CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 9 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 9 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 9 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 hours.
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

(i) The question paper is divided into four sections.
(ii) There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(iii) Section A includes question No. 1-20. These are MCQ type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
(iv) Section B includes question No.21-29. These are very short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
(v) Section C includes question No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
(vi) Section D includes question No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Ansiver to each question should not exceed 200 words each. Question no 38 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

Section – A (20 Marks)

Question 1.
Sociology helps in mapping the: [1]
(A) links and connections between personal troubles and social issues.
(B) the places of culture differentiation.
(C) Both (A) and (B).
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(A) links and connections between personal troubles and social issues.

Explanation: Sociology helps in mapping the links and connections between personal troubles and social issues.

Question 2.
Which of the following do not comprise the significant section of the population that is excluded from the four-fold Varna system (also known as the panchamas or fifth category)? [1]
(A) Outcastes
(B) Slaves
(C) Foreigners
(D) Shudras
Answer:
(D) Shudras

Explanation: Shudras comprise the fourth category of the Varna system.

Question 3.
Even though the fertility and population growth rates are declining, India’s population is projected to increase from 1.2 billion today to an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050 due to _____. [1]
(A) population explosion
(B) post-transitional phase
(C) population momentum
(D) rate of natural increase
Answer:
(C) population momentum

Explanation: Population momentum refers to a situation, where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did.

Question 4.
In what form of a family does the newly married couple stay with the groom’s parents? [1]
(A) Patrilocal
(B) Neolocal
(C) Matrilocal
(D) Avunculocal
Answer:
(A) Patrilocal

Question 5.
Agricultural production grows in _____ progression. [1]
(A) Geometric
(B) Linear
(C) Harmonic
(D) Arithmetic
Answer:
(D) Arithmetic

Explanation: Arithmetic progression is a series or sequence of numbers that may start with any number, but where each succeeding number is obtained by adding a fixed amount (number) to the preceding number. Agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.)

Question 6.
Which of the following states does not have a total fertility rate below the replacement level? [1]
(A) Himachal Pradesh
(B) Madhya Pradesh
(C) Kerala
(D) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(B) Madhya Pradesh

Explanation: Madhya Pradesh, along with Bihar, UP and Rajasthan has one of the highest TFRs, higher than the replacement level.

Question 7.
Theoretically, the caste system can be understood as the combination of the two sets of principles. [1]
(A) Differences and Separation
(B) Wholism and Hierarchy
(C) Both of above
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) Differences and Separation

Question 8.
Khasi tribes do not fit along one of the following statements: [1]
(A) Matrilineal generates intense role conflict for men.
(B) Women possess only token authority.
(C) Men are more adversely affected than women.
(D) The system is weighted in favour of male matri-kin.
Answer:
(C) Men are more adversely affected than women.

Question 9.
Which of the following is an example of the economic changes affecting caste? [1]
(A) Recruitment to industrial jobs continued to be organized along caste and kinship-based lines.
(B) Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s.
(C) Particular departments or shop floors were often dominated by specific castes.
(D) Modem industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no caste rules.
Answer:
(D) Modem industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no caste rules.

Explanation: The first and the third options are examples of the resilience of the caste system. The emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s is an example of political changes. Growth of the private modern industry opened new job opportunities that where caste rules did not apply. At a different level, modern educated Indians attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy, began to abandon the more extreme caste practices.

Question 10.
What service and artisanal castes occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy? [1]
(A) Dalit
(B) Scheduled Tribes
(C) Bohras
(D) OBCs
Answer:
(D) OBCs

Question 11.
Minority in the sociological sense can be defined by [1]
(A) Privilege
(B) Only numerical distinction
(C) Solidarity due to experience of disadvantage
(D) Individualism
Answer:
(C) Solidarity due to experience of disadvantage

Question 12.
The decimal growth rate of the urban population in 1951 was _____. [1]
(A) 41.42 per cent
(B) 96.54 per cent
(C) 27.23 per cent
(D) 76.57 per cent
Answer:
(A) 41.42 per cent

Question 13.
Throughout most of history: [1]
(A) Half the world’s population lived in urban areas
(B) Most of the world’s population lived in urban areas
(C) 51 per cent of the world’s population lived in urban areas
(D) Most of the world’s population lived in rural areas
Answer:
(D) Most of the world’s population lived in rural areas

Question 14.
The watchwords One Caste One Religion One God for all men were given by [1]
(A) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule
(B) Ayyankali
(C) Savitri Bai Phule
(D) Sri Narayana Guru
Answer:
(D) Sri Narayana Guru

Question 15.
Discrimination and exclusion of people are not based on: [1]
(A) Caste
(B) Class
(C) Gender
(D) Family system
Answer:
(D) Family system

Question 16.
The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the _____. [1]
(A) social group
(B) individual
(C) community
(D) family
Answer:
(B) individual

Explanation: Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from her/his impairment. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.

Question 17.
Assertion (A): The culture of the dominant class controls the dominant meanings.
Reason (R): The structure of relations between classes perpetuates itself by reproducing its characteristics in the domain of culture. [1]
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Question 18.
Who wrote about navya-nyaya logic in ‘The Sources of Knowledge’? [1]
(A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(B) Kandukuri Veeresalingam
(C) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
(D) Pandita Ramabai
Answer:
(B) Kandukuri Veeresalingam

Question 19.
Which of the following is not a physical-racial criterion for defining the tribes in India? [1]
(A) Austric
(B) Aryan
(C) Dravidian
(D) Negrito
Answer:
(A) Austric

Explanation: Austric is a linguistic category.

Question 20.
In which area has caste proved to be the strongest? [1]
(A) Cultural and domestic sphere
(B) Politics
(C) Economic
(D) Urban sphere
Answer:
(A) Cultural and domestic sphere

Explanation: It was in the cultural and domestic spheres that caste has proved strongest. Endogamy, or the practice of marrying within the caste, remained largely unaffected by modernisation and change.

Section – B (18 Marks)

Question 21.
What is Class Struggle? [2]
Answer:
The concept of class struggle was given by Karl Marx. According to him, there exists two classes related to the system of production and there is a constant conflict of interests between these two classes. One of the classes is the owner of the means of production and the other is the one who produces things. The labour class sells its labour to earn money. First class is rich and the second class is poor. According to Marx, the first class exploits the other class and becomes richer but the labour class becomes poorer.

Question 22.
Discuss the Caste in Contemporary India [2]
Answer:

• Abolition of untouchability: The implementation of Article 17 was difficult initially because of upper castes people protest.
• Constitution: People should be given jobs without considering castes, etc. It should be based on achievements. Now there are reservations for SCs and STs, therefore, successful SCs and STs become a part of the mainstream leading to the upliftment of the SCs and STs.

Question 23.
How can regionalism be removed?
OR
What is de-industrialisation? [2]
Answer:
Regionalism can be removed with the help of certain steps like by making appropriate laws, by developing means of transport and communication, by encouraging tourism, by developing the common language of the country, by making programs of national unity, etc.

OR

In India, the impact of the very same British industrialisation led to de-industrialisation in some sectors and decline of old urban centres. Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of competition from Manchester. This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam, while Bombay and Madras grew.

Question 24.
State the main concerns of social reformers of the nineteenth century.
OR
Write a short note on Bhoodan movement. [2]
Answer:
Main concerns of social reformers of the nineteenth century:

• Removal of the prevailing social evils.
• Education for the deprived, backward and weaker sections.
• Widow remarriage.
• Child marriage.
• Against caste and gender discrimination.
• Religious discrimination.

OR

Bhoodan movement refers to land gifting movement. It is a voluntary land reform movement. The movement persuaded land owners to voluntarily donate the land to the landless people. The movement was started by Vinoba Bhave in 1951.

Question 25.
What is the backward class? [2]
Answer:
Backward class is that class of majority that became weak due to social, religious, economic and geographical factors. The people belonging to this class were exploited to such an extent in the past, that even after the aid of various government policies, they still remain underdeveloped.

Question 26.
Give two provisions for women position/status of women. [2]
Answer:
In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress issued a declaration on the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality. The declaration reads as follows:

All citizens are equal before the law, irrespective of religion, caste, creed or sex. No disability attaches to any citizen, by reason of his or her religion, caste, creed or sex, in regard to public employment, office of power or honour and in the exercise of any trade or calling.

Question 27.
What is the meaning of cultural diversity? [2]
Answer:
Cultural diversity refers to the presence within the larger national, regional or other context of many different kinds of cultural communities such as those defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity and so on.

Question 28.
What are the evil consequences of religious diversity? [2]
Answer:
Religious Fundamentalism. Forceful or deceptive conversion from one religion to another.

Question 29.
What is Capitalism?
OR
Give urban impact on people. [2]
Answer:
Capitalism is a system of commodity production for the market, through use of wage labour. Private property and the market have included all the sectors including the human labour into a saleable commodity. There are two classes in capitalism – Bourgeoisie, i.e., the owners of means of production who invest their capital and make profit and the Proletariat, i.e., the working class.

OR

Villages in which a sizeable number, people have sought employment in far-off cities. They live there leaving behind the members of their families in their natal. Urban impact is to be seen in villages which are situated near an industrial town.

Section – C (24 Marks)

Question 30.
What is Sanskritisation? What is meant by Dominant caste? What is the meaning of Tribalism?
OR
State the disadvantage of previous knowledge of society while studying Sociology. [4]
Answer:
Sanskritisation refers to the process by which castes, lower in the hierarchy, seek upward social mobility by imitating the ritual and social practices of castes above themselves.

Dominant Castes are the upper-middle ranking castes with a large population with newly acquired land ownership rights leading to their political, economic and social dominance in a region. It is an ideology wherein the tribal groups begin to define themselves as tribals in order to distinguish themselves from the newly encountered others.

OR

The disadvantage is that this previous knowledge can be a problem. In order to learn Sociology, we need to “forget” what we formerly know about society. Sociology offers to educate us to see the world from numerous edge points – not just of our own, but also that of others like ourselves.

Understanding Indian society and its structure provides a kind of social chart on which you could locate yourself, like with a geographical chart, locating oneself on a social chart. Sociology can do further than simply help to detect you or others in this simple sense of describing the places of different social groups.

Question 31.
What are the reasons that can be attributed to caste system becoming invisible for the upper classes, in the contemporary period? [4]
Answer:
Upper caste elite were able to benefit from subsidized public education, especially professional education. Took advantage of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after Independence. This led over the rest of society (in terms of education) ensured that they did not face any serious competition.

As their privileged status got consolidated in the second and third generations, these groups believed that caste played no role in their advancement. For the third generations of these groups their economic and educational capital is sufficient to ensure that they will get the best in terms of life chances.

Question 32.
What reasons are responsible for maternal deaths in India than any other country in the world? What are the efforts of Ministry? [4]
Answer:
The major reasons for the maternal deaths are poverty, illiteracy, backwardness, lack of medical facilities and awareness and ongoing superstitions in society. The efforts of ministry in controlling maternal deaths are:

Ministry of Health has announced that it is strengthening efforts to reduce untimely deaths in 264 districts that account for nearly 70 per cent of infants and maternal deaths. The government is seriously implementing a ‘mother–child tracking system’ which keeps a track of pregnant women. Ministry also ran a programme for the postnatal care and immunisation for the new borns. Provision of enough funds has been made per year ($3.5 billion) for improvement in health services and for taking care of women and children’s health.

Question 33.
How have social reformers helped in the emancipation of women in India? [4]
Answer:
Emancipation of women by the social reformers:

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against the practice of Sati in nineteenth century in Bengal. He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
• M.G. Ranade led the movement of widow remarriage efforts. His writings are titled as The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage.
• Jyotiba Phule attacked both caste and gender discrimination. He founded the Satyashodak Samaj. Phule’s first practical social reform efforts were to aid the two groups considered lowest in traditional Brahmin culture: women and untouchables.
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted Muslim girls to be educated, however, within the vicinity of their homes.
• Dayanand Saraswati stood for women’s education.
• Tarabai Shinde through her writings attacked the double standards of male-dominated society. Her book is called Stree Purush Tulana.

Question 34.
It is easy to describe a State but hard to define it. Why?
OR
How did the advent of colonialism in India produce a major upheaval in the economy? [4]
Answer:
A state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a set of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it:

In Max Weber’s well-known definition, a state is a body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory. Nations are found on the basis of common cultural, historical and political institutions like a shared religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture. But it is hard to come up with any defining features, any characteristics that a nation must possess.

There are many nations that do not share a single common language, religion and ethnicity. There are many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. A state is the closest criterion that distinguishes a nation. However, this one-to-one relationship is a new development.

OR

Advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy:

British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in India. After colonisation, India became the source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods. Earlier it was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market.

New groups emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism. Disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. For example, handloom, village crafts, etc. Emergence of new business communities transformed trade, banking, industry, etc.

Question 35.
Industrialisation and urbanisation are linked processes. Discuss [4]
Answer:

1. Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
2. A prime feature of industrial societies is that a large number of people are employed in factories, offices or shops rather than in agriculture.
3. Over 90 per cent of the people are living in cities and towns where most of the jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created.
4. British period of industrialisation in some regions had led to decline of old urban centres.
5. The process of urbanisation during the colonial period caused decline of earlier urban centres and the emergence of new colonial cities like Surat and Masulipatnam lost their charm and Bombay and Madras emerged as important cities.
6. When manufacturing units boomed in Britain, traditional export of cotton and silk manufacturers of India declined because they could not compete with Manchester.
7. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the development of mechanised factory industrialisation, few towns became heavily populated.
8. Other than eastern India where British penetration was the earliest and deepest, survived much longer. For example, village crafts in the interior could survive. They were affected only with the spread of railways.
9. The government of India after independence played significant role in protecting and promoting industrialisation.

Section – D (18 Marks)

Question 36.
What is the meaning of Secularisation? Explain its different elements. [6]
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, Secularisation implies that what was previously regarded as religious is now ceasing to be such and it also implies as a process of differentiation which results in the various aspects of society, economic, political, legal and moral becoming increasingly discrete in relation to each other.” In this way, on the basis of the given definition, we can say that secularisation is that process in which the explanation of human behaviour is not done on the basis of religion, but is based upon rationalism.

Phenomena are understood on the basis of their reason with function. The effect of religion is decreasing in our daily life. Now the impact of science and objectivity has increased. M.N. Srinivas gave three essential elements of secularisation which are given below:

Lack of religiousness: First and the important element of secularisation is the decline in the importance of religion. An increase in secularisation will automatically bring change in religious beliefs. A person starts to feel that those religious beliefs or traditions in which he believes, are unable to fulfil any one of his needs. In this way, religious views start to decline.

Rationality: Through rationality, humans start to examine every type of superstitions, beliefs, etc., on the basis of rationality. According to Srinivas, “In rationality, with other things traditional beliefs and views were changed into modern knowledge.” In this way, rationality increased in humans with the development of modern ideas and values.

Process of differentiation: The process of differentiation is also related to the process of secularisation. Every sector of society, i.e., social, moral, political, etc., is different from each other. Occupation of the person, in modern society, is not decided on the basis of religion but is determined on the basis of his/her ability. Now everyone is equal before the law. The impact of religion has decreased in every sector of society. A person has started to get everything on the basis of his ability, not on the basis of religion.

Question 37.
“The transformation in labour relations is regarded by some scholars as indicative of a transition to capitalist agriculture. Because the capitalist mode of production is based on the separation of the workers from the means of production (in this case, land) and the use of ‘free’ wage labour. In general, it is true that farmers in the more developed regions were becoming more oriented to the market. As cultivation became more commercialised, these rural areas were also becoming integrated to the wider economy. This process increased the flow of money into villages and expanding opportunities for business and employment.

But we should remember that this process of transformation in the rural economy, in fact, began during the Colonial period. In many regions in the nineteenth century, large tracts of land in Maharashtra were given over to cotton cultivation and cotton farmers became directly linked to the world market. However, the pace and spread of change rapidly increased after Independence, as the government promoted modem methods of cultivation and attempted to modernise the rural economy through other strategies.” [6]
(a) What did the process of integration of rural areas lead? When did it begin?
(b) What happened in the nineteenth century?
(c) But when did the process increase?
Answer:
(a) This process of integration increased the flow of money into villages and expanding opportunities for business and employment. It began during the Colonial period.
(b) In the nineteenth century, large tracts of land in Maharashtra were given over to cotton cultivation and cotton farmers became directly linked to the world market.
(c) The pace and spread of change rapidly increased after Independence, as the government promoted modern methods of cultivation and attempted to modernise the rural economy through other strategies.

Question 38.
What are the social implications of the small size of the organised sector in India?
OR
Explain the Tribal Movement of Jharkhand. [6]
Answer:
Very few people have the experience of employment in large firms where they get to meet people from other regions and backgrounds. For example, Urban settings of your neighbours in a city may be from different places. Personal relationships determine many aspects of work. For example, If the employer likes you, you may get a salary raise and if you have a fight with him or her, you may lose your job. This is different from an organised sector, which has well-defined rules, transparent recruitment, mechanisms for complaints and redressal in case of disagreement with superiors.

Second, very few Indians have access to secure jobs with benefits. Of those who do, two-thirds work for the government. The rest are forced to depend on their children in their old age. Government employment in India has played a major role in overcoming boundaries of caste, religion and region.

Third, since very few people are members of unions, a feature of the organised sector, the unorganised or informal sector workers do not have the experience of collectively fighting for proper wages and safe working conditions. The government has laws to monitor conditions in the unorganised sector, but in practice, they are left to the whims and fancies of the employer or contractor.

OR

One of the key issues that binds tribal movements from different parts of the country is the alienation of tribals from forest lands. In this sense, ecological issues are central to tribal movements, like cultural issues of identity and economic issues of inequality. Many of the tribal movements have been largely located in the ‘tribal belt’ in middle India, such as the Santhals, Hos, Oraons, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganas. This region came to be called Jharkhand. Therefore, Jharkhand can be taken as an example of a tribal movement.

Jharkhand was carved out of south Bihar in the year 2000. This state was formed based on more than a century of resistance. Its charismatic leader Birsa Munda, an Adivasi who led a major uprising against the British. Stories, songs and writings about his struggle can be found all over Jharkhand.

Christian missionaries spread literacy in South Bihar. Literate Adivasis began to research and write about their history and myths, documented and disseminated information about tribal customs and cultural practices. This helped create a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as Jharkhandis. Literate Adivasis acquired government jobs and over time a middle-class Adivasi intellectual leadership emerged that formulated the demand for a separate state and lobbied for it in India and abroad.

The Adivasis shared a common hatred of Dikus – migrant traders and moneylenders who had settled in the area and grabbed its wealth, impoverishing the original residents. Dikus enjoyed the benefits from the mining and industrial projects. And Adivasi lands had been alienated. Adivasi experiences of marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhand identity and inspired collective action that eventually led to the formation of a separate state.

The leaders of the movement in Jharkhand were agitated against acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges; survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down, etc.; collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted; nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted.