Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 11 are designed as per the revised syllabus.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 11 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type – I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type – II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type – I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type – II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words
- Question Nos 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section – A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
1. Conformity takes place ______ influence that results from accepting evidence rather than reality. [1]
(a) normative
(b) informational
(c) social
(d) personal
Answer:
(b) informational
Explanation: Conformity takes place because of informational influence, i.e. influence that results from accepting evidence rather than reality. Conformity may also occur because of normative influence, i.e. influence based on a person’s desire to be accepted or admired by others.
Question 2.
Which of the following are characteristics of stereotypes? [1]
(i) category-based schemas
(ii) overgeneralised
(iii) not directly verified
(iv) do not allow for exceptions.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation: In social cognition, category-based schemas that are related to groups of people are called stereotypes. These are category-based schemas that are over-generalised, are not directly verified, and do not allow for exceptions.
Question 3.
In which therapy, the client is taught to recognise the bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from awareness? [1]
(a) Logotherapy
(b) Gestalt therapy
(c) Humanistic therapy
(d) Behavioral therapy
Answer:
(b) Gestalt therapy
Explanation: The goal of gestalt therapy is to increase an individual’s self-awareness and self-acceptance. The client is taught to recognise the bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from awareness.
Question 4.
Sternberg’s notion of contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of ______. [1]
(a) aptitude
(c) norms
(b) culture
(d) social values
Answer:
(b) culture
Explanation: Sternberg’s notion of contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of culture.
Question 5.
Which of these are physiological reactions of stress? [1]
(a) Slowing down of the digestive system,
(b) Expansion of air passages in the lungs,
(c) Increased heart rate
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Explanation: When the human body is placed under physical or psychological stress, it increases the production of certain hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones produce marked changes in heart rate, blood pressure levels, metabolism and physical activity.
Question 6
A child wants a pencil, but his mother denied. Since his mother did not buy him that pencil, he stole that. Which part of his structure acted? [1]
(a) Ego
(c) Id
(b) Superego
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Id
Explanation: ID works on the pleasure principle and wants to instantly gratify his needs. There the need was the pencil and he stole it thereby satisfying his id.
Question 7.
______ refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members. [1]
(a) Groupthink
(b) Bandwagon effect
(c) Cohesiveness
(d) Co-action
Answer:
(c) Cohesiveness
Explanation: Cohesiveness is the binding between group members which strengthens the group structure thereby leading to group think.
Question 8.
What does Cognitive Assessment system measures? [1]
(a) intellectual functioning of 5-18 years old
(b) Cognitive functions independent of schooling
(c) Intelligent quotient of school children.
(d) Emotional intelligence independent of schooling,
Answer:
(b) Cognitive functions independent of schooling.
Explanation: Das and Naglieri have also developed a battery of tests, known as the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). It consists of verbal as well as non-verbal tasks that measure basic cognitive functions presumed to be independent of schooling. The battery of tests is meant for individuals between 5 and 18 years of age.
Question 9.
Which kind of personality is prone to cancer? [1]
(a) Type A
(b) Type C
(c) Type D
(d) Type B
Answer:
(b) Type C
Explanation: Type-C personality, which is prone to cancer. Individuals characterised by this personality are cooperative, unassertive and patient. They suppress their negative emotions (e.g., anger), and show compliance to authority.
Question 10
Can Manic episodes be single or are followed by depressive episodes? [1]
(a) Manic episodes can occur single
(b) Depressive episodes follows
(c) Both episodes can occur at one time
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Depressive episodes follow
Explanation: Manic episodes rarely appear by themselves; they usually alternate with depression. Bipolar mood disorders were earlier referred to as manic-depressive disorders.
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): CBT adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology.
Reason (R): The rationale is that the client’s distress has its origins in the biological. psychological, and social realms. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation: CBT adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology. It combines cognitive therapy with behavioural techniques.
Question 12.
In which situation, will the person perform better? [1]
(a) Complex task in presence of others
(b) Simple task in presence of others
(c) Complex task in absence of others
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Explanation: The nature of the task to be performed also affects the performance in the presence of others. For example, in the case of a simple or familiar task, the person is more sure of performing well, and the eagerness to get praise or reward is stronger. So the individual performs better in the presence of others than s/he does when alone.
But in the case of a complex or new task, the person may be afraid of making mistakes. The fear of criticism or punishment is stronger. So the individual performs worse in the presence of others than s/he does when alone.
Question 13.
Which of the following therapies has the longest duration? [1]
(a) Behavioral therapy
(b) Psychodynamic therapy
(c) Humanistic existential therapy
(d) Cognitive therapy
Answer:
(b) Psychodynamic therapy
Explanation: Psychoanalysis lasts for several years, with a one-hour session for 4–5 days per week. It is an intense treatment.
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Excellent singers, architects, scientists, and athletes may be high on g-factor, but in addition to this, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective domains.
Reason(R): Charles Spearman proposed the theory of Two factors which stated that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation: According to the two factor theory there is one G-factor which is genera and s-factor which increases intelligence in one specific domain.
Question 15.
In which stage of Freud’s Psychosexual stages, the child learns to respond to some of the demands of the society? [1]
(a) Oral stage
(c) Anal st
(b) Phallic stage
(d) Latency stage
Answer:
(c) Anal stage
Explanation: It is found that around ages two and three the child learns to respond to some of the demands of the society. One of the principal demands made by parents is that the child learns to control the bodily functions of urination and defecation.
Question 16.
Learning of digits, alphabets, multiplication tables, are examples of ______. [1]
(a) successive processing
(b) simultaneous processing
(c) planning
(d) attention
Answer:
(a) successive processing
Explanation: Successive processing takes place when you remember all the information serially so that the recall of one leads to the recall of another. Learning of digits, alphabets, multiplication tables, etc. are examples of successive processing.
Question 17.
Which projective test is used to measure aggression? [1]
(a) Thematic Apperception test
(b) Draw a person test
(c) Rorschach Inkblot test
(d) Rosenzweig’s Picture-Frustration Study
Answer:
(d) Rosenzweig’s Picture frustration study
Explanation: This test was developed by Rosenzweig to assess how people express aggression in the face of a frustrating situation. The test presents with the help of cartoon like pictures a series of situations in which one person frustrates another, or calls attention to a frustrating condition.
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (a): behavioral ratings can be baised, as if the person has one bad quality, it is likely that his all qualities would be same.
Reason (r): Raters have a tendency to place individuals either in the middle of the scale. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation: Raters often display certain biases that colour their judgments of different traits. For example, most of us are greatly influenced by a single favourable or unfavourable trait. This often forms the basis of a rater’s overall judgment of a person. This tendency is known as the halo effect.
Section – B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
How can Self care help reduce or tackle stress? [2]
Answer:
If we keep ourselves healthy, fit and relaxed, we are better prepared physically and emotionally to tackle the stresses of everyday life. Our breathing patterns reflect our state of mind and emotions. When we are stressed or anxious, we tend towards rapid and shallow breathing from high in the chest, with frequent sighs.
The most relaxed breathing is slow, stomach-centred breathing from the diaphragm, i.e. a dome-like muscle between the chest and the abdominal cavity. Environmental stresses like noise, pollution, space, light, colour, etc. can all exert an influence on our mood. These have a noticeable effect on our ability to cope with stress and well-being.
Question 20.
Explain the J.P Guildford’s model of Intelligence.
OR
Explain the Two Factor theory of Charles Spearman. [2]
Answer:
J. P. Guildford proposed the structure of intellect model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. Operations are what the respondent does. These include cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation. Contents refer to the nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed.
These include visual, auditory, symbolic (e.g., letters, numbers), semantic (e.g., words) and behavioural (e.g., information about people’s behaviour, attitudes, needs, etc.). Products refer to the form in which information is processed by the respondent. Products are classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.
OR
In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed a two factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis. He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). The g-factor includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.
In addition to the g-factor, he said that there are also many specific abilities. These are contained in what he called the s-factor. Excellent singers, architects, scientists, and athletes may be high on g-factor, but in addition to this, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective domains.
Question 21.
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder. [2]
Answer:
Dissociation can be viewed as severance of the connections between ideas and emotions. Dissociation involves feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalisation, and sometimes a loss or shift of identity. Sudden temporary alterations of consciousness that blot out painful experiences are a defining characteristic of dissociative disorders.
Conditions included in this are Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Identity Disorder, and Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder. Dissociative identity disorder, often referred to as multiple personality. It is often associated with traumatic experiences in childhood. In this disorder, the person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not be aware of each other.
Question 22.
Why does Rational Emotive therapy use non directive questioning as one of its techniques? [2]
Answer:
In the process of RET, the irrational beliefs are refuted by the therapist through a process of non-directive questioning. The nature of questioning is gentle, without probing or being directive. The questions make the client to think deeper into her/his assumptions about life and problems. Gradually the client is able to change the irrational beliefs by making a change in her/his philosophy about life. The rational belief system replaces the irrational belief system and there is a reduction in psychological distress.
Question 23.
What are prototypes and stereotypes? [2]
Answer:
Most of the schemas are in the form of categories or classes. Schemas that function in the form of categories are called prototypes, which are the entire set of features or qualities that help us to define an object completely. In social cognition, category-based schemas that are related to groups of people are called stereotypes. These are category-based schemas that are overgeneralised, are not directly verified, and do not allow for exceptions.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
Max has been complaining of severe headaches and stomach aches. Despite going to many doctors and trying many medications, there are no alleviation of symptoms. What kind of Somatoform disorder he might be suffering from? [3]
Answer:
These are conditions in which there are physical symptoms in the absence of physical disease. In somatoform disorders, the individual has psychological difficulties and complains of physical symptoms, for which there is no biological cause. Somatoform disorders include pain disorders, somatisation disorders, conversion disorders, and hypochondriasis.
Pain disorders involve reports of extreme and incapacitating pain, either without any identifiable biological symptoms or greatly in excess of what might be expected to accompany biological symptoms. How people interpret plan influences their overall adjustment. Some pain sufferers can learn to use active coping, i.e. remaining active and ignoring the pain. Others engage in passive coping, which leads to reduced activity and social withdrawal.
Question 25.
How can Intelligence be assessed? [3]
Answer:
In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence. In 1908, when the scale was revised, they gave the concept of Mental Age (MA), which is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group. A mental age of 5 means that a child’s performance on an intelligence test equals the average performance level of a group of 5-year-olds.
Chronological Age (CA) is the biological age from birth. A bright child’s MA is more than her/his CA; for a dull child, MA is below the CA. Retardation was defined by Binet and Simon as being two mental age years below the chronological age. In 1912, William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ). IQ refers to mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
IQ scores are distributed in the population in such a way that the scores of most people tend to fall in the middle range of the distribution. Only a few people have either very high or very low scores. The frequency distribution for the IQ scores tends to approximate a bell shaped curve, called the normal curve. This type of distribution is symmetrical around the central value, called the mean.
The mean IQ score in a population is 100. People with IQ scores in the range of 90–110 have normal intelligence. Those with IQ below 70 are suspected to have ‘intellectual disability’, while persons with IQ above 130 are considered to have exceptional talents.
Question 26.
Explain the GAS model.
OR
Explain how stress affects our immune system? [3]
Answer:
Selye studied this issue by subjecting animals to a variety of stressors. Selye noticed a similar pattern of bodily response in all of them. He called this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). According to him, GAS involves three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
Alarm reaction stage: The presence of a noxious stimulus or stressor leads to activation of the adrenal pituitary cortex system. This triggers the release of hormones producing the stress response. Now the individual is ready for fight or flight.
Resistance stage: If stress is prolonged, the resistance stage begins. The parasympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious use of the body’s resources. The organism makes efforts to cope with the threat, as through confrontation.
Exhaustion stage: Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion. The physiological systems involved in alarm reaction and resistance become ineffective and susceptibility to stress-related diseases such as high blood pressure becomes more likely.
Selye’s model has been criticised for assigning a very limited role to psychological factors in stress. Researchers have reported that the psychological appraisal of events is important for the determination of stress. How people respond to stress is substantially influenced by their perceptions, personalities and biological constitutions.
OR
Stress can cause illness by impairing the workings of the immune system. The immune system guards the body against attackers, both from within and outside.
Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the links between the mind, the brain and the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) within the immune identify and destroy foreign bodies (antigens) such as viruses. It also leads to the production of antibodies. There are several kinds of white blood cells or leucocytes within the immune system, including T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. T cells destroy invaders, and T-helper cells increase immunological activity.
It is these T-helper cells that are attacked by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). B cells produce antibodies. Natural killer cells are involved in the fight against both viruses and tumours. Stress can affect natural killer cell cytotoxicity, which is of major importance in the defence against various infections and cancer.
Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are highly stressed, including students facing important examinations, bereaved persons, and those who are severely depressed. Studies reveal that immune functioning is better in individuals receiving social support. Also, changes in the immune system will have more effect on health among those whose immune systems are already weakened.
Question 27.
Explain Lazarus model of stress. [3]
Answer:
The stress process, based on the cognitive theory of stress propounded by Lazarus and his colleagues, the perceived events and how they are interpreted or appraised. Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisal, i.e. primary and secondary.
Primary appraisal refers to the perception of a new or changing environment as positive, neutral or negative in its consequences. Negative events are appraised for their possible harm, threat or challenge. Harm is the assessment of the damage that has already been done by an event. Threat is the assessment of possible future damage that may be brought about by the event.
Challenge appraisals are associated with more confident expectations of the ability to cope with the stressful event, the potential to overcome and even profit from the event. When we perceive an event as stressful, we are likely to make a secondary appraisal, which is the assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event. These resources may be mental, physical, personal or social.
These appraisals are very subjective and will depend on many factors. One factor is the past experience of dealing with such a stressful condition. If one has handled similar situations successfully in the past, they would be less threatening for her/him. Another factor is whether the stressful event is perceived as controllable, i.e. whether one has mastery or control over a situation.
A person who believes that s/he can control the onset of a negative situation, or its adverse consequences, will experience less amount of stress than those who have no such sense of personal control.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Therapists were presented with the same situation. Aryan did not listen to his parents and was constantly defying them. The first therapist, told his parents every time that when the child obeys they will give one chocolate after dinner. Other therapists told the parents to tell him that every time he will obey them, he will get 1 point and after he collected 12 points, he would receive a gift. What kind of technique did both the therapists use? Explain the therapies. Also mention 2 other techniques that could be used.
OR
A person who has been neglected by his mother, he has started believing that “ he must perform well in his life to be loved” or “he should always gift other people things in order to be loved”. What technique can be used to correct such thoughts? [4]
Answer:
Therapist 1 chose the positive reinforcement which would increase the probability of the desired response. Positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. In this case, the behavior that was wanted was the child to obey them and the reinforcement was the chocolate. So every time he obeyed, he was given a chocolate which increases the probability of the wanted/ deficit behaviour.
The other therapist adopted Token economy. Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward such as an outing for the patient or a treat for the child. This is known as token economy. In this, whey the child obeyed, he was given one point and to get the gift, he would have to obey every time, thus earning all the gifts.
The other techniques that can be used are: Modelling is the procedure wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of a role model or the therapist who initially acts as the role model. If the child has an elder sibling, so observing his sibling he could learn that behaviour.
Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of an undesired response with an aversive consequence. In this, whenever the child disobeys, he will not get any sweet for 2 days. This will lead to a version to the behaviour, thus reinforcing the desired response.
Question 29.
Explain the Five Factor Model of Personality. [4]
Answer:
The controversy regarding the number of basic personality traits has taken an interesting turn in recent years. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae have examined all possible personality traits. The findings indicate a set of five factors. They are often called Big Five Factors.
These factors include:
- Openness to experience: Those who score high on this factor are imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits. In contrast, those who score low are rigid.
- Extraversion: It characterises people who are socially active, assertive, outgoing, talkative and fun-loving. On its opposite are people who are shy.
- Agreeableness: This factor characterises people who are helpful, cooperative, friendly, caring, and nurturing. On the opposite are people who are hostile and self-centred.
- Neuroticism: People who score high on this factor are emotionally unstable, anxious, worried, fearful, distressed, irritable and hypertensive. On the opposite side are people who are well-adjusted.
- Conscientiousness: Those who score high on this factor are achievement-oriented, dependable, responsible, prudent, hardworking and self-controlled. On the opposite are people who are impulsive.
This five factor model represents an important theoretical development in the field of personality. It has been found useful in understanding the personality profile of people across cultures. While it is consistent with the analysis of personality traits found in different languages, it is also supported by the studies of personality carried out through different methods. Hence, it is now considered to be the most promising empirical approach to the study of personality.
Question 30.
“There is this intense feeling of ‘we’ and ‘other’ (also referred to as ‘they’)”. Why is there a conflict between two groups? [4]
Answer:
Conflict is a process in which either an individual or a group perceives that others (individual or group) have opposing interests, and both try to contradict each other. There is this intense feeling of ‘we’ and ‘other’ (also referred to as ‘they’). There is also a belief by both parties that the other will protect only its own interests; their (the other side’s) interests will, therefore, not be protected.
Mentioned below are some of the major reasons for group conflicts.
- One major reason is lack of communication and faulty communication by both parties. This kind of communication leads to suspicion, i.e. there is a lack of trust. Hence, conflict results.
- Another reason for intergroup is relative deprivation. It arises when members of a group compare themselves with members of another group, and perceive that they do not have what they desire to have, which the other group has. In other words, they feel that they are not doing well in comparison to other groups. This may lead to feelings of deprivation and discontentment, which may trigger off conflict.
- Another cause of conflict is one party’s belief that it is better than the other, and what it is saying should be done. When this does not happen, both parties start accusing each other. One may often witness a tendency to magnify even smaller differences, thereby conflict gets escalated because every member wants to respect the norms of her/his group.
- A feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of my group, and actually violates those norms because of a malevolent intent.
- Desire for retaliation for some harm done in the past could be another reason for conflict.
- Biased perceptions are at the root of most conflicts. As already mentioned earlier, feelings of ‘they’ and ‘we’ lead to biased perceptions.
Question 31.
What is Social facilitation? Explain the reasons of social facilitation.
OR
What is Impression formation? What kind of factors can affect Impression formation? [4]
Answer:
One of the first observations made about social behaviour was that performance on specific tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others. This is called social facilitation. Norman Triplett observed that individuals show better performance in the presence of others, than when they are performing the same task alone. For instance, cyclists racing with each other perform better than when they cycle alone.
The factors which influence social facilitation are:
(1) Better performance in the presence of others is because the person experiences arousal, which makes the person react in a more intense manner. This explanation was given by Zajonc.
(2) The arousal is because the person feels she or he is being evaluated. Cottrell called this idea evaluation apprehension. The person will be praised if the performance is good (reward), or criticised if it is bad (punishment).
(3) The nature of the task to be performed also affects the performance in the presence of others. For example, in the case of a simple or familiar task, the person is more sure of performing well, and the eagerness to get praise or reward is stronger. So the individual performs better in the presence of others than she does when alone. But in the case of a complex or new task, the person may be afraid of making mistakes. The fear of criticism or punishment is stronger. So the individual performs worse in the presence of others than s/he does when alone.
(4) If the others present are also performing the same task, this is called a situation of co-action. In this situation, there is social comparison and competition. Once again, when the task is simple or a familiar one, performance is better under co-action than when the person is alone.
OR
Impression formation is the process by which individuals perceive, organize, and ultimately integrate information to form unified and coherent situated impressions of others. Internalized expectations for situated events condition what information individuals deem is important and worthy of their attention. Further, these expectations condition how individuals interpret this information.
In face-to-face interaction, social cues including others’ physical appearance and verbal and nonverbal behavior, and the social setting in which the exchange takes place, combine with information in perceivers’ memories to influence the ways in which they initially form impressions of others and themselves. These initial impressions serve as the basis for subsequent attributions.
Factors that can influence the impressions you form of other people include the characteristics of the person you are observing, the context of the situation, your own personal traits, and your past experiences.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Rohan has been addicted to alcohol and cocain from the past 1 year. How could this have affected his life? Also explain how heroin can affect ones life?
OR
Jay has been feeling euphoric and bursting from energy since the past 4 months. Due to this euphoric feeling he has invested a lot of money and lost it all He has been dressing extraordinarily even when going to sleep. When he lost all his money, he started sleeping more, eating less and having crying spells. What kind of disorder he might be suffering from and explain other disorders of this category. [6]
Answer:
Disorders relating to maladaptive behaviours resulting from regular and consistent use of the substance involved are called substance abuse disorders. These disorders include problems associated with using and abusing such drugs as alcohol, cocaine and heroin, which alter the way people think, feel and behave. There are two sub-groups of substance-use disorders, i.e. those related to substance dependence and those related to substance abuse.
In substance dependence, there is intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted, and the person shows. In substance abuse, there are recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of substances. People who regularly ingest drugs damage their family and social relationships, perform poorly at work, and create physical hazards.
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: People who abuse alcohol drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to help alcohol and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel its effects. They also experience withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcoholism destroys millions of families, social relationships and careers. Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.
It also has serious effects on the children of persons with this disorder. These children have higher rates of psychological problems, particularly anxiety, depression, phobias and substance-related disorders. Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health.
Cocaine Abuse and Dependence: Regular use of cocaine may lead to a pattern of abuse in which the person may be intoxicated throughout the day and function poorly in social relationships and at work. It may also cause problems in short-term memory and attention. Dependence may develop so that cocaine dominates the person’s life, and more of the drug is needed to get the desired effects, Cocaine poses serious dangers. It has dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.
Heroin dependence: Heroin intake significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning. Most abusers further develop a dependence on heroin, revolving their lives around the substance, building up a tolerance for it, and experiencing a withdrawal reaction when they stop taking it. The most direct and stopping it results in feelings of depression, fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and anxiety. Cocaine poses serious dangers. It has dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical Well-being.
OR
Jay has been going through Bipolar Disorder. In the starting he was going through a mania phase where he felt elated and euphoric and full of energy. In that mania, he invested a lot. And after this, a depressive phase followed which was characterised by behavioral changes like crying spells more sleeping, reduction in appetite.
He has been diagnosed under Mood Disorders. Mood disorders are characterised by disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. The most common mood disorder is depression, which covers a variety of negative moods and behavioural changes.
The main types of mood disorders include depressive, manic and bipolar disorders.
Major depressive disorder is defined as a period of depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, together with other symptoms which may include change in body weight, constant sleep problems, tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed behaviour, and thoughts of death and suicide. Other symptoms include excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness.
Another less common mood disorder is mania. People suffering from mania become euphoric (‘high’), extremely active, excessively talkative, and easily distractible. Manic episodes rarely appear by themselves; they usually alternate with depression. Such a mood disorder, in which both mania and depression are alternately present, is sometimes interrupted by periods of normal mood. This is known as bipolar mood disorder. Bipolar mood disorders were earlier referred to as manic-depressive disorders.
Among the mood disorders, the lifetime risk of a suicide attempt is highest in the case of bipolar mood disorders. Several risk factors in addition to mental health status of a person predict the likelihood of suicide. These include age, gender, ethnicity, or race and recent occurrence of a traumatic event.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Case study 1
On the one hand are the gifted and creative persons we discussed briefly earlier. On the other hand, there are children who face enormous difficulty in learning even very simple skills. Those children who show intellectual deficiency are termed as ‘intellectually disabled’. As a group, there is wide variation among the intellectually disabled. Individuals who are categorised as having intellectual disability show significant variation in their abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and function with special attention, to those who cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives.
Question 33.
Define Intellectual Deficieny. [2]
Answer:
The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views intellectual disability as “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period”. This definition points to three basic features.
First, in order to be judged as intellectually disabled, a person must show significantly sub-average intellectual functioning. Persons having IQs below 70 are judged to have sub-average intelligence. The second relates to deficits in adaptive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour refers to a person’s capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one’s environment. The third feature is that the deficits must be observed during the developmental period, that is between 0 and 18 years of age.
Question 34.
How can intellectually deficient be categorised in respect to their Intelligent quotient (IQ)? [2]
Answer:
Individuals having intellectual disability show significant variation in their abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and function with special attention, to those who cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives. You have learnt earlier that the mean IQ score in the population is 100. These figures are used to understand the categories of intellectually disabled.
The different levels of intellectual disability are: mild (IQs 55 to approximately 70), moderate (IQs 35–40 to approximately 50– 55), severe (IQs 20–25 to approximately 35–40), and profound (IQs below 20–25). Although the development of people with mild disability is typically slower than that of their peers, they can function quite independently, hold jobs and families. As the level of disability increases, the difficulties are strongly marked.
The people with moderate disability lag behind their peers in language and motor skills. They can be trained in self-care skills, and simple social and communication skills. They need to have moderate degree of supervision in everyday tasks. Individuals with profound and severe disability are incapable of managing life and need constant care for their entire lives.
Case study 2
According to Freud, much of human behaviour reflects an attempt to deal with or escape from anxiety. Thus, how the ego deals with anxiety largely determines how people behave. Freud believed that people avoid anxiety mainly by developing defence mechanisms that try to defend the ego against the awareness of the instinctual needs. This defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. Although some defence against anxiety is normal and adaptive, people who use these mechanisms to such an extent that reality is truly distorted develop various forms of maladjustment.
Question 35.
Explain any 3 defense mechanisms. [2]
Answer:
According to Freud, much of human behaviour reflects an attempt to deal with or escape from anxiety. Thus, how the ego deals with anxiety largely determines how people behave. Freud believed that people avoid anxiety mainly by developing defence mechanisms that try to defend the ego against the awareness of the instinctual needs. Thus, defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality.
The most important is repression, in which anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. When people repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that wish or desire. In projection, people attribute their own traits to others.
Thus, a person who has strong aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way towards her/him. In denial, a person totally refuses to accept reality. Thus, someone suffering from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny her/ his illness. In reaction formation, a person defends against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite to her/his true feelings.
Question 36.
Which 2 instictual forces energises the Id? [2]
Answer:
Freud also assumed that id is energised by two instinctual forces, called life instinct and death instinct. He paid less attention to the death instinct and focused more on the life (or sexual) instinct. The instinctual life force that energises the id is called libido. It works on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.