptive behaviours resulting from regular and consistent use of the substance involved are included under substance-related and addictive disorders.

These disorders include problems associated with the use and abuse of alcohol cocaine, tobacco and opioids among others, which alter the way people think, feel and behave. While there are many disorders listed under this category.

Question 33.
How can Alcohol addiction affect one’s life? [2]
Answer:
People who abuse alcohol drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to help them face difficult situations. Eventually, the drinking interferes with their social behaviour and ability to think and work. Their bodies then build up a tolerance for alcohol and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel its effects. They also experience withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcoholism destroys millions of families, social relationships and careers. Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.

It also has serious effects on the children of persons with this disorder. These children have higher rates of psychological problems, particularly anxiety, depression, phobias and substance-related disorders. Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health.

Question 34.
Explain the effects of Cocaine. [2]
Answer:
Regular use of cocaine may lead to a pattern of abuse in which the person may be intoxicated throughout the day and function poorly in social relationships and at work. It may also cause problems in short-term memory and attention. Dependence may develop so that cocaine dominates the person’s life, more of the drug is needed to get the desired effects, and stopping it results in feelings of depression, fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and anxiety. Cocaine poses serious dangers. It has dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.

Case study 2

After forming an impression, we often go through the process of assigning causes to a person’s behaviour. This is also a systematic process, as indicated by the research done on attribution. The following aspects of attribution have been found (d) When we assign a cause to a person’s behaviour, we can broadly classify the cause as being internal something within the person, or external something outside the person.

Question 35.
Explain the Fundamental Attribution error with an example. [2]
Answer:
In making attributions, there is an overall tendency for people to give greater weightage to internal or dispositional factors, than to external or situational factors. This is called the fundamental attribution error. This tendency is stronger in some cultures than it is in others. For instance, research shows that Indians tend to make more external (situational) attributions than Americans do.

Question 36.
What is meant by the Action-observer effect? [2]
Answer:
A distinction is also found between the attribution that a person makes for her/ his own positive and negative experiences (actor role), and the attribution made for another person’s positive and negative experiences (observer role). This is called the actor-observer effect. For example, if you yourself get good marks in a test, you will attribute it to your own ability or hard work (actor-role, internal attribution for a positive experience). If you get bad marks, you will say that this was because you were unlucky, or that the test was too difficult (actor-role, external attribution for a negative experience).

On the other hand, if one of your classmates gets good marks in the test, you will attribute her/his success to good luck or an easy test (observer-role, external attribution for a positive experience). If the same classmate gets bad marks, you are likely to say that her/ his failure was because of low ability or lack of effort (observer role, internal attribution for a negative experience). The basic reason for the difference between the actor and observer roles is that people want to have a nice image of themselves, as compared to others.