Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 4 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

  1. The question paper is divided into four sections.
  2. There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
  3. Section A includes questions No. 1-20. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
  4. Section B includes questions No. 21-29. These are very short answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each the question should not exceed 30 words.
  5. Section C includes questions No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
  6. Section D includes questions No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 200 words. Question no 38 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

Section – A (20 Marks)

Question 1.
Famines were also a major and recurring source of increased mortality”. Which of the following is not a cause of famines? [1]
(A) Continuing poverty and malnutrition in an agro-climatic environment
(B) Inadequate means of transportation and communication
(C) Failure of entitlements
(D) Increasing birth rate
Answer:
(D) Increasing birth rate

Explanation: Famine is a result of a shortage of food
and not an increase in births.

Question 2.
Right to Information campaign is an example of: [1]
(A) Reformist Movement
(B) Redemptive Movement
(C) Revolutionary Movement
(D) Counter Movement
Answer:
(A) Reformist Movement

Directions: In the following question, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true

Question 3.
Assertion (A): Matriarchy, unlike patriarchy, has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept.
Reason (R): There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy- i.e., societies where women exercise dominance. [1]
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: There do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision-makers in public affairs. But matriarchy only exists as conceptual opposition to patriarchy

Question 4.
invented a new system in the 1890s, which he called Scientific Management. [1]
(A) Henry Ford
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor
(C) Karl Marx 1
(D) Harry Braverman
Answer:
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Question 5.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. [1]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true

Explanation: Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.

Question 6.
is famous for cotton production.[1]
(A) Maharashtra
(B) Punjab
(C) Haryana
(D) Bengal
Answer:
(A) Maharashtra

Question 7.
_______, particularly from the British Presidency regions of Bengal and Madras, moved as government employees and professionals like doctors and lawyers moved to different parts of the country. [1]
(A) Lower class
(B) Middle class
(C) Upper class
(D) Nobility
Answer:
(B) Middle class

Question 8.
“Respecting regional sentiments is not just a matter of creating States: this has to be backed up with an institutional structure that ensures their viability as relatively autonomous units within a larger federal structure. In India, this is done by Constitutional provisions defining the powers of the States and the Centre. There are lists of ‘subjects’ or areas of governance that are the exclusive responsibility of either State or Centre, along with a ‘Concurrent List’ of areas where both are allowed to operate. The State legislatures determine the composition of the upper house of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha. In addition, there are periodic committees and commissions that decide on Centre-State relations. An example is the Finance Commission which is set up every 10 years to decide on sharing of tax revenues between centers and States. Up to 2017, each Five Year Plan also involved detailed State Plans prepared by the State Planning Commissions of each state. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council includes State members.”
What fortifies the institutional structure of the Indian states?
I. Provisions of powers to legislate on state subject
II. Constitutional provisions for the powers of the Centre
III. Constitutional provisions defining the powers of the states
IV. Provisions of sharing of tax revenues between Centre and States. [1]
(A) II, III
(B) I, II
(C) III, IV
(D) I, IV
Answer:
(A) II, III

Question 9.
Colonial impact is seen in the field of art, literature, music, and architecture in Indian society. [1]
(A) Westernisation
(B) Secularisation
(C) Modernisation
(D) Sanskritisation
Answer:
(D) Sanskritisation

Question 10.
The sociologist and social anthropologist were known for his works on the caste system and terms such as ‘Sanskritisation’ and ‘dominant caste’. [1]
(A) Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
(B) Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas
(C) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
(D) Sri Narayana Guru
Answer:
(B) Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Question 11.
Assertion (A): Policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective.
Reason (R): They insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere. [1]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion(A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: Assimilationist policies also require non-dominant or subordinated groups in society to give up their own cultural values and adopt the prescribed ones.

Question 12.
“The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties. The Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement. The Communist Party of China led the Chinese Revolution. Today some believe that ‘old’ class-based political action led by trade unions and workers’ parties is on the decline. Others argued that in the affluent West with its welfare state, issues of class-based exploitation and inequality were no longer central concerns. So, the ‘new’ social movements were not about changing the distribution of power in society but about quality-of-life issues such as having a clean environment.” [1]
Which of the following statements is correct about E.P. Thompson?
(A) He held that the ‘crowd’ and the ‘mob’ were not made up of anarchic hooligans out to destroy society.
(B) Poor people in urban areas had good reasons for protesting.
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D Neither (B) or (B)
Answer:
(C) Both (A) and (B)

Explanation: E.E Thompson said that the crowd and the ‘mob’ were not made up of anarchic hooligans out to destroy society. Their research showed that poor people in urban areas had good reasons for protesting. They often resorted to public protest because they had no other way of expressing their anger and resentment against deprivation.

Question 13.
Which of the following is NOT true about cultural diversity? [1]
(A) It can arouse intense passion in people.
(B) It is sometimes accompanied by social and economic inequality.
(C) It becomes a problem when resources are scarce.
(D) Cultural diversity is only found in India.
Answer:
(D) Cultural diversity is only found in India.

Explanation: Cultural diversity is found in other parts of the world as well.

Question 14.
The_______movement strengthened loyalty to the national economy. [1]
(A) Quit India
(B) Swadeshi
(D) None of these
(C) Non-Cooperation
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Swadeshi

Question 15.
Choose the correct statement about social stratification. [1]
(A) Social stratification is not simply a function of individual differences.
(B) It is closely linked to the family and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next.
(C) Social stratification is not likely to persist over generations unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable.
(D) All of the above statements are correct.
Answer:
(D) All of the above statements are correct.

Explanation: Social stratification is a characteristic of society. It persists over generations. It is also supported by patterns of belief or ideology.

Question 16.
The land reforms took away rights from the erstwhile claimants, the upper castes who were in the sense that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than claiming their rent.[ 1]
(A) Tenants
(B) Absentee landlords
(C) Dominant caste
(D) Political leaders 1
Answer:
(B) Absentee landlords

Explanation: Absentee landlords were not themselves the cultivators, but were the erstwhile upper caste claimants of lands

Question 17.
Even though the fertility and population growth rates are declining, India’s population is projected to increase from 1.2 billion today to an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050 due to_______ [1]
(A) population explosion
(B) post-transitional phase
(C) population momentum
(D) rate of natural increase
Answer:
(C) population momentum

Explanation: Population momentum refers to a situation, where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did.

Question 18.
Assertion (A): There is tension between the Indian state’s simultaneous commitment to secularism as well as the protection of minorities.
Reason (R): Providing protection to them immediately invites the accusation of favoritism or ‘appeasement’ of minorities. [1]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: Opponents argue that secularism of this sort is only an excuse to favor minorities in return for their votes or other kinds of support.

Question 19.
The campaign against indigo plantations in 1917: [1]
(A) Champaran Satyagraha
(B) Bardoli Satyagraha
(C) Non-cooperation Movement
(D) Tebhaga Movement
Answer:
(A) Champaran Satyagraha

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Question 20.
Population growth always outstrips growth in the production of subsistence resources; hence the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling the growth of the population. Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth of its population. Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth- in the form of famines and diseases-were inevitable because they were nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Malthus was also criticized by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty was caused by population growth. Critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth. Agricultural production grows in progression.[1]
(A) Geometric
(B) Linear
(C) Harmonic
(D) Arithmetic
Answer:
(D) Arithmetic

Explanation: Arithmetic progression is a series or sequence of numbers that may start with any number, but where each succeeding number is obtained by adding a fixed amount (number) to the preceding number. Agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.)

Section – B (18 Marks)

Question 21.
Identify the reasons why cultural diversity presents tough challenges. [2]
Answer:

  • Cultural identities are very powerful and arouse intense passion.
  • Cultural identities enable one to mobilize a large number of people.
  • Sometimes cultural differences are accompanied by economic and social inequalities which provoke opposition from other communities.
  • The situation becomes worse when resources like rivers, water, and government jobs have to be shared.

Question 22.
Give examples of the Peasant Movements in India during the 20th century ‘Deccan Riots’ of1857 against moneylenders: [2]
Answer:

  • 1859-62 Bengal Revolt against the indigo plantation system.
  • Champaran Satyagraha (1917-18) directed against indigo plantations.
  • Bardoli Satyagraha (1928, Surat District), a ‘non-tax’ campaign as part of the nationwide non-cooperation movement, a campaign of refusal to pay land revenue.
  • Tebhaga movement (1946-47): Struggle of sharecroppers in Bengal in North Bihar for a two-thirds share of their products instead of the customary half.
  • Telangana movement (1946-51): Fight against the feudal conditions in the princely state of Hyderabad and was led by the CPI.
  • The Naxalite struggle started in the region of Naxalbari (1967) in Bengal. The central problem for peasants was land.

Question 23.
Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new technology. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology. [2]

(a)What is subsistence agriculture?
(b) Who was able to reap the most benefits from the Green Revolution and commercialization of agriculture?
OR
In what way formal demography is different from social demography?
Answer:
Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new technology. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology.

  • When agriculturists produce primarily for themselves and are unable to produce for the market, it is known as subsistence agriculture.
  • It was the farmers who were able to produce a surplus for the market who were able to reap the most benefits from the Green Revolution and from the commercialization of agriculture that followed.

OR

Formal demography:

  • Quantitative field
  • Analysis
  • Measurement
  • Statistics
  • Mathematical
  • Counting and enumeration

Social demography:

  • Focus on social, economic, and political aspects
  • Enquires into causes and consequences of population structures and change.
  • Social processes and structures regulate demographic processes.
  • Trace the social reasons for population trends.

Answer 24.
How did colonial laws favor the owners and managers of tea plantations?
OR
Identify the reasons for different replacement levels found in the different States of India. [2]
Answer:

  • The laws of a colonized country did not stick to democratic norms.
  • The colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep laborers and acted on behalf of the British planters.
  • The colonial administrators used harsh measures against the laborers to make sure that they benefitted the planters.

OR

Reasons for different replacement levels found in different states of India:

  • Increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on the birth rate;
  • Increased literacy rate;
  • Growing awareness;
  • Increase in the level of education;
  • Acceptance of small family size.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Question 25.
Show the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. [2]
Answer:

  • Prejudices are often grounded in stereotypes and fixed and inflexible characterization of a group of people.
  • Prejudice and stereotype thinking lead to discrimination, i.e., actual behavior towards another group or individual.

Question 26.
How did early sociologists perceive industrialization? [2]
Answer:
Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim associated several social features with industry, such as urbanization, and the loss of face-to-face relationships. In rural areas, however, people had face-to-face relationships and worked on their farms or for a landlord they knew. This was substituted by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces.

Industrialization involves a detailed division of labor. People often do not see the result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Marx called this situation alienation, where people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only to survive and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labor.

Question 27.
What factors lead to the feminization of agricultural labor force? [2]
Answer:

  • In villages, men migrate from their native village for work.
  • The women stay in the village and take care of the household as well as agricultural activities.
  • Eventually, agriculture has become a female-oriented task.

Question 28.
Caste began to take on a new life after being recorded in the 1901 census. How? [2]
Answer:
The 1901 census sought to collect information on the social hierarchy of caste.

  • The census had an impact on the social perception of caste and the Census Commissioner received hundreds of petitions from the representatives of different castes claiming a higher position on the social scale.
  • Official counting and recording of caste made the institution more rigid

Question 29.
Give the meaning of the term Secularisation.
OR
Name some organizations that were formed to address the issues of the Backward Caste during the twentieth century. [2]
Answer:

  • Secularisation is meant to be a process of d dine in the influence of religion.
  • It indicates a reduced level of involvement with religious organizations, the sodal and material influence of religious organizations, and the degree to which people hold religious beliefs. (To be assessed as a whole)

OR

  • United Provinces Hindu Backward Classes League
  • All-India Backward Classes Federation
  • All India Backward Classes League
  • In 1954, nearly 88 organizations were working for the Backward Classes

Section – C (24 Marks)

Question 30.
What are the reasons that can be attributed to the caste system becoming invisible for the upper classes, in the contemporary period?
OR
State how the declaration of the Karachi Session of INC committed itself to women’s equality. [4]
Answer:

  • Upper-caste elites were able to benefit from subsidized public education, especially professional education.
  • Took advantage of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after Independence.
  • This led to the rest of society (in terms of education) ensuring that they did not face any serious competition.
  • As their privileged status got consolidated in the second and third generations, these groups believed that caste played no role in their advancement.
  • For the third generation from these groups, their economic and educational capital is sufficient to ensure that they will get the best in terms of life chances.

OR

In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress declared the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality. The declaration reads as follows:

  • All citizens are equal before the law, irrespective of religion, caste, creed, or sex.
  • No disability attaches to any citizen, because of his or her religion, caste, creed, or sex, concerning public employment, office of power or honor, and in the exercise of any trade or calling.
  • The franchise shall be based on universal adult suffrage.
  • The woman shall have the right to vote, represent, and the right to hold public offices.

Question 31.
Nation-states became the dominant political form during the colonial period. Explain. [4]
Answer:
Nation-state became the dominant political form:

  • Initially, the use of passports was not common for international travel.
  • Pertains to a particular state, characteristic of the modern world.
  • Associated closely with the rise of nationalism; the rise of democratic ideas; Sovereign.
  • A community of communities sharing a desire to be a part of the same political collectivity.

Question 32.
The Family Planning Programme suffered a setback during the years of national emergency. Justify the statement. [4]
Answer:
During the time of emergency, the government tried to intensify the efforts to bring down the growth rate by introducing a coercive program of mass sterilization, i.e., vasectomy and tubectomy.

  • Vast numbers of mostly poor and powerless people were forcibly sterilized.
  • There was massive pressure on lower-level government officials (like school teachers or office workers) to bring people for sterilization in the camps.
  • There was widespread popular opposition to this program leading to the new government being elected after the Emergency to abandon it.

Question 33.
Elaborate on the discussion on women’s education during the nineteenth and twentieth century. [4]
Answer:

  • The idea of female education was debated Social reformer Jyotiba Phule opened the first school for women in Pune.
  • Reformers argued that women’s education is important for society to progress leading to the justifications of the thoughts based on modern and traditional ideas.
  • Some of them believed that in pre-modern India, women were educated. Others contested this because this was so only for a privileged few.
  • Thus, attempts to justify female education were made by recourse to both modern and traditional ideas, (to be assessed as a whole)

Question 34.
A green revolution led to regional inequalities. Give example.
OR
How did the advent of colonialism in India produce a major upheaval in the economy? [4]
Answer:

  • Green Revolution involved the deployment of technological advancement in cultivation.
  • Only a few states like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh were able to adopt the technologies in agriculture.
  • As a result, they had enormous socio-economic development.
  • On the other hand, dry regions such as Telangana, Bihar, and Eastern U.E were relatively underdeveloped.

OR

The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy:

  • British industrialization led to de-industrialization in India.
  • After colonization, India became a source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods. Earlier it was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market.
  • New groups emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism.
  • Disruptions in production, trade, and agriculture. e.g., handloom, village crafts, etc.
  • The emergence of new business communities transformed trade, banking, industry, etc.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions

Question 35.
Explain the theories on Social Movement. [4]
Answer:
There are three theories on social movement.

According to the Theory of Relative Deprivation, social movement results from social conflict. Groups of people feel resentment and rage as they feel deprived of access to resources. However, it is criticized that a sense of deprivation alone cannot lead to a social movement.

In the Theory of Collective Action, Mancur Olson opines that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest. His theory is based on the notion of rational, utility-maximizing individuals. That is, a person participates in a social movement only if one gains something and if the risks are less than the gains.

Resource Mobilisation Theory was proposed by McCarthy and Zald, who said that a social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilize resources or means of different sorts. Resources such as leadership, organizational capacity, and communication facilities, when used within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.

Question 36.
What is cultural diversity? Why are states often suspicious of cultural diversity? [4]
Answer:
By cultural diversity, we mean that:

The presence within the larger, regional, or another context of many different kinds of cultural communities such as those defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity, and so on. It is the multiplicity of the plurality of identities.

There are many types of social groups and communities living in India. These communities are defined by cultural identity markers such as language, religion, race, sect, or caste.
States are often suspicious of cultural diversity because:

Sometimes cultural diversities are accompanied by economic and social inequalities which lead to rivalries.Situation becomes worse when scarce resources like river water, jobs, or government funds have to be shared.

Divisive forces like communal riots, demands for regional autonomy, or caste wars are hard at work, tearing the country apart.Cultural diversity leads to social fragmentation and prevents the creation of a harmonious society. Such ‘identity politics’ was considered a threat to state unity.

Accommodating differences is politically challenging. Many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them in the political domain.States generally tend to favor a single, homogenous national identity, in the hope of being able to control and manage it.

Section – D (18 Marks)

Question 37.
Explain the three key principles of social stratification with examples. [6]
Answer:
Three key principles help to explain social stratification:

Social stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual differences: Social stratification is a society-wide system that unequally distributes social resources among categories of people. For example, in primitive societies, social stratification is rudimentary but in technologically advanced societies where surplus is produced, social resources are unequally distributed to various social categories regardless of people’s innate individual abilities.

Social stratification persists over generations: It is closely linked to the family and the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next. A person’s social position is ascribed. A Dalit is likely to be confined to traditional occupations such as agricultural labor, scavenging, or leather work, with little chance of being able to get high-paying white-collar or professional work.

Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief, or ideology: For example, the caste system is justified in terms of the opposition of purity and pollution, with the Brahmins designated as the most superior and the most inferior under their birth and occupation.

Question 38.
The Khasi matrilineal generates intense role conflict for men. Elaborate.
OR
“For much of the twentieth-century social movements were class-based such as working-class movements and peasant movements or anti-colonial movements. While anti-colonial movements united entire people into national liberation struggles, class-based movements united classes to fight for their rights.” Explain. [6]
Answer:

  • Khasi matrilineal generates intense role conflict for men. This is because men take control of the property inherited by their sisters.
  • Khasi men are torn between their responsibilities to their natal house on the one hand and their wives and children on the other.
  • A woman can never be fully assured that her husband does not find his sister’s house a more congenial place than her own.
  • A sister will be apprehensive about her brother’s commitment to her welfare because the wife can always pull him away from his responsibilities to his natal house.
  • Women possess only token authority in Khasi society as it is men who are the de-facto power holders.
  • The system is indeed weighted in favor of male matri-kin rather than male Patrik in.

OR

Anti-colonial movements: The formation of communist and socialist states across the world. For example, the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba, these movements also led to the reform of capitalism. The creation of welfare states that protected workers’ rights and offered universal education, health care, and social security in the capitalist nations of Western Europe was partly due to political pressure created by the communist and socialist movements.

The movement against colonialism influenced the movement against capitalism as they are interlinked through forms of imperialism, social movements have simultaneously targeted both these forms of exploitation. That is, .nationalist movements have mobilized against rule by a foreign power as well as against the dominance of foreign capital.

The decades after the Second World War witnessed the end of the empire and the formation of new nation¬ states as a result of nationalist movements in India, Egypt, Indonesia, and many other countries.Class-based movements: Another wave of social movements occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s. This was the time of the war in Vietnam where forces led by the United States of America were involved in a bloody conflict in the former French colony against Communist Guerrillas.

In Europe, Paris was the nucleus of a vibrant students’ movement that joined workers’ parties in a series of strikes protesting against the war. Across the Atlantic, the United States of America was experiencing a surge of social protest.The civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King had been followed by the Black Power movement led by Malcolm X.

The anti-war movement was joined by tens of thousands of students who were compulsorily drafted by the government to go and fight in Vietnam. The women’s movement and the environmental movement also gained strength during this time of social ferment.