Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 3 are designed as per the revised syllabus.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 3 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions :
All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type – I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type – II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type – I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type – II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section – A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
The distribution of IQ scores ____________. [1]
(i) is approximately normal or bell-shaped.
(ii) falls off abruptly above 100.
(iii) reveals a difference in the average for men and women.
(iv) shows that most people score between 90 and 109
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i),(iii)
(b) (i),(ii)
(c) (i),(iv)
(d) (ii),(iv)
Answer:
(c) (i),(iv)
Explanation: The normal curve shows the IQ score and how they are distributed in the population. It is bell shaped due to difference of IQ score and most people fall between 90-110.
Question 2.
People with schizophrenia show no emotion at all. What effect is this? [1]
(a) Avolition
(b) Alogia
(c) Flat affect
(d) Blunt affect
Answer:
(c) Flat affect
Explanation: Flat affects refers to showing no emotion at all.
Question 3.
__________can provide an active outlet for the physiological arousal experienced in response to stress. [1]
(a) Diet
(b) Exercise
(c) Mediation
(d) biofeedback
Answer:
b) Exercise
Explanation: Exercise helps release the physiological arousal caused by stress.
Question 4.
The counsellor asks the parent of a 11-year old Arav showing symptoms of conduct disorder to prepare a calendar and give a golden star to him for every time he displays adaptive behaviour. After Arav collects 15 golden stars, he’s allowed to exchange them for an ice cream of his choice. The counsellor is using the technique to improve Arav’s behaviour. The used technique is: [1]
(a) Modelling
(b) Positive reinforcement
(c) Token economy
(d) Vicarious learning
Answer:
(c) Token economy
Explanation: In this technique, the client collects some tokens (against his display of desirable behaviour) and then he exchanges them for rewards.
Question 5.
What does ABC means in rational EMotive therapy? [1]
(a) Action-belief- Consequence
(b) Antecedent- Belief- consequence
(c) Anetcedent- Behavior- consequent
(d) Action- behavior- consequence
Answer:
(b) Antecedent- Belief- Consequence
Explanation: The first step in RET is the antecedent belief-consequence (ABC) analysis. Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. The client is also interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality. Irrational beliefs may not be supported by empirical evidence in the environment.
Question 6.
The model states that psychological disorders develop when a biological predisposition to the disorder is set off by a stressful situation. [1]
(a) Sociocultural model
(b) Psychodynamic model
(c) Diathesis stress model
(d) Behavioral model
Answer:
(c) Diathesis stress model
Explanation: Few other models that explain abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, humanistic-existential, and diathesis-stress and socio-cultural models.
Question 7.
Which type of the white blood cells are attacked by the HIV? [1]
(a) T-cells
(b) B-cells
(c) Natural killer cells
(d) T helper cells
Answer:
(d) T-helper cells
Explanation: T-cells destroy invaders, B-cells produce antibodies and natural killer cells are involved in the fight against viruses and tumors.
Question 8.
Which of the therapy can be used in group settings? [1]
(a) Psychodynamic therapy
(b) Behavioral therapy
(c) Gestalt therapy
(d) logotherapy
Answer:
(c) Gestalt therapy
Explanation: Gestalt therapy is used in group settings as well.
Question 9.
Schemas that function in the form of categories are called ___________. [1]
(a) Prejudices
(c) Prototypes
(b) Stereotypes
(d) Core schemas
Answer:
(c) Prototypes
Explanation: Schemas refer to mental structures that provide a framework for processing information. The schemas that function in the form of categories are referred to as prototypes.
Question 10.
When you support capital punishment and learn that others also approve of it, you feel confident as your view is validated. This is known as the. [1]
(a) Social loafing
(b) Group polarisation
(c) Self confidence
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Group polarisation
Explanation: The potential of a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members is known as group polarisation.
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice [1]
Assertion (A): Many of us drive ourselves ruthlessly towards achieving unrealistic and high standards in achieving our goals. This is a source of psychological stress.
Reason (R): Conflicts stem from beliefs based on expectations from inside us to ourselves.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation: Perfectionism is related to conflict and frustration.
Question 12.
People feel more vulnerable to threats by being a member of a group. (True/False) [1]
Answer:
False
Explanation: People feel less vulnerable to threats by being a member of a group.
Question 13.
In the process of RET, the irrational beliefs are refuted by the therapist through a process of. [1]
(a) Nondirective questioning
(b) Probing question
(c) Open ended questions
(d) Close ended questions
Answer:
(a) Nondirective questioning
Explanation: Nondirective questioning is used in RET to recognise the patterns
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice [1]
Assertion (A): The behaviour model states that abnormal behavior is a result of maladaptive behaviour pattern. We learn behavior by observation, and we see someone adapting faulty patterns, we imbibe it.
Reason (R): We learn behavior by observation, and we see someone adapting faulty patterns, we imbibe it.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion(A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Behavior model states that disorders are a result of maladaptive behavior pattern.
Question 15.
The discipline named studies the effect of stress on the immune system is: [1]
(a) Psychoneuroimmunology
(b) Immunology
(c) Biology
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Psychoneuroimmunology
Explanation: In psychoneuroimmunology the relationship between stress and immunity is examined. It is believed that people who are high on stress are prone to poor immune system and hence have a higher tendency to fall sick.
Question 16.
According to the triguna theory of personality which guna characterizes laziness, anger, arrogance, depression and helplessness? [1]
(a) Tamas
(c) Sattva
(b) Rajas
(d) Type A
Answer:
(a) Tamas
Explanation: The other two gunas are the sattvas (characterized by cleanliness, truthfulness, dutifulness) and the rajas (characterized by sense gratification, envy for others, materialistic mentality).
Question 17.
Sometimes people continue to hold some stereotypes because they feel that after all there must be some truth in them. This is referred to as_________. [1]
(a) Kernel of truth
(b) Scapegoating
(c) Stereotype
(d) Prejudice
Answer:
(a) Kernel of truth
Explanation: The belief that if a prejudice exists about a particular community of people there must be some truth in it is referred to as the kernel of truth.
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): There may be many people who are academically talented but are unsuccessful in their own lives.
Reason (R): The source of their difficulty is lack of emotional intelligence.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion(A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation: It is not important that a person with high IQ would be successful. If they do not know how to manage their emotions, it would interfere with their success.
Section -B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
What are the limitations of the behavioural ratings? [2]
OR
How can the draw a person test help us in assessing an individual’s unconscious motives?
Answer:
Behavioural ratings: These are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in educational or industrial settings. Behavioural ratings are generally taken from people who know the client intimately and have interacted over a period of time. The limitations of behavioural rating method are:
(1) Halo effect: Raters may get influenced by a single favourable/unfavourable trait, which colours the overall judgment on all the traits.
(2) Extreme response bias or middle category bias: This is the tendency to place individuals in the middle of the scale or in the extreme positions.
OR
Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. They are based on the assumption that a less structured stimulus will allow the client to project his/her feelings, desires and needs without intimidating him/her. One such technique is draw a person test. In this test, the subject is asked to draw a person on a sheet of paper and then to draw another person of the opposite sex. Then the subject is asked to make a story about the two people. Interpretations are done on the basis of omission of facial features or over emphasis upon them.
Related Theory:
The Rorschach inkblot test, incomplete sentences blank, the Rosenzweig’s picture frustration study and TAT are a few more projective techniques of personality assessment that help in gathering information about the person’s attributes through unstructured stimuli.
Question 20.
Elaborate the concept of psychological stress. [2]
Answer:
Psychological stress is the one that generates in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. People may worry about problems, feel anxiety, or become depressed.
(1) Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal (social discrimination and low grades).
(2) Conflicts may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives.
(3) Pressures are experienced due to expectations.
Internal pressure stems from beliefs based upon expectations from ourselves. Social pressure may be brought about from people who make excessive demands on us.
Question 21.
With the help of an example explain how antecedent operations and consequent operations are used to bring about change in behaviour. [2]
Answer:
Antecedent operations refer to the process of changing behaviour by changing something that precedes that behaviour. Consequent operations refer to the process of changing behaviour by increasing or decreasing the reinforcing value ofa particular consequence. For example, if the mother wants the child to learn to eat green vegetables and healthy food, she can reduce the unhealthy snacks that the child binges on before his/her meals (antecedent operation) and introduce a reward for every time he/she eats the green vegetables (positively reinforcing the consequence).
Question 22.
A class 11 student who is very short tempered and hence disliked by his peers approaches the school counsellor for help. The counsellor uses EPQ to assess his personality. Identify the type of technique being used and elaborate it. [2]
Answer:
The technique of personality assessment used by the counsellor is Eysenck’s personality Queestionnaire (EPQ) and it is a self report measure. EPQ was initially developed by Eysenck to test the following dimensions of personality.
Neuroticism versus emotional stability: Neuroticism is characterised by traits such as anxiety, moodiness, touchiness, restlessness while emotional stability is characterised by traits such as calmness, being even tempered and reliable i.e., the degree to which people have control over their feelings.
Extraversion versus Introversion: Extroversion is characterised by traits such as being active, gregarious, impulsive and thrill seeking while introversion is characterised by traits such as being passive, quiet, caution and reserved i.e., the degree to which people are socially outgoing or socially withdrawn. Later Eysenck proposed a third dimension, psychoticism (characterised by traits such as hostility, electricity, and being antisocial) vs. sociability i.e., those who interact with the other two dimensions.
Related Theory: Other popular selfreport measures ofpersonality include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) developed by Hathaway and Me Kinley and Raymond Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor questionnaire (16PF). Some of the limitations of self report tests are social desirability, acquiescence and hesitation to open up.
Question 23.
What is a phobia? Elaborate the types of phobias that you have read about. [2]
Answer:
Phobias refer to irrational fear related to a specific object, people or situations. Phobia often develops gradually and starts with a general anxiety disorder. For example, people scared to climb heights, afraid of deep waters, of being in an elevator. Phobias can be grouped into three types:
(1) Specific phobia: It is the most common type of phobia. It includes irrational fears of a certain animal, of being in an enclosed space.
(2) Social phobia: It is an intense and incapacitating fear and embarrassment when dealing with other people.
(3) Agoraphobia: It is when people develop a fear of entering unfamiliar situations or even sometimes being afraid of leaving their home. Hence, their ability to carry out daily activities is limited.
Related Theory:
Phobias fall into the category of anxiety disorders and are best treated through behavioural therapies. The most effective techniques of treating phobias are flooding, implosive therapy and systematic desensitisation.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
Describe the sources of stress. [3]
Answer:
Stress is defined as the pattern of responses an organism makes to the stimulus event that disturbs the equilibrium and exceeds a person’s ability to cope
The sources of stress are:
Life events: Major life events can be stressful, because they disturb our routine and cause upheaval. If several of these life events that are planned (for example, moving into a new house) or unpredicted (for example, break-up of a long-term relationship) occur within a short period of time, we find it difficult to cope with them and will be more prone to the symptoms of stress.
Hassles: These are personal stresses due to the happenings in our daily life. These daily hassles may sometimes have devastating consequences for the individual who does not seek support. For example, getting stuck in a traffic jam, cancellation at last minute cancellation of a work meeting.
Traumatic events: This can happen due to a variety of extreme events like fire, train or road accident, robbery, earthquake and tsunami.
Question 25.
What do you understand by Emotional Intelligence? Enumerate the characteristics of people with high EQ [3]
Answer:
Emotional intelligence refers to the set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal expression and regulation of emotions. It is the feeling side of intelligence and has been given its due in the notion of integral intelligence.
(1) Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.
(2) Salovey and Mayer defined Emotional Intelligence as the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions. Psychologists have discovered that a high IQ is not enough to determine success in life. Despite being high on IQ if people experience problems in family, workplace and interpersonal relationships, it means that they are Lacking their ability to process and use emotional information accurately and efficiently. People high on EQ exhibit the following characteristics:
(1) Perceive and be sensitive to others’ feelings and emotions.
(2) Sensitive to observing others’ emotions by noting their body language, voice, tone and facial expressions.
(3) Use emotions and thoughts white solving problems and taking decisions.
(4) Understand the nature and intensity of emotions and their powerful influence.
(5) Control and regulate emotions and feelings while dealing with-others to achieve peace and harmony.
Question 26.
What are the components of a therapeutic relationship? Elaborate the steps that a therapist will follow in the formulation of a client’s [3] problem.
Answer:
Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment or the client and the one who treats or the therapist. The purpose of therapy is to help the client in resolving the psychological problems by changing the maladaptive behaviours and thoughts, decreasing may occur after some lapse of time and sometimes persist as symptoms of anxiety, flashbacks, dreams, intrusive thoughts, etc Severe trauma can also strain relationships.
Professional help will be needed to cope with them aims at helping the client overcome his/ her problems. Steps in the formulation of a client’s problem Clinical formulation refers to formulating the problem ofthe client in the therapeutic model being used for the treatment.
The clinical formulation has the following advantages:
(1) Understanding the problem: The therapist is able to understand the full implications of the distress being experienced by the client.
(2) Identification of the areas to be targeted for treatment in psychotherapy: The therapist identifies the problematic areas to be targeted for therapy. For example, if the client cannot hold smooth professional with seniors, the clinical formulation in behaviour therapy would state it as lack of assertive skills and anxiety, and hence, these will be the target to work during his/her therapy.
(3) Choice of techniques for treatment: The therapist is free to choose the type and the timing of the techniques within the broad domain of his/her expertise. For example, a therapist trained in behavioural therapy is free to decide when to use any of the techniques like flooding and implosive therapy or systematic desensitisation to treat anxiety. Clinical formulation is an ongoing process and it may take a while for the therapist to clearly formulate the problem before starting the therapy the sense of personal distress, and helping the client to adapt better to his environment.
The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as therapeutic relationship or alliance. The components of this relationship are:
(1) Contractual nature of the relationship: Two willing individuals, the client and the therapist, enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome his/her problems.
(2) Limited duration of the therapy: This alliance lasts until the client is able to deal with his/her problems and take control of his/her life.
Question 27.
Differentiate between substance abuse and substance dependence disorders. Discuss the impact of cocaine and heroin on the people who abuse them. [3]
OR
Explain Pervasive Developmental Disorders and any one of them.
Answer:
Substance use disorders refers to disorders related to maladaptive behaviours as a result of excessive intake of either high calorie food leading to obesity or abuse of any substance like alcohol, cocaine, caffeine etc. The two sub groups within these disorders are:
(1) Substance dependence: Intense craving for the substance to which one is addicted and the person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, compulsive drug or alcohol intake. Tolerance means the person has to consume more and more of a substance to get the same effect. Withdrawal symptoms refer to alterations in physical symptoms like mood changes, consciousness state and thinking processes.
(2) Substance abuse: It refers to excessive intake of certain substances. There are significant recurrent and adverse consequences of taking these substances. As a result people damage their social, family relationships and performance at work.
The impact of cocaine and heroin on people’s lives is as follows:
(i) Cocaine abuse and dependence: Regular use of cocaine may lead intoxication of the body and makes the person socially dysfunctional. It also leads to problems like short term memory and attention loss.
(ii) Heroin abuse and dependence: Heroin intake also significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning. It slows down the respiratory centres in the brain, almost paralysing breathing and may cause death.
OR
Children may also have more serious disorders called Pervasive Developmental Disorders. These disorders are characterised by severe and widespread impairments in social interaction and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of behaviours, interests and activities. Autistic disorder or autism is one of the most common of these disorders.
Children with autistic disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests, and strong desire for routine. About 70 percent of children with autism are also mentally retarded. Children with autism experience profound difficulties in relating to other people. They are unable to initiate social behaviour and seem unresponsive to other people’s feelings.
They are unable to share experiences or emotions with others. They also show serious abnormalities in communication and language that persist over time. Many autistic children never develop speech and those who do, have repetitive and deviant speech patterns.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Elaborate the important elements of the group structure.
OR
‘The interaction among group members is facilitated by a few conditions.’ What are these conditions? [4]
Answer:
The process of group formation takes place in stages and as the members of the group interact, the group structure begins to take shape. The elements of group structure are:
Roles: socially defined expectations from a particular person. Roles refer to the typical behaviour that depicts a person in a particular social context. One’s role in a group has to be clearly defined.
Norms: expected standards of behaviours and beliefs that are mutually agreed upon and enforced upon the group members. Norms represent shared ways of viewing the worLd.
Status: By being a member of a group an individual enjoys some status in the society. Status refers to the relative social position given to an individual in that group. Eg, head or president of the group, advisory member, etc.
Cohesiveness: refers to togetherness, binding or mutual attraction of the group members. As cohesiveness increases, group members begin to think, feel and behave as a social unit and not as isolated individuals. Extreme cohesiveness may lead to a group think.
Related Theory:
Croup refers to an organized system of two or more individuals who are interacting and are interdependent, who have common motives, a set ofrole relationships and have norms that regulate the behaviour of members. Groups are formed due to contact and some form of interaction under conditions of proximity, similarity and common motives and goals
OR
The factors facilitating group formation are as follows:
Proximity: Repeated interactions with the same set of individuals give us a chance to know them, and their interests and attitudes better. This is possible only with people who are physically close in proximity i.e. those in the class or living in the same society or neighbourhood.
Similarity: When two people are similar, there is consistency between them and they start liking each other. For example, if someone likes playing football then he’s more likely to make friends with people who also love playing football. Similarity between people reinforces and validates our opinions and values, we feel we are right and thus we start liking them.
Common motives and goals: When people have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment. For example, you want to teach children in a slum area who are unable to go to school. You cannot do this alone because you have your own studies and homework. You, therefore, form a group of like-minded friends and start teaching these children.
Question 29.
Elaborate the psychodynamic stages of personality development.
OR
Define self. Elaborate the cognitive and behavioural aspects of self. [4]
Answer:
The psychodynamic approach to personality development was proposed by Sigmund Freud. Freud visualised the human mind in terms of three levels of consciousness i.e., the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious. According to him, personality is composed of the three structural elements i.e., the id (based on pleasure principle), the ego (based on reality principle) and the super-ego (based on morality principle). Freud claims that the core aspects of personality are formed at an early stage and remain stable throughout life. He proposed a 5-stage theory of personality development. These stages are:
Oral stage: A newborn’s instincts are focused on the mouth. The baby seeks pleasure in food that reduces his/ her hunger. The activities that provide pleasure to the baby are thumb sucking, biting, and babbling through his/her mouth.
Anal stage: It is found that around ages of 2 or 3, a child learns to respond to some of the needs of society and learns to control the bodily functions of urination and defecation. If left to themselves, most children at this age experience pleasure by focusing on their anal area and in moving their bowls. Parents focus upon toilet training to the kids at this stage.
Phallic stage: This stage focuses on genitals. At ages 4 to 5, children begin to realise the difference between males and females. During this stage, male children may feel Oedipus complex, which involves love for the mother and hostility towards the father. The female child experiences Electro complex wherein they are more attached to the father and see the mothers as their rivals.
Latency stage: From the age of 7 to puberty, a child continues to grow physically. Sexual urges are relatively inactive. Much of their energy is directed towards school achievement and social activities
Genital stage: During this stage, an individual develops maturity in psychosexual development. People learn to deal with the opposite gender in a socially mature way. However, if the journey is marked through excessive stress or over-indulgence, it may cause fixation to that stage or regression to an earlier stage of development.
OR
Self refers to the totality of individuals’ conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings with regard to themselves. The cognitive and behavioural aspects of self are:
Self-concept: It refers to the way we perceive ourselves as well as the ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes. For example, an individual may have a positive self-concept about their ability to drive, while a negative self-concept about their oratory skills.
Self-esteem: The value judgment of an individual about himself/herself is referred to as self-esteem. Research shows that by 6-7 years of age, children form self esteem about their academic competence, social competence, physical appearance and physical competence. Self-esteem has a strong relationship with behaviour. For example, a child with high academic self esteem is more likely to perform better in exams as compared to one with Low academic self-esteem.
Self-efficacy: Notion of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s social learning theory. It is the extent to which people believe that they can control their life and its outcomes. A strong sense of selfefficacy allows people to select, influence and even construct the circumstances of their own life. Self efficacy can be developed through practice too. People with high self efficacy have been found to stop smoking the moment they decide to do so.
Self-regulation refers to the ability to organise and monitor person behaviour i.e„ change the behaviour in response to the demands ofthe external environment. People with a strong will power are able to control their behaviour and defer gratification for later. This refers to selfcontrol. Self-control plays a key role in the accomplishment of long-term goals. For example, someone who wishes to lose weight, needs to execute self control on eating habits and exercise routine for long period of time to see visible results. The Indian culture provides certain effective mechanisms (fasting in vrata or roza) for developing self-control.
Related Theory:
Techniques of self-control are as follows:
(1) Observation of own behaviour: It provides necessary information that may be used to change, modify or strengthen certain aspects of self.
(2) Self-instruction: This is when we instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to.
(3) Self-reinforcement: This rewards behaviours that have pleasant outcomes.
Question 30.
Elaborate the various neurodevelopmental disorders in children. [4]
Answer:
Neurodevelopmental disorders are specific to children and their symptoms manifest early in their lives.
(1) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Attention deficit refers to the inability to continue to pay attention to a task and focus. Hyperactivity refers to continuous movement and inability to sit still in a place. Children with ADHD are inattentive, cannot concentrate, are disorganised, easily distracted, forgetful, are impulsive and cannot delay gratification.
They are full of energy, can’t sit still in a place, may fidget, squirm and run around aimlessly. They are always on the go and talk incessantly. They find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play. Impulsive children are unable to control their immediate reactions or to think before they act. They find it difficult to wait, take turns and have difficulty resisting immediate temptations. Autism spectrum disorders: These disorders are characterised by severe and widespread impairments in:
Social interaction and communication skills; Behaviour patterns, exhibiting stereotyped behaviour patterns and self stimulatory movements, such as hand flapping or self-injurious, like banging their head against the wall; Difficulty in relating with people, in communicating across different contexts; Desire for routine, like lining up objects; Intellectual difficulties, are found among 70% of autistic children;
Question 31.
An individual’s intelligence is likely to be tuned by the cultural parameters’. Comment [4]
Answer:
Culture refers to a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes and achievements in art and Literature. It is rightly said that an individual’s intelligence is likely to be tuned by cultural parameters. People living in technologically advanced societies are encouraged to foster skills of generalisation, abstraction, speed, minimal moves and mental manipulation. People in these societies are high on technological intelligence and hence are better at tasks that require attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and are achievement oriented.
However, in the Indian tradition, intelligence is perceived from a holistic perspective and hence the notion of integral intelligence (combination of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities) is emphasised. Integral intelligence consists of the following components – cognitive capacity (context, understanding discrimination and problem solving), social competence (respect for elders, social order and commitment to those around), emotional competence (self-regulation of emotions), entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience and goal directed).
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Elaborate the process of attitude change. [6]
OR
What are the components of attitude? Elaborate the factors that influence attitude formation.
Answer:
The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. It emphasises the cognitive component Here the basic idea is that the cognitive components of an attitude must be ‘consonant’ (opposite of ‘dissonant1), i.e., they should be logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two cognitions in an attitude are dissonant then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance. For example, think about the following ideas (cognitions’) :
Cognition I: Pan masala causes mouth cancer which is fatal
Cognition II: I eat pan masala. Holding these two ideas or cognitions will make any individual feel that something is ‘out of tune, or dissonant in the attitude towards pan masala. Therefore, one of these ideas will have to be changed, so that consonance can be attained. In the example given above, in order to remove or reduce the dissonance, I will stop eating pan masala (change Cognition II). This would be the healthy, logical and sensible way of reducing dissonance.
Festinger and Carlsmith, two social psychologists, conducted an experiment that showed how cognitive dissonance works. Both balance and cognitive dissonance are examples of cognitive consistency. Cognitive consistency means that two components, aspects or elements of the attitude, or attitude system, must be in the same direction.
Each element should logically fall in line with other elements. If this does not happen, then the person experiences a kind of mental discomfort, i.e. the attitude system. In such a state, some aspect in the attitude system changes in the direction of consistency, because our cognitive system requires logical consistency.
OR
An attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views, or thoughts, regarding some topic (called the ‘attitude object1), which have an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality). It is accompanied by an emotional component, and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object.
The thought component is referred to as the cognitive aspect the emotional component is known as the affective aspect and the tendency to act is called the behavioural (or conative) aspect Taken together, these three aspects have been referred to as the A-B-C components (AffectiveBehavioural- Cognitive components) of attitude.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Case study 1
Vinay is a CEO ofa startup that is going very good. He is very good in logical and spatial intelligence. things spatially. But during these times, whenever frustrated he is not able to control his emotions On being pressurised, he burst out sometimes and yells at his employees. And due to his such behavior, many of his employees are leaving and also his colleagues are telling him to manage his emotions. He says that for him to be successful he doesn’t need to have emotional skills and his IQ is enough for him to succeed.
Question 33.
What is the difference between IQ and EQ? [2]
Answer:
Intelligent Quotient or IQ refers to the intellectual age of the person. IQ is mental age divided by chronological age, and multiplied by 100. Whereas Emotional Quotient is referred to as a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions.
Question 34.
What is meant by EQ? [2]
OR
Why is EQ gaining more importance in the real life world.
Answer:
By Salovey and Mayer who considered emotional intelligence as “the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions”. Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.
OR
Emotional intelligence is receiving increasing attention of educators for dealing with students who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world. Programmes aimed at improving students’ emotional intelligence have beneficial effects on their academic achievement. They encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities. These programmes are very useful in preparing students to face the challenges of life outside the classroom.
Case study 2
Ray is a 12 year old boy and he has been facing issues with his parents. His parents are always fighting and his mother always isolate herself and Ray has started doing this too. Whenever he has a fight with someone, he isolated himself and does not talk to anybody. He has adapted this pattern of behavior by observing his mother. Also his father is always yelling on little things and this was also imitated by Ray. Whenever somebody asked him he started yelling and on observing this by both parents, they took him to a counsellor.
Question 35.
What kind of perspective is shown in this case study? [2]
Answer:
Behavioral perspective is shown in this case study as Ray is observing his parents and then imitating this attitude, so, they focus on learning of stimulus-response connections and their reinforcement. According to them, personality can be best understood as the response of an individual to the environment.
Question 36.
How is psychological disorder viewed from this perspective? [2]
Answer:
The structural unit of personality is the response. Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need. These theories view learning and maintenance of behaviour from different angles. The principles of these theories have been widely used in developing personality theories.