Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 6 are designed as per the revised syllabus.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 6 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes question No. 1-20. These are MCQ type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes question No.21-29. These are very short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes question No. 30-35. They are short ansiver type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes question No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each. Question no 38 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.
Section – A (20 Marks)
Question 1.
In which area has caste proved to be the strongest? [1]
(A) Cultural and domestic sphere
(B) Politics
(c) Economic
(D) Urban sphere
Answer:
(A) Cultural and domestic sphere
Explanation: It was in the cultural and domestic spheres that caste has proved strongest. Endogamy, or the practice of marrying within the caste, remained largely unaffected by modernisation and change.
Question 2.
Which policy was introduced by the Government of India that could increase the child-sex ratio in the country? [1]
(A) Beti-Bachao, Beti-Padhao
(B) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(C) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(D) Mid-day Meal Programme
Answer:
(A) Beti-Bachao, Beti-Padhao
Question 3.
During which period did Indian consciousness take shape? [1]
(A) Colonial period
(B) French period
(C) Persian period
(D) Mughal period
Answer:
(A) Colonial period
Explanation: The emergence of National consciousness among Indians during nineteenth Century was the direct outcome of British rule. India was being exploited as a British colony. This process of colonisation brought about economic, political and social changes in India.
Question 4.
According to Census Report 2011, it is percent of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country. [1]
(A) 8.2 percent
(B) 8.6 percent
(C) 11 percent
(D) 15 percent
Answer:
(B) 8.6 percent
Question 5.
What are the two sets of principles of the Caste system? [1]
(a) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation
(b) Segmental division and hereditary occupation
(c) Exogamy and endogamy
(d) Purity and Pollution
Answer:
(a) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation
Question 6.
Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’? [1]
(a) Tarabai Shinde
(b) Ralph Ellison
(c) Anita Ghai
(d) Daya Pawar
Answer:
(c) Anita Ghai
Explanation: Anita Ghai is one of the leading activists and scholars of disability in the Indian context who made the above argument. Ralph Ellison is the name of the author of the book.
Question 7.
When religious identity overrides everything else it leads to [1]
(a) Secularism
(b) Communalism
(c) Nation-state
(d) Diversity
Answer:
(b) Communalism
Question 8.
Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because: [1]
(a) Adivasi were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood.
(b) They were not discriminated against like the Dalits.
(c) They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits.
(d) Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits.
Answer:
(a) Adivasi were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood.
Explanation: Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.
Question 9.
What does the population reach, when the growth rate is 0? [1]
(A) Replacement level
(B) Negative growth
(C) Positive growth
(D) High birth rate
Answer:
(A) Replacement level
Question 10.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: [1]
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Assertion (A): Unlike the death rate, the birth rate has not registered a sharp fall.
Reason (R): By and large, increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on the birth rate.
Answer:
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Explanation: The birth rate has not registered a sharp fall because the birth rate is a socio-cultural phenomenon that is relatively slow to change.
Question 11.
How can be the ideas of inclusive nationalism built to be effective? [1]
(A) Constitution
(B) Parliament
(C) Supreme Court
(D) Legislature
Answer:
(A) Constitution
Question 12.
Which of the following is not a measure taken to famine-related deaths by the Indian state? [1]
(A) Expansion of irrigation
(B) Improved means of transport and communication
(C) MGNREGA
(D) Changing agro-climatic environment
Answer:
(D) Changing agro-climatic environment
Explanation: The other three are measures that could be taken by the state. A vulnerable agro-climatic environment is a feature of a famine-prone region. It cannot be changed through human interventions alone as it is a natural feature of an area.
Question 13.
What are the two sets of principles of the Caste system? [1]
(A) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation
(B) Segmental division and hereditary occupation
(C) Exogamy and endogamy
(d) Purity and Pollution
Answer:
(A) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation
Question 14.
A Nation is a peculiar sort of community that is easy to but hard to define. [1]
(A) understand
(B) approach
(C) define
(D) describe
Answer:
(D) describe
Question 15.
What are the laws that allow citizens of a particular state to also simultaneously be citizens of another state called? [1]
(A) Cross-border citizenship laws
(B) Multiple citizenship laws
(C) Dual-citizenship laws
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(C) Dual-citizenship laws
Explanation: These laws are known as ‘dual citizenship’ laws. For instance, Jewish Americans may be citizens of Israel as well as the USA; they can even serve in the armed forces of one country without losing their citizenship in the other country.
Question 16.
Which of the following explains the situation of Tripura, where the tribal share of its population halved within a single decade, reducing them to a minority? [1]
(A) heavy in-migration of non-tribals
(B) accommodation of tribal identity
(C) climate change
(D) community-based forms of collective ownership
Answer:
(A) heavy in-migration of non-tribals
Question 17.
The unprecedented scale and spread of anti-muslim violence in Gujarat in 2002 took place under which government? [1]
(A) Congress
(B) BJP
(C) Democratic
(D) Republican
Answer:
(B) BJP
Question 18.
A policy that promotes aimed or encourages all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms is known as [1]
(a) Integrationist
(B) Assimilation
(C) Community Identity
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Assimilation
Question 19.
What can one imply from the aging population? [1]
(A) Population momentum
(B) Population explosion
(C) Population policy
(D) National Health Policy
Answer:
(B) Population explosion
Question 20.
Community identity is based on [1]
(A) Birth
(B) Class
(C) Status
(D) Acquired Qualification
Answer:
(A) Birth
Section – B (18 marks)
Question 21.
Define the following terms: Social Map, Reflexivity [2]
Answer:
1. Social Map: The standing of an individual by virtue of his/her birth in the society. It consists of age, region, economy (status), religion and caste boundary. It is worth understanding and introspecting.
2. Reflexivity: An ability to understand one’s social map thoroughly and break all demarcations with an axe of cosmos consciousness. It requires a critical self-inspection.
Question 22.
What is meant by Class System? [2]
Answer:
It is a social system in which the status of an individual is determined by the family economic status in the society. For example, people from rich families are called upper class families.
Question 23.
Highlight the sources of conflict between national development and tribal development. [2]
OR
What is Shifting Agriculture?
Answer:
Tribes have paid a disproportionate price for the development of the rest of the Indian society. National developments started in Nehruvian era involving the building of large dams, factories and mines were undertaken at the cost of dispossessing tribes of their land.
The loss of forests, community-based collective ownership on which tribal communities depended has been a major blow. Heavy immigration of non-tribals threatened to disrupt their culture and further marginalize and exploit the tribes.
OR
When the productivity of any agricultural area starts to decline the farmer leaves that place barren for a particular period so that it can regain its lost nutrients. Instead, they move to areas and commence agriculture in that place. This is called shifting agriculture.
Question 24.
State the two factors which encourage regionalism. [2]
OR
How can commitment to the protection of minorities also be a challenge to the State?
Answer:
Two factors that encourage regionalism:
1. Geographical concentration.
2. Sense of regional deprivation.
3. Combination of factors based on common language, religion, culture, tribe, identity, ethnicity, ecology, etc.
OR
Attaining loyalty and obedience was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity. Most states feared that the recognition of such differences would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. Accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Question 25.
Despite the decline in birth rate, the growth rate of India’s population is increasing. Explain the reason. [2]
Answer:
Reasons for increase in India’s population:
Birth rate is a sociocultural phenomenon; therefore, it is relatively slow to change. There is a wide variation in the fertility rates across the states of India. Increased levels of prosperity pull the birth rate down.
Both Kerala and Tamil Nadu have total fertility rates (TFRs) below the replacement levels. States like Bihar, M.P., Rajasthan and U.P. still have very high TFRs. Low levels of awareness, lack of education and non-acceptance for small family size are some of the reasons for the increasing population of India.
Question 26.
Explain regionalism in the Indian context. [2]
Answer:
Giving preference to one’s own region and neglecting all other regions for the purpose of decision¬making, availing benefits of utilising natural and economic resources is known as regionalism. Giving encouragement to one’s region is also a form of regionalism. People of other regions are considered foreigners. For example, migrants of one state are differentiated from other states.
Question 27.
Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new technology. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology. [2]
1. What is subsistence agriculture?
2. Who were able to reap the most benefits from Green Revolution and the commercialisation of agriculture?
Answer:
Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new technology. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology.
1. When agriculturists produce primarily for themselves and are unable to produce for the market, it is known as subsistence agriculture.
2. It was the farmers who were able to produce a surplus for the market who were able to reap the most benefits from the Green Revolution and from the commercialisation of agriculture that followed.
Question 28.
Explain the meaning of Westernisation. [2]
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernisation to characterise the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, and values.” So from this, it is clear that the concept of westernisation includes the changes which came in institutions, ideology, etc. of Indian Society and which took place due to political and cultural contacts with western countries.
Question 29.
Mention the loopholes of implementing Land Ceiling Act. [2]
OR
Give two reasons for bringing land reforms.
Answer:
1. Land Ceiling Act was implemented to fix the upper limit for an individual land owning.
2. Accordingly, an individual has to give away the excess land to the government.
3. Concerned landowner was allowed to give share to the son or daughter before surrendering it to the government.
4. The loopholes included dividing land among relatives and servants. This was called as Benami transfer. Divorcing the wife but living with her which will allow a share for unmarried women for the accumulation of land by a family.
OR
The first reason for bringing land reforms was to increase productivity in the agricultural sector. The second reason was to stop the exploitation of poor farmers by eliminating intermediaries so that farmers could get land.
Section – C (24 Marks)
Question 30.
Bring out the differences between Old and New Social Movements. [4]
OR
Briefly mention Gandhiji’s take on machinery.
Answer:
Old Social Movements
- Central goal: Reorganisation of power relations
- Functions within the frame of political parties. INC led the Indian National Movement
- Class related: Peasant movements, workers movements, anti-colonial movements.
- Major fight against economic inequality.
New Social Movements
- About addressing issues on quality of life.
- Civil society: Political parties, NGOs, pressure groups.
- Environmental movements, women’s and tribals movements.
- Fights economic, social, cultural and political inequality
OR
Gandhiji was not against machinery but, against the craze for machinery. Machinery saves time and labour. However, it deprives people of their jobs and leads to starvation. Therefore, Gandhiji opined that machinery should save time and labour for all and accumulation of wealth for all and not in the hands of a few. He suggested the use of the spinning wheel to end exploitation and unemployment. Both Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanisation as a danger to employment.
Question 31.
Green revolution led to regional inequalities. Give example. [4]
Answer:
Green Revolution involved the deployment of technological advancement in the cultivation. Only few states like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh were able to adopt the technologies in agriculture. As a result, they had enormous socio-economic development. On the other hand dry regions such as Telangana, Bihar and Eastern U.P were relatively underdeveloped.
Question 32.
What are the Criticism of Sanskritisation? [4]
Answer:
For exaggerating the scope of the lower castes to
move up the ladder and social mobility as it leads to positional change of some individuals and the inequality would still persist. The ideology of Sanskritisation clearly accepts the ‘upper caste’ as superior and that of the ‘lower caste’ as inferior. Sanskritisation justifies the model of inequality and exclusion. It justifies the division of the groups and the privileges given to the few. Since Sanskritisation encourages the adoption of upper caste, rituals which include practices of secluding girls and women, adopting dowry practices are justified. Due to Sanskritisation, the characteristics of the Dalit culture have eroded. The worth of the work done by the lower castes has eroded.
Question 33.
How has colonialism impacted our lives? [4]
Answer:
British colonialism which was based on capitalism directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism.
1. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.
2. It changed the law of land as:
- It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops would be grown and what ought not to be.
- It altered the way production and distribution of goods take place.
- It started interfering with the manufacturing sector.
- It started occupying forests and cleared trees and started plantation.
- Colonialism introduced the forest acts that changed the lives of tribals/pastoralists.
- It also led to the movement of people from one part to another in India which ultimately led to the growth of nationalist and anticolonial awareness in the Indian masses.
- The colonialism affected our lives culturally, politically and more or less combining the two.
- Due to mobility and exposure to modern western thoughts people started thinking about freedom, liberty and human rights which provided basis for India’s freedom movement. Colonialism also had significant social influences, e.g., Indian society particularly the emerging middle class was gradually changed, i.e., their lifestyle, eating habits, languages and clothing.
- Political impact of colonialism on Indian society was significant. Our national movement, the political system, the parliamentary and legal system, Constitution, education system, the police traffic rules, by and large the whole political structure changed due to the colonial impact.
Question 34.
What is the role and significance of civil society in today’s world? [4]
OR
Who forms the disabled population in our country? Do you think disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society rendered them so?
Answer:
They can keep a watch on the state, protest against its injustices or supplement its efforts. The civil society brings into public and Government view many issues that were side-lined. It helps people unfairly dealt with to get justice. It gives shape and direction to social issues. For example, organising candlelight meetings, protest marches, etc.
As they are non-state, non-market where individuals get together voluntarily to take up social issues – become a part of the public domain. It is purely non-commercial, makes no profit. For example, NGOs, trade groups, RTI, media, etc.
OR
People who constitute the disabled population in our country:
- Mentally challenged
- Visually impaired
- Physically impaired
- People with speech impairments (Any other disabilities) Yes, the disabled are rendered disabled because of the society. The public attitude towards disability is a social and cultural construct.
- People hurl the names of disabilities as insults.
- The disabled are viewed as victims and poor beings.
- The impaired body is viewed as a result of fate or destiny (the culprit of which the person is a victim).
- Disability is viewed as a retribution of past Karmas or actions.
- Even in mythology, disabled people are viewed negatively.
Question 35.
“Literacy as a prerequisite to education is an instrument of empowerment.” Discuss. [4]
Answer:
Literacy as an instrument of empowerment:
More literate population has greater consciousness of career options as well as better participation in the knowledge economy. Literacy can lead to health awareness and full participation in the cultural and economic well-being of the community. Literacy varies considerably across gender.
Female literacy rate is almost 22 percent less than the male literacy rate. It is still very low for social groups such as SCs and STs who have been historically disadvantaged. Regional variations in literacy are also wide with Kerala approaching universal literacy and Bihar lagging far behind.
Inequalities in literacy tend to reproduce inequality across generations. These inequalities can only be overcome through increasing literacy across gender, regions and social groups.
Section – D (18 Marks)
Question 36.
Discuss some of the changes in the rural society after the independence of India. [6]
Answer:
Some of the changes in the rural society after independence of India include the following:
Increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive. Shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash. Loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour) and a rise of a class of ‘free’ wage labourers.
Change in the nature of the relationship between landlords and agricultural workers (usually low caste). The transformation in labour relations is regarded by some scholars as indicative of a transition to capitalist agriculture. Farmers in the more developed regions were becoming more oriented to the market. As cultivation became more commercialised, these rural areas were also becoming integrated to the wider economy.
This process increased the flow of money into villages and expanding opportunities for business and employment. Government promoted modern methods of cultivation and attempted to modernise the rural economy through other strategies. The state invested in the development of rural infrastructure, such as irrigation facilities, roads and electricity and on the provision of agricultural inputs, including credit through banks and cooperatives.
A recent example is Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana. In the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, western Uttar Pradesh and central Gujarat, which have fertile agricultural lands, well-to-do farmers belonging to the dominant castes began to invest their profits from agriculture in other types of business ventures.
This process of diversification gave rise to new entrepreneurial groups that moved out of rural areas and into the growing towns of these developing regions, giving rise to new regional elites that became economically as well as politically dominant (Rutten 1995).
Spread of higher education, especially private professional colleges, in rural and semi-urban areas, allowed the new rural elites to educate their children – many of whom then joined professional or white-collar occupations or started businesses, feeding into the expansion of the urban middle classes.
Thus, in areas of rapid agricultural development there has been a consolidation of the old landed or cultivating groups, who have transformed themselves into a dynamic entrepreneurial, rural-urban dominant class. The overall outcome of these efforts at ‘rural
development was not only to transform the rural economy and agriculture, but also the agrarian structure and the rural society itself.
Question 37.
What does the bulge in the below given population pyramid indicate? The bias towards younger age groups in the age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Explain. [6]
Answer:
The bulge in the middle age group indicates that majority of Indians belong to the working population providing the opportunity called demographic dividend. The average age is also less than that of most other countries, thus the changing age structure could offer a demographic dividend for India.
Thus, the dependency ratio is low and provides the opportunity for economic growth. This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is relatively large and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support. This potential can be converted into actual growth with the increased level of education and employment. Thus, these benefits have to be utilised through planned development.
Question 38.
What is meant by Class System? [6]
OR
The Khasi matriliny generates intense role conflict for men. Elaborate.
Answer:
1. Upper Class: It is that class which is rich and most powerful. Political leaders, industrialists, IAS officers come in this category. They have more wealth and authority because of official power.
2. Middle Class: Doctors, Engineers, Teachers, people with white collar jobs and small businessmen come in this category. The upper class uses this class to retain its domination over the lower class.
3. Lower Class: Those people come in this class who sell their labour to earn their livelihood. For example, “industrial labour”. They have no means of production and they work for the other two classes.
OR
1. Khasi matriliny generates intense role conflict for men. This is because men take control of the property inherited by their sisters.
2. Khasi men are torn between their responsibilities to their natal house on the one hand, and to their wife and children on the other.
3. A woman can never be fully assured that her husband does not find his sister’s house a more congenial place than her own.
4. A sister will be apprehensive about her brother’s commitment to her welfare because the wife can always pull him away from his responsibilities to his natal house.
5. Women possess only token authority in Khasi society as it is men who are the defacto power holders.
6. The system is indeed weighted in favour of male matri-kin rather than male Patrik in.