Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 2 are designed as per the revised syllabus.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 2 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions :
All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos 1 -18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type – I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type – II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos 28 – 31 in Section D are Long Answer Type – I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type – II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words
- Question Nos 33- 36 in Section F is based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section – A(18 Marks)
Question 1.
In what range does IQ score lie? [1]
(a) 70-130
(b) 90-110
(c) 90-130
(d) 70-100
Answer:
(b) 90-110
Explanation: The Majority of IQ scores lie between 90-110 and only a small percentage lie below 70 or above 130.
Question 2.
Who developed the Cognitive Assessment Battery? [1]
(a) Das and Naglieri
(b) Alfred Binet
(c) Kirby and Das
(d) Kirby and Naglieri
Answer:
(a) Das and Naglieri
Explanation: They both developed the CAS and also the PASS model with Kirby. 31
Question 3.
Who gave the concept of intelligent Quotient? [1]
(a) Theodore Simon
(b) Alfred Binet
(c) William Stem
(d) Charles Spearman
Answer:
(c) William Stern
Explanation: In 1912, William Stem, a German psychologist, devised the concept of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ). IQ refers to mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Question 4.
What techniques did Sigmund Freud use in his therapy? [1]
(a) free association
(b) dream analysis
(c) hypnosis
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above
Explanation: Freud used all of these techniques in his therapy.
Question 5.
Rahul enjoys studying physics and is good at playing the guitar. Identify the psychological attributes being highlighted in the statement. [1]
(a) Intelligence, Aptitude
(b) Aptitude, Interest
(c) interest, Aptitude
(d) Values, Aptitude
Answer:
(c) Interest, Aptitude
Explanation: Enjoyment in a task reflects one’s preference or interest, whereas, being good at a task reflects inherent potential or aptitude.
Question 6.
Which psychologist stated that it is not necessary for people with high IQ to be creative? [1]
(a) Savoy
(b) C.H Rice
(c) Hermann
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Hermann
Explanation: Hermann stated that it is not necessary that high-IQ people are intelligent and vice versa.
Question 7.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by severe and widespread impairments in social interactions and communications skills and stereo-typed pattern behaviors, interests, and activities: [1]
(a) ODD
(b) Conduct disorder
(c) ADHD
(d) Pervasive Developmental disorders
Answer:
(d) Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Explanation: All of them are neurodevelopmental disorders identified during the developmental years. However, ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, Conduct disorder by maladaptive conduct, and ADHD by hyperactivity and deficits in attention.
Question 8.
According to Charles Spearman, excellent singers like Michael Jackson or Lata Mangeshkar are blessed with the: [1]
(a) S factor
(b) G factor
(c) Musical intelligence
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) ‘S’ factor
Explanation: Spearman proposed 2 factors of intelligence- ‘g’ referred to as a general factor and ‘s’ as a specific factor. People who are high on a specific ability like musical intelligence are high on ‘s’ or specific factors in that particular domain according to Charles Spearman.
Question 9.
Mothers often convince their children to drink milk by telling them that miLk enhances overall growth and makes them strong. By telling this mothers are trying to activate served by the message to bring about an attitude change. [1]
(a) motives
(c) persuasion
(b) behavior
(d) intention
Answer:
(a) Motives
Explanation: In the process of attitude change, the characteristics of the message
that determine change are emotional appeal, rational appeal, and motives. Since an individual’s behavior is goal or need-driven, it is activated by inherent needs or motives.
Question 10.
The person who forms the impression is called the_______ The individual about whom the impression is formed is called the_______ [1]
(a) target, perceiver
(b) impression, perceiver
(c) perceiver, target
(d) perceiver, attribution
Answer:
(c) perceiver, target
Explanation: The perceiver gathers information, or responds to the given information, about the qualities of the target organizes this information, and draws inferences about the target
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Groupthink is a result of cohesiveness. Members of highly cohesive groups have a greater desire to remain in the group in
comparison to those who belong to low cohesive groups. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Explanation: High degree of closeness, binding, and mutual attraction among the group members leads to feeling more confident about
an extreme position about an issue hence leading to Groupthink.
Question 12.
The three C’s of Hardiness are: [1]
(a) Commitment, creativity, and challenge
(b) Commitment, challenge, and control
(c) Control, challenge, and creativity
(d) Control, commitment, and creativity
Answer:
(b) Commitment, challenge, and control
Explanation: Kobasa defined the 3 C’s of hardiness are commitment control and challenge.
Question 13.
Due to_______of people performance_______ . [1]
(a) absence, increase
(b) presence, decreases
(c) presence, increases
(d) absence, decreases
Answer:
(c) presence, increases
Explanation: This phenomenon is known as Social Facilitation.
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): A person develops maladaptive behavior due to a discrepancy between the ideal and real self.
Reason (R): According to the humanistic approach, people want to have a sense of ideal and real self and they should be congruent. When they are not, it results in abnormal behavior. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation: According to Behavioristapproach, behavior is best understood in context with the environment as people change their behavior according to the needs of the environment.
Question 15.
What are the 3 trigonous mentioned? [1]
(a) Vata, kapha, pittah
(b) Vata, kapha, sattva
(c) Sattva, rajas, kapha
(d) Sattva, Rajas , tamas
Answer:
(d) Sattva. Rajas and tamas
Explanation: Trigunas (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas): 3 Gunas to Know Your Personality. Ayurvedic philosophy provides an idea of the creation of the universe, from which the concept of Trigun’s (Tri-3 and Gunas-Qualities) of Nature is evolved.
Question 16.
Which kind of personality is cooperative, or unassertive? [1]
(a) Type A
(b) Type B
(c) Type C
(d) Type D
Answer:
(c) Type C
Explanation: Morris has suggested a Type-C personality, which is prone to cancer. Individuals characterized by this personality are the cooperative, unassertive, and patient They suppress their negative emotions (e.g., anger), and show compliance to authority.
Question 17.
What does the collective unconscious consist of? [1]
(a) Memories of the past
(b) Archetypes
(c) Dreams
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Archetypes
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Stress inoculation is a cognitive behavioral technique Reason (R): It helps replace negative thoughts with rational ones and focuses on both cognition and behavior. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Section – B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
Explain how stress affects the immune system. [2]
Answer:
Stress can cause illness by impairing the workings of the immune system. The immune system guards the body against attackers, both from within and outside. Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the links between the mind, the brain and the immune system. It studies the effects of Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are highly stressed. stress on the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) within the immune (antigens) such as viruses. It also leads to the production of antibodies. Stress can affect natural killer cell cytotoxicity, which is of major importance in the defense against various infections and cancer.
Question 20.
With the help of examples, explain the impact of social support on an individual’s ability to handle stress.
OR
Explain how stress affects our behavior. [1]
Answer:
Stress can be reduced with the help of social support in the following ways:
Tangible support or assistance involving material aid, such as money, goods, services, etc. For example, a sick patient has access to good medical and healthcare facilities. Informational support: Family and friends also provide informational support about stressful events. For example, a student faces a stressful event such as a difficult examination, may benefit from easy notes to study from. Emotional support Supportive friends and family provide emotional support by reassuring the individual that she/he is loved, valued, and cared for.
OR
Stress affects our behavior in the form of eating less nutritional food, increasing intake of stimulants such as caffeine, excessive consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and other drugs such as tranquilizers etc. Tranquillizers can be addictive and have side effects such
as loss of concentration, poor coordination, and dizziness. Some of the typical behavioral effects of stress seen are disrupted sleep patterns, increased absenteeism, and reduced work performance.
Question 21.
Differentiate between delusions and hallucinations. [2]
Answer:
Delusions refer to a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. They are 4 types- delusions of persecution (belief of being plotted against or spied on), delusions of reference (attaching personal meaning to the actions), delusions of grandeur (belief of being specially empowered), and delusions of control (belief of thoughts, feelings, and actions as controlled by others). Hallucinations refer to perceptions that occur in absence of external stimuli. They are of several types-auditory (voices that speak directly to them), tactile (tingling, burning sensations), somatic (crawling feeling inside the stomach), visual (seeing people/things not actually there), gustatory (strange tastes) and olfactory (smell of poison or smoke).
Related Theory:
Delusions and Hallucinations are known as the Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. There are two more categories of symptoms of Schizophrenia i.e. Negative symptoms and Psychomotor Symptoms.
Question 22.
With the help of an example state the sources of prejudice. [2]
Answer:
Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative, and in many cases, may be based on stereotypes (the cognitive component) about the specific group. The cognitive component of prejudice is frequently accompanied by the affective component i.e. dislike and hatred. Prejudice may also get translated into discrimination. For example, the genocide committed by the Nazis in Germany against Jewish people lead to hatred and discrimination. The following are the sources of prejudice:
Learning: Like other attitudes, prejudices can also be Learned through association, reward and punishment, observing others, group or cultural norms and exposure to information that encourages prejudice. For example, learning prejudices against people of colour, race, and religion.
Scapegoating: This is a phenomenon by which the majority group places the blame on a minority outgroup for its own social, economic or political problems.
Kernel of truth concept: Sometimes people may continue to hold stereotypes because they think that, after all, there must be some truth, or ‘kernel of truth’ in what everyone says about the other group. Even a few examples are sufficient to support the ‘kernel of truth’ idea.
Related Theory:
A self-fulfilling prophecy is another source of prejudice i.e. the group that is the target of prejudice is itself responsible for continuing the prejudice.
Question 23.
With the help of any 2 Neo Freudians, explain how they modified Freud’s ideas of personality. [2]
Answer:
Freud was the father of the Psychodynamic approach who focused upon Personality development as resulting from unresolved conflicts of the past Even though many people followed the Freudian approach, some of them modified his theory:
Carl Jung: Unlike Freud who said that human behavior is guided by unresolved conflicts and unconscious processes. Jung believed that human beings are driven by their aims and aspirations. While, Freud postulated the notion of 3 levels of consciousness i.e. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious, Jung gave the term collective unconscious to refer to the archetypes which are not individually acquired but are inherited
Karen Homey: She was another disciple of Freud who derived her theory further from Freudian principles. She adopted a more optimistic view of human life. As per her, human beings are driven by growth and self-actualization, unlike Freud’s theory which is viewed as libido being driven by sexual impulses.
She also contributed by challenging Freud’s treatment of women as inferior. She said each gender has attributes to be admired by the other, neither being superior or inferior. Women are more affected by social and cultural factors. According to Horney, psychological disorders Like anxiety are caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood due to frustration of needs.
Related Theory
Erik Erikson was another Neo Freudian who introduced the concept of identity crisis and adapted the stages of Personality development into Psychosocial stages unlike Freud who postulated the Psychosexual stages of personality development while Erich Fromm adapted Freudian theory to view human nature from a positive perspective.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
How is intelligence perceived differently across cultures? [3]
Answer:
Culture refers to a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes and achievements in art and literature. It is rightly said that an individual’s intelligence is likely to be tuned by cultural parameters. The cultural differences in the conceptualization of intelligence are as follows:
| Technological intelligence | Integral intelligence |
| Present in technologically advanced societies. | Present in less developed societies. |
| Focus is on personal achievement and goal-directed behavior and development of skills of generalization, abstraction, speed, minimal moves, and mental manipulation. | Focus is on social and emotional skills. |
| Emphasis is upon the development of Cognitive tasks that require
(1) Attention, (2) Observation, (3) Analysis, (4) Performance and (5) Speed. |
Emphasis is upon holistic development i.e. combination of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.
(1) Cognitive capacity (context, understanding discrimination, problem-solving), (2) Social competence (respect for elders, social order, commitment to those around), (3) Emotional competence (self-regulation of emotions), (4) Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, goal-directed). |
Question 25.
Enumerate the symptoms of Autism Spectrum disorders. [3]
Answer:
Autism is a neurological developmental disability that hampers normal brain development affecting communication, social interaction, and behavior. 70% of autistic children have a chance of being mentally retarded. Autism is known as a spectrum disorder because its symptoms and characteristics appear in a variety of combinations that affect children in different ways. The following are the symptoms:
(1) Impaired Communication: They show severe and widespread impairments in communication skills they may repeat words and phrases, cannot form meaningful sentences, and may use sign language while communicating.
(2) Social interaction: They show profound difficulty in relating with people as they cannot understand the feelings and emotions of others, avoid making friends and avoid eye contact.
(3) Sensory difficulties: The y exhibited difficulty in hearing and may be oversensitive to light, touch, and certain sounds.
(4) Behaviour: Such children may reflect repetitive behaviors such as lining up objects or stereotyped body movements such as rocking. These movements are self-stimulatory.
Question 26.
Sneha was publicly ridiculed by her teacher when she was in Class 5. Today as an adult pursuing master she is unable to connect with people socially and those in authority as she believes she is unwanted. Identify what needs to be corrected in Sneha’s life as well as describe the therapeutic approach most suitable to achieve this goal.
OR
After experiencing failure in his start-up business as well as relationships in his personal life, Sam has lost the ability to see purpose and meaning in his life. Describe the therapeutic approach – that would be most suitable to treat him. [3]
Answer:
Sneha has developed a dysfunctional core schema about herself because of her childhood experience i.e. ’I am unwanted’ which is determining her inability to form new social connections. Hence, Cognitive Therapy by Aaron Beck could be used to help her.
Purpose of Therapy: Cognitive restructuring is the chief aim of this therapy. This reduces anxiety and distress experienced by the client. This therapy would help her replace the dysfunctional schema with rational and functional beliefs about herself.
Identifying Core schemas: Beck’s theory states that childhood experiences provided by the family and society develop core schemas. Thus, Sneha, who was ridiculed by her teacher as a child, develops the core schema of ‘I am not wanted’, leading to the development of negative automatic thoughts.
Effects on the perception of reality: Cognitive distortions are ways of thinking which are general in nature but which distort reality in a negative manner. Repeated occurrences of these thoughts in Sneha’s mind have led to the development of feelings of anxiety and depression.
Method of Questioning: The therapist would use questioning, which is a gentle, non-threatening disputation of the client’s beliefs and thoughts. Examples of such questions would be, ‘Why should everyone want you around?’, ‘What does it mean to you to be wanted in your life?’ etc. The questions make the client think in a direction opposite to that of the negative automatic thoughts whereby she gains insight into the nature of her dysfunctional schemas and is able to alter her cognitive structures.
OR
Sam, has developed a sense of meaninglessness in life and has lost purpose due to facing failures in his personal and professional life, hence Logotherapy developed by Victor Frankl would be the most effective therapy for him.
Logotherapy: The term logotherapy (the Greek word) is derived from a combination of two Greek words i.e. Logos which means soul and therapy mean treatment. Thus, Logotherapy means treatment for the soul. Frankl calls this process of finding meaning even in life-threatening circumstances as the process of meaning-making.
Meaning of Existence: The basis of meaning-making is a person’s quest for finding the spiritual truth of one’s existence. According to Frankl, there is a spiritual unconscious, which is the storehouse of love, aesthetic awareness, and values of life. Neurotic anxieties arise when the problems of life are attached to the physical, psychological or spiritual aspects of one’s existence.
Existential Anxiety: Frankl emphasized the role of spiritual anxieties in leading to meaninglessness and hence it may be called existential anxiety, i.e. neurotic anxiety of spiritual origin.
Goal of logotherapy: It is to help the patients to find meaning and responsibility in their life irrespective of their life circumstances. The therapist encourages the client to find meaning in his life. The therapist is open and shares his feelings, values and his own existence with the client. The emphasis is on here and now. The therapist would remind Sam about the immediacy of the present.
Question 27.
‘The humanistic approach of Personality emphasizes the significance of positive aspects of life.’ Justify the statement. [3]
Answer:
The Humanistic approach to Personality development emphasizes a positive view of the human being. This can be justified by the following points:
(1) Carl Rogers: proposed the idea of a fully functional person. According to him, fulfillment is the motivational force for personality development. People try to express their capabilities, talents, and potential to the fullest extent. He observed that each person has a concept of the True self and an Ideal self about them.
(2) Concept of Self: An ideal self is a self that a person would like to be while the real self is what he really is. Correspondence between the two leads to a happier and contented person in congruence with himself. However, a discrepancy between the two can lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction.
(3) He made two assumptions about human behavior:
- Human behavior is goal-directed and worthwhile.
- People will almost always choose self-actualizing and adaptive behavior.
(4) Abraham Maslow gave an account of psychologically healthy people in terms of their attainment of self-actualization. Maslow has a positive view of people who had the potential for love, joy and to do creative work. According to him the real journey of human life begins with the pursuit of self-esteem and self-actualization needs.
Related Theory:
According to this approach, an individual who is healthy has the following characteristic awareness of self, one’s feelings and limits and accept responsibility for their lives; they experience the ‘Here’ and ‘Now’ and they do not live in the past but dwelt in the future through anxious expectations or defenses.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Differentiate between a group and a team. Elaborate the factors that facilitate the formation of a group.
OR
What is a group structure? What are the events of a group structure? [4]
Answer:
The chief differences between groups and teams are:
| Groups | Teams |
| A group may be defined as an organised system of two or more individuals, who are interacting and interdependent. | Teams are special kinds of groups. Members of teams often have complementary skills. |
| Group members have common motives and a set of role relationships among its members. | Team members are committed to a common goal or purpose. Members are mutually accountable for their activities. |
| Groups have norms that regulate the behaviour of its members. | In teams there is a positive synergy attained through the coordinated efforts of the members. |
| Performance is dependent upon individual member contributions. | Both individual contributions and teamwork matter. |
| The leader or whoever is heading the group holds responsibility for the work. | Although there is a leader, members hold themselves responsible. |
The factors facilitating group formation are as follows:
Proximity: Repeated interactions with the same set of individuals give us a chance to know them, and their interests and attitudes better. This is possible only with people who are physically close in proximity i.e. those in the class or living in the same society or neighborhood.
Similarity: When two people are similar, there is consistency between them and they start liking each other. For example, if someone likes playing football then he’s more likely to make friends with people who also love playing football. The similarity between people reinforces and validates our opinions and values, we feel we are right and thus we start liking them
Common motives and goals: When people goals, they get together and form a group that may facilitate their goal attainment. For example, you want to teach children in a slum area who are unable to go to school. You cannot do this alone because you have your own studies and homework. You, therefore, form a group of like-minded friends and start teaching these children.
OR
During the process of group formation, groups also develop a structure, group structure develops as members interact. Over time this the interaction shows regularities in the distribution of tasks to be performed, responsibilities assigned to members, and the prestige or relative status of members. Four important elements of group structure are :
Roles are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill. Roles refer to the typical behavior that depicts a person in a given social context. Norms are expected standards of behavior and beliefs established, agreed upon, and enforced by group members. They may be considered as a group’s ‘unspoken rules. Status refers to the relative social position given to group members by others.
This relative position or status may be either ascribed (given may be because of one’s seniority) or achieved (the person has achieved status because of expertise or hard work). Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members. As the group becomes more cohesive, group members start to think, feel and act as a social unit, and less like isolated individuals. Members of a highly cohesive group have a greater desire to remain in the group in comparison to those who belong to low cohesive groups.
Question 29.
How can we determine if one’s attitude is consistent with behavior? [4]
Answer:
Whether one’s actual behavior will be consistent or contrary to one’s attitude towards a particular topic is dependent upon a number of conditions according to Psychologists. Some of these are as follows:
Features of attitude: If the attitude is strong and occupies a central place in the attitude system then attitude will guide behavior. Awareness: If the person is aware of his attitude then there will be a strong relationship between attitude and behavior External pressure: When there is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way. For example, when there is no group pressure to follow a particular norm, then the individual may behave as per his attitude.
Evaluation apprehension: When the person’s behavior is not being watched or evaluated by others there will be high consistency between attitude and behavior Presumed consequences: When the person thinks that the behavior would have a positive consequence, he intends to engage in that behavior. Richard LaPierre, an American social psychologist, conducted a study to examine the strength of consistency between attitude and behavior (it was believed that Chinese were discriminated against by the Americans).
He asked a Chinese couple to travel across the United States, and stay in different hotels. Only once during this occasion, they were refused service by one of the hotels. Sometime later, LaPierre sent out questionnaires to managers of hotels and tourist homes in the same areas where the Chinese couple had traveled, asking them if they would give accommodation to Chinese guests.
A very large percentage said that they would not do so. This response showed a negative attitude towards the Chinese, which was inconsistent with the positive behavior that was actually shown towards the traveling Chinese couple. Thus, attitudes may not always predict an actual pattern of one’s behavior.
Question 30.
‘Any intellectual activity involves the independent functioning of three neurological systems.’ Describe the theory of intelligence that supports this view. [4]
Answer:
Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence- This model has been developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994). According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of the brain.
Arousal/Attention: An optimal level of arousal allows an individual to focus on relevant aspects of a problem. Too much or too little arousal would interfere with attention. For example, when a student feels optimum arousal about the upcoming exam, he can pay attention to reading, learning, and revising the contents of the chapters.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing: Simultaneous processing takes place when one perceives the relations among various concepts and integrates them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension. For example, in Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test, the subject is required to choose one of the six options that best completes the given incomplete pattern. Simultaneous processing helps in grasping the meaning and relationship between the given abstract figures. Successive processing takes place when the information is to be remembered serially so that the recall of one leads to the recall of another. For example, learning digits, alphabets, multiplication tables, etc
Planning: This is an essential feature of intelligence. After the information is attended to and processed, planning is activated. It allows us to think of the possible courses of action, and implement them to reach them. The organism makes efforts to cope with the threat through confrontation.
Question 31.
Describe the major types of anxiety disorders.
OR
What is dissociation? Describe the disorders related to it. [4]
Answer:
Anxiety is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. The anxious individual also shows combinations of the following symptoms: rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors. There are many types of anxiety disorders. These are :
Generalized anxiety disorder, consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained, and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object. The symptoms include worry and apprehensive feelings about the future; hypervigilance, which involves constantly scanning the environment for dangers. It is marked by motor tension, as a result of which the person is unable to relax, is restless, and visibly shaky and tense.
Another type of anxiety disorder is panic disorder, which consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences
intense terror. A panic attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety rising to a peak when thoughts of a particular stimuli are present. Such thoughts occur in an unpredictable manner. The clinical features include shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, palpitations, choking, nausea, chest pain or discomfort, fear of going crazy, losing control or dying. People who have phobias have irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations.
Phobias often develop gradually or begin with a generalized anxiety disorder. Phobias can be grouped into three main types, i.e. specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia.
(1) Specific phobias are the most commonly occurring type of phobia. This group includes irrational fears such as intense fear of a certain type of animal, or of being in an enclosed space. Intense and incapacitating fear and embarrassment when dealing with others characterizes social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
(2) Agoraphobia is the term used when people develop a fear of entering unfamiliar situations. Many people with agoraphobia are afraid of leaving their homes. So their ability to carry out normal life activities is severely limited.
(3) Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is another type of anxiety disorder. Individuals with separation anxiety disorder are fearful and anxious about separation from attachment figures to an extent that is developmentalÿ not appropriate. Children with SAD may have difficulty being in a room by themselves.
OR
Dissociation can be viewed as a severance of the connections between ideas and emotions. Dissociation involves feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalization, and sometimes a loss or shift of identity. Sudden temporary alterations of consciousness that blot out painful experiences are the defining characteristic of dissociative disorders. The following are the dissociation disorder;
Dissociative amnesia is characterized by extensive but selective memory loss that has no known organic cause (e.g., head injury). Some people cannot remember anything about their past. A part of dissociative amnesia is dissociative fugue. An essential feature of this could be an unexpected travel away from home and the workplace, the assumption of a new identity, and the inability to recall the previous identity.
The fugue usually ends when the person suddenly ‘wakes up’ with no memory of the events that occurred during the fugue. This disorder is often associated with overwhelming stress Dissociative identity disorder, often referred to as multiple personalities, is the most dramatic of the dissociative disorders. It is often associated with traumatic experiences in childhood.
In this disorder, the person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not be aware of each other. Depersonalization/Derealisation disorder involves a dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from reality. In depersonalization, there is a change of self-perception, and the person’s sense of reality is temporarily lost or changed.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
John, is a 30-year-old man who has been going to therapy for the past 8 months. continuous sessions, observed that John when he was a child, did not have a good relationship with his mother in his childhood because his mother was absent and cold throughout his childhood and he never experienced motherly love.
Due to this, he has trouble talking with other females and always thinks that they would abandon him. In further sessions, he started becoming hostile with the therapist, who was also a female and started talking to her like she was his mother. He has been facing anxiety issues and was constantly restless. The therapist on the basis of the above case, explains which therapy was the therapist using and why did John become hostile towards the female therapist.
OR
What is Psychotherapy? What are the major contributors that influence healing in therapy? As a therapist, what ethics have to be followed by them? [6]
Answer:
Since John started acting like his therapist was his mother, it clearly indicates that the therapist was using the Psychodynamic approach. Transference and Interpretation are the means of treating the patient, the client starts identifying the therapist with the authority figures of the past, usually childhood. The therapist was seen as a negligent mother. The therapist maintains a non-judgmental yet permissive attitude and allows the client to continue with this process of emotional identification.
This is the process of transference. The therapist encourages this process because it helps her/him in understanding the unconscious conflicts of the client. The client acts out her/ his frustrations, anger, fear, and depression that she/he harbored towards that person in the past, but could not express at that time. The therapist becomes a substitute for that person in the present. This stage is called transference neurosis. A full-blown transference neurosis is helpful in making the therapist aware of the nature of intrapsychic conflicts suffered by the client.
There is the positive transference in which the client idolizes, or falls in love with the therapist, and seeks the therapist’s approval. Negative transference is present when the client has feelings of hostility, anger, and resentment towards the therapist. The process of transference is met with resistance. Since the process of transference exposes the unconscious wishes and conflicts, thereby increasing the distress levels, the client resists transference. Due to resistance, the client opposes the progress of therapy in order to protect herself/himself from the recall of painful unconscious memories.
Resistance can be conscious or unconscious. Conscious resistance is present when the client deliberately hides some information. Unconscious resistance is assumed to be present when the client becomes silent during the therapy session, recalls trivial details without recalling the emotional ones, misses appointments, and comes late for therapy sessions. The therapist overcomes the resistance by repeatedly confronting the patient about it and by uncovering emotions such as anxiety, fear, or shame, which are causing the resistance. Interpretation is the fundamental mechanism by which change is effected.
Confrontation and clarification are the two analytical techniques of interpretation. In a confrontation, the therapist points out to the client an aspect of her/his psyche that must be faced by the client. Clarification is the process by which the therapist brings a vague or confusing event into sharp focus. Interpretation is a more subtle process. It is considered to be the pinnacle of psychoanalysis. The therapist uses the unconscious material that has been uncovered in the process of free association, dream interpretation, transference, and resistance to make the client aware of the psychic contents and conflicts which have led to the occurrence of certain events, symptoms, and conflicts.
Interpretation can focus on intrapsychic conflicts or on deprivations suffered in childhood. The repeated process of using confrontation, clarification, and interpretation is known as working through. Working through helps the patient to understand herself/himself and the source of the problem and to integrate the uncovered material into her/his ego. The outcome of working through is insight. Insight is not a sudden event but a gradual process wherein the unconscious memories are repeatedly integrated into conscious awareness; these unconscious events and memories are re-experienced in transference and are worked through. As this process continues, the client starts to understand herself/himself better at an intellectual and emotional level, and gains insight into her/his conflicts and problems.
OR
Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment or the client and the one who treats the therapist. The purpose of the relationship is to help the client to solve the psychological problems faces by her or him. Psychotherapies aim at changing maladaptive behaviors, decreasing the sense of personal distress, and helping the client to adapt better to her/ his environment, etc. All psychotherapeutic approaches have the following characteristics :
(1) there is a systematic application of principles underlying the different theories of therapy,
(2) persons who have received practical training under expert supervision can practice psychotherapy.
(3) the therapeutic situation involves a therapist and a client who seeks and receives help for her/his emotional problems (this person is the focus of attention in the therapeutic process), and
(4) the interaction of these two persons the therapist and the client results in the consolidation/formation of the therapeutic relationship. This is a confidential, interpersonal, and dynamic relationship. All psychotherapies aim at a few or all of the following goals :
- Reinforcing the client’s resolve for betterment.
- Lessening emotional pressure.
- Unfolding the potential for positive growth.
- Modifying habits.
- Changing thinking patterns.
- Increasing self-awareness.
- Improving interpersonal relations and communication
The factors which are responsible for healing in therapy are as follows :
A major factor in healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the patient/client. If the behavioral system and the CBT school are adopted to heal an anxious client, the relaxation procedures and the cognitive restructuring largely contribute to the healing. The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/ client, has healing properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.
At the outset of therapy, while the patient/ client is being interviewed in the initial sessions to understand the nature of the problem, she/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced. This process of emotional unburdening is known as catharsis, and it has healing properties. There are several non-specific factors associated with psychotherapy. Some of these factors are attributed to the patient/ client and some to the therapist. These factors are called non-specific because they occur across different systems of psychotherapy and across different clients/patients and different therapists.
Non-specific factors attributable to the client/patient are a motivation for change, an expectation of improvement due to the treatment, etc. These are called patient variables. Non-specific factors attributable to the therapist are positive nature, absence of unresolved emotional conflicts, presence of good mental health, etc. These are called therapist variables. As a psychologist, one has to follow some ethics. These ethics in Psychotherapy are :
- Informed consent needs to be taken.
- The confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
- Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts by the therapist.
- The integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important.
- Respect for human rights and dignity.
- Professional competence and skills are essential.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Case study 1
Jung worked with Freud in the early stages of their career, but later on, he broke away from Freud. Jung saw human beings guided as much by aims and aspirations as by sex and aggression. He developed his own theory of personality, called analytical psychology. The basic assumption of his theory is that personality consists of competing forces and structures within the individual (that must be balanced) rather than between the individual and the demands of society, or between the individual and reality.
Question 33.
What did Jung mean by Collective unconsciousness? [2]
Answer:
Jung claimed that there was a collective unconsciousness consisting of archetypes or primordial images. These are not individually acquired but are inherited. God or Mother Earth is a good example of an archetype. It is an archetype that is expressed in many ways. He devoted much of his efforts to the study of such expressions in various traditions.
Question 34.
To achieve wholeness, why should one be aware of their collective unconsciousness? [2]
Answer:
The basic assumption of his theory is that personality consists of competing forces and structures within the individual (that must be balanced) rather than between the individual and the demands of society, or between the individual and reality. According to him, for achieving unity and wholeness, a person must become increasingly aware of the wisdom available in one’s personal and collective unconscious and must learn to live in harmony with it.
Case study 2
Stress includes all those environmental and personal events, which challenge or threaten the well-being of a person. These stressors can be external, such as environmental (noise, air pollution), social (break-up with a friend, loneliness) or psychological (conflict, frustration) within the individual. Very often, these stressors result in a variety of stress reactions, which may be physiological, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive. At the physiological level, arousal plays a key role in stress-related behaviors.
Question 35.
Explain the two pathways which are activated by stress. [2]
Answer:
At the physiological level, arousal plays a key role in stress-related behaviors. The hypothalamus initiates action along two pathways. The first pathway involves the autonomic nervous system. The adrenal gland releases large amounts of catecholamines (epinephrine and epinephrine) into the bloodstream. This leads to physiological changes seen in the fight-or-flight response. The second pathway involves the pituitary gland, which secretes the corticosteroid (cortisol) which provides energy.
Question 36.
What are the emotional and behavioral responses to stress? [2]
Answer:
The emotional reactions to the experience of stress include negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, embarrassment, anger, depression, or even denial. The behavioral responses are virtually limitless, depending on the nature of the stressful event. Confrontative action against the stressor (fight) or withdrawal from the threatening event (flight) are two general categories of behavioral responses.