Category: class6

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth

1. Answer the following questions briefly.
(a) What are the four major domains of the earth?
(b) Name the major continents of the earth.
(c) Name the two continents that lie entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
(d) Name the different layers of the atmosphere.
(e) Why is the earth called the ‘blue planet’?
(f ) Why is the Northern Hemisphere called the land Hemisphere?
(g) Why is the biosphere important for living organisms?
Answers:
(a) Major Domains of the Earth

• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere

(b) Major continents of the Earth

• Asia
• Europe
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Australia
• Antarctica

(c) Two continents lying entirely in the Southern hemisphere are:

• Australia and
• Antarctica

(d) Layers of (the) Atmosphere

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

(e) The Earth is called the blue planet because,

• it is the only planet (so far) which has water,
• it looks blue from the sky because of presence of water on it.

(f) The Northern Hemisphere is called the Land Hemisphere because of the following reasons:

• Greater part of the landmass lies in the Northern Hemisphere. It is more than 70% of the total area.
• Water bodies area is smaller in this Hemisphere. It is only 30% of the total area of the Northern Hemisphere.

(g) Importance of Biosphere

• Biosphere sustains all life forms.
• It provides food to them.
• It provides stage to all forms of life to act upon.
• It should be pollution free because pollution is injurious to life forms.

2. Tick the correct answer.

(a) The mountain range that separates Europe from Asia is
(i) the Andes                         (ii) the Himalayas                        (iii) the Urals.

(b) The continent of North America is linked to South America by
(i) an Isthmus                        (ii)   a Strait                            (iii)   a Canal.

(c) The major constituent of the atmosphere by percent is
(i) Nitrogen                              (ii)   Oxygen                                  (iii)   Carbon dioxide.

(d) The domain of the earth consisting of solid rocks is
(i) the Atmosphere           (ii)   the Hydrosphere             (iii)   the Lithosphere.

(e) Which the largest continent?
(i) Africa                           (ii)   Asia                                 (iii)   Australia

Answers:
(a)—(iii)
(b)—(i)
(c)—(i)
(d)—(iii)
(e)—(ii).

3. Fill in the blanks.

1. The deepest point on the earth is ……….. in the Pacific Ocean.
2. The……… Ocean is named after a country.
3. The……… is a narrow contact zone of land, water and air that supports life.
4. The continents of Europe and Asia together are known as…………….
5. The highest mountain peak on earth is…………….

Answers:

1. Mariana Trench
2. Indian
3. Biosphere
4. Eurasia
5. Everest

Things to do

1. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of the world and arrange them according to their decreasing sizes.
Answer:
For’ self-attempt.

2. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of the world and try to fit them together as a jig-saw puzzle.
Answer:
For self-attempt.

3. Collect pictures of expeditions to the Himalayas. Write about the kind of equipment carried by the climbers for protection against sunshine, temperature, and the lack of air.
Answer:
The mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders to be able to breathe at high altitudes. They wear a special jacket to avoid temperature. They also wear sunglasses and cap to save themselves from the scorching heat of the sun.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences given below:
(i) Life exists in this zone:
(a) Lithosphere                                  (b) Biosphere
(c) Hydrosphere                                 (d) Atmosphere.

(ii) It is the only continent through which the tropic of Cancer, the Equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn pass:
(a) Asia                                             (b) Europe
(c) Africa                                          (d) North America.

(iii) It is the world’s longest mountain range
(a) The Mt. Everest                             (b) The Ural Mountains
(c) The Karakoram range                  (d) The Andes.

(iv)Which ocean is ‘S’ shaped?
(a) The Pacific Ocean                       (b)    The Atlantic Ocean
(c) The Indian Ocean                       (d)    The Arctic Ocean.

(v) Which one is not the layer of the Atmosphere?
(a) The Biosphere                             (b)    The Troposphere                •
(c) The Stratosphere                        (d)    The Mesosphere.

(vi) It is called an island continent
(a) South America                           (b)    Antarctica
(c) Africa                                           (d)    Australia.

Answers:
(i)— (b)
(ii)—(c)
(iii)—(d)
(iv)—(b)
(v)—(a)
(vi)—(d).

II. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. The South Pole lies almost at the centre of………………..
2. Africa is the second largest continent after ……………..
3. The world’s longest river the Nile flows through ………………
4. The hydrosphere comprises water in the form of ………………., water and ………….
5. The Arctic Ocean is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as ……………
6. The Pacific Ocean is ………….  in shape.
7. The Coastline of the Atlantic Ocean is high……………….
8. Europe lies to the ………….  of Asia.

Answers:

1. Antarctica
2. Asia
3. Africa
4. ice, water vapour
5. Berring Strait
6. circular
7. indented
8. west.

III. True/False
State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. The shape of the Pacific Ocean is almost triangular.
2. A very small part of Africa lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
3. The level of seawater remains the same everywhere.
4. Air moves from low pressure to high pressure.
5. Carbon dioxide is an important constituent of air.
6. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

Answers:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True.

IV. Matching Skill

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Major Domains Of The Earth Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Which is larger—Europe or Australia?
Answer: Europe is larger than Australia.

2. How is nitrogen a significant gas?
Answer: Nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms.

3. What is the Junction of carbon dioxide?
Answer: Carbon dioxide absorbs the heat radiated by the earth and thus keeps the planet warm.

4. What is the height of the Mt. Everest?
Answer: The height of the Mt. Everest is 8,848 metres.

5. In which Hemisphere does Asia lie?
Answer: Asia lies in the Eastern Hemisphere.

6. Name the world’s largest hot desert. Where is it located?
Answer: The Sahara desert. It is located in Africa.

7. How is North America linked to South America? [Imp.]
Answer: North America is linked to South America by a narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.

8. Name the Oceans that surround the continent—North America.
Answer: The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

9. Which two oceans surround South America on the east and the west?
Answer: On the east—the Atlantic Ocean On the west—the Pacific Ocean.

10. Name the research stations of India in Antarctica.
Answer: Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri.

11. What percent of the earth is covered with water?   [Imp.]
Answer: More than 71 per cent of the earth is covered with water.

12. What percent of earth is covered with land?
Answer: 29 per cent of earth is covered with land.

13. How much of the earth’s water is found in the oceans?
Answer: More than 97 percent of the earth’s water is found in the ocean.

14. Why is the ocean water not fit for human use?   [Imp.]
Answer: It is because the ocean water is very salty.

15. Why do the mountaineers carry with them oxygen cylinders?[Imp*]
Answer: The mountaineers carry with them oxygen cylinders so that they can easily breathe at high altitudes.

16. What is the nature of the temperature?
Answer: The temperature decreases as we go upwards.

17. Name the continents that surround the pacific ocean.
Answer: Asia, Australia, North America and South America.

18. Which is the busiest ocean from the point of view of commerce?
Answer: The Atlantic ocean is the busiest ocean from the point of view of commerce.

19. Mention two reasons of fast removal of soil from stops.      [V. Imp.l
Answer: (i)Cutting of forests for wood.
(ii)Clearing land for agriculture.

20. What happened to Andaman and Nicobar islands during Tsunami? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Parts of these islands were submerged under water during Tsunami.

21. What makes the water of lakes and rivers unsuitable for human use?
Answer: Discharge of waste material into lakes and rivers makes the water unsuitable for human use.

22. Mention any two reasons of air pollution.
Answer: (i) Emission from industries
(ii)Emission from vehicles.

Major Domains Of The Earth Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mention the three main components of the environment. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The three main components of the environment are – the lithosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. The lithosphere is the solid portion of the earth. The gaseous layers that surround the earth is the atmosphere. The atmosphere is made up of oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide and other gases. The hydrosphere refers to the big area of water that covers the earth’s surface. This water is in the forms of ice, water and water vapour.

2. Write a short note on the ‘hydrosphere’.
Answer: The hydrosphere refers to the water bodies that are found on the earth’s surface. More than 71% of the earth is covered with water. This water is found in all its forms—ice, water and water vapour. Running water in oceans and rivers and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere. More than 97% of the earth’s water is found in oceans. The ocean water is very salty, hence not of human utility. A large proportion of the rest of water is in the form of the icesheets and glaciers or under the ground. A very small percentage (0.03%) is available as fresh water. It is this water that we use.

3. Explain biosphere—the domain of life. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The biosphere is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life. It is in this zone that life exists. There are several species of organisms that vary in size from microbes and bacteria to large mammals. All living organisms including humans are linked to each other and to the biosphere for survival.

4. Give an account of the composition of the atmosphere. Also, discuss the importance of the components. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Together they make up about 99% of clean, dry air. Nitrogen 78% and oxygen 21%. Apart from these two major gases, there are other gases too in the atmosphere. These gases include carbon dioxide, argon and others comprise 1% by volume.

Oxygen is the breath of life while nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat radiated by the earth. In this way, it keeps the planet warm. It is also essential for the growth of plants.

5. What is atmosphere? Write about its different layers.
Answer: The atmosphere is a thin blanket of air that surrounds the earth. It provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of sun’s rays. The atmosphere extends up to a height of about 1,600 km. The atmosphere is divided into five layers based on composition, temperature and other properties. These layers are—the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere.

NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Give the details of all the major continents. [V. Imp.]
Answer: There are seven major continents—Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica.
1. Asia is the largest continent. It covers about one-third of the total land area of the earth. It lies in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer passes through this continent. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural mountains on the west. The combined land mass of Europe and Asia is called Eurasia (Europe + Asia).

2.Europe.This continent lies to the west of Asia. The Arctic circle passes through it. It is bound by water bodies on three sides.

3.Africa.It is the second largest continent after Asia. The Equator or 0° latitude runs almost through the middle of the continent. A large part of Africa lies in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass. It is bound on all sides by oceans and seas. The world’s largest hot desert, i.e. the Sahara Desert lies in this continent. The world’s longest river the Nile flows through it.

4.North America. It is the third largest continent of the world. It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama. This continent lies completely in the Northern and Western Hemisphere.

5.South America. It lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. The Andes, world’s longest mountain range, runs through its length from north to south. The world’s largest river, the Amazon flows through this continent.

6. Australia. It is the smallest continent. It lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.

7. Antarctica.It lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is a large continent. The South Pole lies almost at the centre of this continent It is permanently covered with thick ice sheets because it is located in the South Polar region. Permanent human settlement is not found here.

2. Write about the major oceans of the world.
Answer: There are four major oceans in the world—the Pacific Ocean the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
1.The Pacific Ocean. It is the largest ocean and is spread over one-third of the earth. Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the earth, lies under the Pacific Ocean. This ocean is circular in shape. Asia, Australia, North and South Americas surround it.

2.The Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest ocean in the world. It is ‘S’ shaped. It is flanked by the North and South Americas on the Western side and Europe and Africa on the eastern side. The coastline of this ocean is highly indented. It is the ideal location for natural harbours and ports. Commercially, it is the busiest ocean.

3.The Indian Ocean. It is the only ocean named after country, that is, India. The shape of the ocean is triangular. It is bound by Asia in the north, by Africa in the west and by Australia in the east.

4.The Arctic Ocean. It is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole. It is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as Bering Strait. See the map given in the previous question.

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

1.  Answer the following questions briefly.
(a) Name the major physical divisions of India.
(b) India shares its land boundaries with seven countries – Name them.
(c) Which two major rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?
(d) Name the delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra
(e) How many States and Union Territories are there in India? Which states have a common capital?
(f) Why do a large number of people live in the Northern Plains?
(g) Why is Lakshadweep known as a coral island?
Answer:
(a) Major physical divisions of India:

• The Himalayas
• The Northern Great Plains
• The Peninsular Plateau
• The Coastal Plains
• The Islands

(b) Countries sharing land boundaries with India:

• Pakistan
• Afghanistan
• China
• Nepal
• Bhutan
• Myanmar
• Bangladesh

(c) (i) Narmada
(ii) Tapi (Tapti)
(d) Delta formed by Ganga and Brahmaputra: Sunderban.
(e) States: 28, Union Territories: 07.
States of Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh have a common capital at Chandigarh.
(f) Large number of people live in the Northern plains because of the following reasons:

• Fertile land provides facilities for agriculture. It sustains more people.
• Means of transport and communication are developed here. They provide mobility to people.
• Opportunities for employment exist in the plains.
• Water is easily available.
• Industries provide employment (Agro-based industries)

(g) Lakshadweep is a coral island because of the following reasons:

• Climate and seawater is suitable for the growth of polyps.
• Their skeletons pile up and form islands.

2. Tick the correct answer.
(a) The southernmost Himalayas are known as …………….
(i) Shiwaliks
(ii) Himadri
(iii) Himachal.

(b) Sahyadris is also known as …………
(i) Aravali
(ii) the Western Ghats
(iii) Himadri.

(c) The Palk Strait lies between the countries ……………
(i) Sri Lanka and Maldives
(ii) India and Sri Lanka
(iii) India and Maldives.

(d) The Indian islands in the Arabian sea are known as ……………….
(i) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands
(iii) the Maldives

(e) The oldest mountain range in India is the ……………
(i) Aravali hills
(ii) the Western Ghats
(iii) Himalayas

Answer:
(a)—(i), (b)—(ii), (c)—(ii), (d)—(ii), (e)—(i)

3. Fill in the blanks.

1. India has an area of about…………..
2. The Greater Himalayas are also known as……………
3. The largest state in India in terms of area is……………..
4. The river Narmada falls into the……………
5. The latitude that runs almost halfway through India is ……………….

Answer:

1. 3.28 million sq. km
2. Himadri
3. Rajasthan
4. Arabian
5. The Tropic of Cancer.

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:
(i) The USA has …………
(a) Two time zones                            (b) Four time zones
(c) Seven-time zones                          (d) Eight time zones.

(ii) India belongs to the ……………….
(a) Northern Hemisphere                   (b) Southern Hemisphere
(c) Eastern Hemisphere                        (d) Western Hemisphere.

(iii) The island neighbours of India are ……………..
(a) Sri Lanka and Lakshadweep    (b) Sri Lanka and the Maldives
(c) Maldives and Andaman and Nicobar     (d)None of the above.

(iv) Which state is the smallest one in terms of area?
(a) Goa                                                (b) Kerala
(c) Uttarakhand                                 (d) Tripura.

(v) The other name of Middle Himalaya is ……………
(a) Himadri                                        (b) Himachal
(c) Shiwalik                                       (d) Great-Himalaya.

(vi) Which island groups were affected by the Tsunami in 2004?
(a) Lakshadweep                                 (b) Maldives
(c) Andaman and    Nicobar                (d) Both (a) and (c).

Answer:
(i)—(c), (ii)— (a), (iii)—(b), (iv)—(a), (v)—(b), (vi)—(c).

II.Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. India is the second-most populous country of the world after …………………..
2. The Himalayan mountains are divided into ……………  main parallel ranges.
3. The Great Indian Desert lies to the …………….  part of India.
4. …….  and ……….. are west-flowing rivers that fall into the Arabian Sea.
5. Lakshadweep islands are located in the ………………..
6. The western coastal plains are very……………….

Answer:

1. China
2. three
3. Western
4. Narmada, Tapi
5. the Arabian Sea
6. narrow

III.True/False

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. Lakshadweep islands are coral islands.
2. The eastern coastal plains are much broader.
3. The Northern Indian plains lie to the south of the Himalayas.
4. The Bay of Bengal lies east to India.
5. Canada has five time zones.
6. High concentration of population is found in plateaus.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False.

IV.Matching Skill
Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Our Country India Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7  Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is the north-south extent of India?
Answer:  The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km.

2. What is the east-west extent of India?
Answer: The east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km.

3. How does the local time change?   [V. Imp.]
Answer: The local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude,

4. What is the difference between the time of sunrise in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat?
Answer:  The difference between the time of sunrise in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat is two hours.

5. On what basis have the states been formed?
Answer:  The states have been formed on the basis of languages,

6. What does Himalayas mean?
Answer: Himalaya means the abode of snow (Him + alaya).

7. Where are the world’s highest peaks located? [Imp.]
Answer:  The world’s highest peaks are located in the Great Himalayas or Himadri.

8. What is a peninsula?
Answer: A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on all the three sides,

9. Define the term desert.
Answer:  A desert is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land with very little vegetation,

10. Name the two important hill ranges that lie in the peninsula plateau
Answer:  The Vindhyas and the Satpuras.

11. What is called the mouth of the river?
Answer:  The point where rivers enter the sea is called the mouth of the river,

12. What are called polyps?
Answer: Polyps are very small marine animals.

13. What is the difference between the western coastal plains and the eastern coastal plains? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Western coastal plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader.

14. Name the rivers which fall into the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:  Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishana and Kaveri.

Our Country India Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mention the political and administrative divisions of India. [V. Imp.]
Answer: India is a vast country. Hence, for administrative purposes, it is divided into 28 states and 7 Union Territories. Delhi is the capital of India. The formation of states has been made on the basis of languages. Rajasthan is the largest state while Goa is the smallest state in terms of area. These states have been further divided into districts.

2. Write a short note on the coastal plains of India.
Answer:  The coastal plains lie to the West of the Western Ghats and the East of the Eastern Ghats. The Western coastal plains are narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. There are several fast-flowing rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These rivers have formed fertile deltas at their mouth.

3. Write a short note on the two groups of islands of India.
Answer:  The two groups of islands are—Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Lakshadweep islands are located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located off the coast of Kerala. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.

4. How are coral islands formed? [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Corals are skeletons of very small marine animals called polyps. When the living polyps die, their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on top of the hard skeleton which grows higher and higher, thus forming the coral islands.

5. What do you know about the boundaries of India? Explain in brief. [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Our country has a vast geographical expanse. In the north, it is bound by the lofty Himalayas. In the west, lies the Arabian Sea, in the east it is bound by the Bay of Bengal and in the south lies the Indian’ Ocean.

6. Describe the geographical extent of India. [V. Imp.]
Answer: India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. Km. The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km. And the east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. The lofty mountains, the Great Indian Desert, the Northern Plains, the uneven plateau surface and the coasts and islands present a diversity of landforms.

7. Describe the locational extent of India. [Imp.]
Answer: India is located in the northern hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30′ N) passes almost halfway through the country. From south to north, mainland of India extends between 8° 4′ N and 37° 6′ N latitudes. From west to east, India extends between 68° 7′ E and 97° 25′ E longitudes. If we divide the world into eastern and western hemisphere, India will belong to eastern hemisphere.

8. Describe the effect of east-west extent of India on time.
Answer:  The west to eats extent leads to difference in local time from meridian to meridian. The local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude. The sun rises two hours earlier in the east, Le. Arunachal Pradesh than in the west, ie. (Gujarat). The local time of longitude of 82° 30′ E has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This longitude is also known as the Standard Meridian of India. Its time is taken as the standard throughout the country.

NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Describe the major physical division of India.  [V. Imp.]
Answer:
India has a diverse physical feature, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, coasts and islands.

1.The Himalayas. The Himalayas stand sentinels in the north. The Himalayas mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri. The world’s highest peaks are located in this range. Middle Himalayas or Himachal lies to the south of Himadri. The Shiwalik is the southernmost range.

2.The Northern Indian Plains. They lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are usually level and flat. These are fertile regions and are suitable for cultivation. Thick population is found here.

3.’ The Great Indian Desert. It lies to the western part of the country. It is a sandy stretch of land. Rainfall is very poor, hence very little vegetation is found here.

4.The Peninsular Plateau. It is triangular in shape. It lies to the south of the northern plains. Its relief is highly uneven. Numerous hill ranges and valleys are found here. Aravali hills lie to the north-west side. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are other important ranges. The Narmada and Tapi flow through these ranges. These west-flowing rivers fall into the Arabian Sea. On the west of the plateau lie the Western Ghats also known as Sahyadris. On the east lie the Eastern Ghats. This plateau is rich in minerals like coal and iron ore.

5. Coastal Plains. They lie to the West of the Western Ghats and East of the Eastern Ghats. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri (all east flowing rivers) fall into the Bay of Bengal. They have formed fertile deltas at their mouth.  <

6.Islands. Two groups of islands are an integral part of the country. Lakshadweep islands are located in the Arabian Sea while Andaman and Nicobar islands lie to the South-east of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal.

VII.Map Skills
1. On an outline map of India, show its neighboring countries.
Answer:

2. On an outline political map of India, show all the states and union territories.
Answer:

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science History Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic

1.  State whether true or false:

1. ‘Rajas’ who let the ‘ashvamedha’ horse pass through their lands were irwited to the sacrifice.
2. The charioteer sprinkled sacred water on the king.
3. Archaeologists have found palaces in the settlements of the ‘janapadas’.
4. Pots to store grain were made out of Painted Grey Ware.
5. Many cities in ‘mahajanapadas’ were fortified.

Answer.

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False.

2.Fill in the chart given below with the terms: hunter-gatherers, farmers, traders, crafts-persons, herders. ‘

Ans: Hunter-gatherers, farmers, traders, crafts-persons and herders—all paid taxes.

1. Farmers—one-sixth of the produce.
2. Crafts-persons—in the form of labour.
3. Herders—in the form of animals and animal products.
4. Traders—taxes on goods brought and sold.
5. Hunter-gatherers—forest produce.

3. Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ‘ganas’?
Ans: These groups of people were not allowed to participate in the assemblies of the ‘ganas’.

• Women
• ‘Dasas’
• ‘Kammakaras’.

4.Why did the ‘rajas’ of ‘mahajanapadas’ build forts?
Ans:

• The rajas of mahajanapadas built forts to protect their capital city.
• This means that huge walls of wood, brick or stone were built around them. Forts were probably built because people were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection.
• It is also likely that some rulers wanted to show how rich and powerful they were by building really large, tall and impressive walls around their cities. Also in this way, the land and the people living inside the fortified areas could be controlled more easily by the king.

5. In what ways are present-day elections different from the ways in which rulers were chosen in ‘janapadas’?
Ans:

1. Present day elections are conducted by election commission. In janapadas we did not have election commission. Some of the rajas were probably chosen by the jana, the people. But around 3,000 years ago, we find some changes taking place in the ways in which rajas were chosen. Some men now became recognised as rajas by performing very big sacrifices.
2. In present-day elections, all citizens (including women and dasas etc.) participate in election process after 18 years of their age. But in janapadas all free men over the age of 30 were recognized as full citizens. In janapadas women and slaves were not considered equal free citizens.
3. Appointments for rulers were made through lottery. All those who wanted to be chosen gave in their names and then some were selected through lottery.

6. Find the state in which you live in the political map on page 136. Were there any ‘janapadas’ in your state? If yes, name them. If not, name the janapadas’ that would have been the closest to your state, and mention whether they were to the east, west, north or south.
Ans: The answer depends on the region you live in. Take the help of your teacher and the map given on page 57 in the textbook to prepare your answer. However, a sample answer has been provided (using the state Uttar Pradesh) – The ‘janapadas’ in the present-day Uttar Pradesh—Panchala, Kosala.

7. Find out whether any of the groups mentioned in answer 2 pay taxes today.
Ans: Yes, all of the groups mentioned in answer 2 pay taxes today.

8. Find out whether the groups mentioned in answer 3 have voting rights at present.
Ans: Yes, all the groups (full citizens of a state or country of age 18 or above (including men, women, dasas, kamakaras etc.) have voting rights at present.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The ‘Ashvamedha’ was the sacrifice of
(a) horse
(b) cow
(c) bull
(d) goat

(ii) Which of these groups of people were not allowed to take part in the rituals after the ‘Ashvamedha’?
(a) ‘Vish’/’Vaishya’
(b) Priests
(c) Women
(d) ‘Shudras’.

(iii) The two words that constitute the word ‘janapada’ mean:
(a) woman and foot
(b) citizens and foot
(c) men and hand
(d) goats and ‘rajas’.

(iv) Which of these was usually fortified?
(a) all cities in ‘mahajanapadas’
(b) all cities in ‘janapadas’
(c) capital cities of ‘mahajanapadas’
(d) the whole ‘mahajanapada’.

(v) One-sixth of the produce was taken as tax from
(a) farmers
(b) hunter-gatherers
(c) crafts-persons
(d) Traders.

(vi) The present name of Raj agriha is
(a) Rajgir
(b) Rajmahal
(c) Rajgaon
(d) Patna.

(vii) Alexander was a ruler who lived in
(a) Slovenia
(b) Greece
(c) Rome
(d) Macedonia.

(viii) At the banks of which river did Alexander’s troops stop?
(a) Indus
(b) Ganga
(c) Narmada
(d) Beas.

(ix) Vajji had its capital city at
(a) Raj agriha
(b) Vaishali
(c) Patna
(d) Magadha.

Answer:
(i)—(a), (ii)—(d), (iii)—(b), (iv)–(c), (v)—(a), (vi)—(a), (vii)—(d), (viii)—(d), (ix)—(b).

III. FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. Some changes took place in the ways of choosing new ‘rajas’ about………………….. years ago.
2. Purana Qila was a settlement in a ‘janapada’ and is now located in ………………………
3. Archaeologists have discovered that people in ‘janapadas’ lived in ……………………….
4. Painted Grey Ware is a type of…………………
5. The taxes on crops were called ………………
6. Herders were supposed to pay taxes in the form of…………………….
7. ‘Kammakara’ was a word used for …………………
8. A ruler called……….. extended the control of Magadha up to the northwest part of the subcontinent.

Answer.

1. 3000m
2. New Delhi
3. (iii) huts
4. potteiyr
5. ‘bhaga’
6. animals and animal produce
7. landless agricultural laburers
8. Mahapadma Nanda.

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true (‘I’) or false (F).

1. The sprinkling of sacred water on the king was done by the ‘Shudras’.
2. The word ‘janapada’ means the land where the ’jana’ has set its foot.
3. Capital cities were fortified with huge walls of wood, brick, or stone.
4. The rulers of ‘mahajanapadas’ depended on occasional gifts brought by people,
5. The rivers Narmada and Brahmaputra flowed through Magadha.
6. Alexander was the only person who conquered Magadha.
7. Both the Buddha and Mahavira belonged to ‘ganas’ or ‘sanghas’.

Answer.

1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. F
7. T

IV.MATCHING SKILL
Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B,

V.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Name a ritual used to recognise someone as a ‘raja’.
Ans: ‘Ashvamedha’ was one ritual used to recognise kings.

2. Which category of people was excluded from the rituals?
Ans: The ‘Shudras’ were excluded from rituals,

3. Name two ‘janapadas’ in North India.
Ans: Hastinapura and Atranjikhera.

4. How were cities fortified?
Ans: Cities were fortified by building huge walls of wood, brick or stone around them,

5. For what did rulers need taxes?
Ans: Rulers needed taxes to build huge forts and to maintain big armies,

6. Name tivo rivers that flowed through Magadha.
Ans. Ganga and Son were two rivers that flowed through Magadha.

7. Name some places conquered by Alexander.
Ans: Alexander conquered parts of Egypt and West Asia.

8. Which rulers conquered the last of the ‘ganas’ or ‘sanghas’?
Ans: The Gupta rulers conquered the last of the ‘ganas’ or ‘sanghas’.

VI.SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write a short note on the ‘Ashvamedha’ ritual
Ans: The ‘Ashvamedha’ (horse sacrifice) was a ritual used to recognise men as ‘rajas’. A horse was left to wander freely. If it wandered into another kingdom and the king of that kingdom stopped it, they had to fight. The ‘raja’ who succeeded in the challenge was recognised as stronger. He would then perform the sacrifice, in which other kings would also come.

2. What were the different roles of different persons in the sacrifice? [V. Imp.]
Ans: The ‘raja’ was the central person in the sacrifice. He was given a special seat, like a throne. His charioteer would tell others tales of the ‘rajas’ exploits. His wives and sons would perform several minor rituals. Other ‘rajas’ would sit and watch. Priests sprinkled sacred water on the king. Ordinary people brought gifts.

3. What is known about the ‘janapadas’ and their people?
Ans: Archaeologists have excavated a number of settlements in ‘janapadas’. They have found that people lived in huts. The people kept cattle as well as other animals. They grew a variety of crops like rice, wheat, barley, pulses, etc. They made earthen pots, some of which were grey in colour and some red.

4. Write a short note on the governance system in ‘ganas’ or ‘sanghas’? [V. Imp.]
Ans: In ‘ganas’ or ‘sanghas’, these were not one but many rulers. Even if there were several men together, each was called a ‘raja’. They performed rituals together. They met in assemblies and took decisions. Women, ‘dasas’ and ‘kammakaras’ were not allowed to participate in these assemblies.

VII.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What was the important feature of the capital cities of ‘mahajanapadas’? Why were they fortified? How were they fortified?  [V. Imp.]
Ans: Capital cities of ‘mahajanapadas’ were mostly fortified by building huge walls of wood, brick or stone around them. There were various reasons for building forts. They were probably built because people were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection.

Some rulers probably built forts to make their cities impressive and to show how rich and powerful they were. Moreover, by making forts, controlling the fortified area became easier for the kings. Buildings forts required a great deal of planning. Hundreds of thousands of brick or stone had to be prepared. An enormous amount of labour and resources were required.

2. What changes took place in agriculture around this time?    [V. Imp.]
Ans: There were two significant changes in agriculture around this time:
(i) Growing use of the iron ploughshares helped in yielding better grain produce. Heavy, clayey soil could be turned over better with an iron ploughshare than with a wooden ploughshare.

(ii) People began transplanting paddy. This meant that instead of scattering seed on the ground, from which plants would sprout, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. Production developed due to this since many plants survived.

VIII.MAP SKILLS

1. On an outline physical map of India, mark these ‘janapadas’ or ‘mahajanapadas’.
(i) Gandhara                                     (ii) Kuru
(iii) Panchala                                     (iv)    Kosala
(v) Avanti                                           (vi)   Magadha
(vii) Anga                                          (viii)    Vajji.
Ans:

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishHindiSanskritRD Sharma

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Rural Administration

1. What is the work of the police?
Ans: Work of the Police:

• To maintain law and order in its area.
• To register cases of thefts, accidents, injuries, fights etc.
• To inquire, investigate, and take action on the cases within its area.

 2. List two things that the work of a Patwari includes.
Ans:

• Patwari measures land and keeps land records.
• He organises the collection of land revenue from the farmers and provides information to the government about the crops grown in the area.

3. What is the work of a Tehsildar?
Ans: Work of a Tehsildar:

• To supervise the work of Patwaris.
• To settle disputes regarding land.
• To get revenue collected.

4. What issue is the poem trying to raise? Do you think this is an important issue? Why?
Ans: The poem raises the issue of rights for a girl child. A girl should be treated equally in society. She should be given the same right as a male child is given. Inheritance in the paternal properties should be equally divided among all the members without any consideration of boy or girl. Dowry is not compensated to a girl child. It should be abolished. This poem raises a very justified issue.

 5. ‘In what ways are the work of the Panchayat, that you read about in the previous chapter, and the work of the Patwari related to each other?
Ans: Panchayat provides for facilities in the village, Patwari arranges for money to get the facilities worked out/executed.

6. Visit a police station and find out the work that the police have to do to prevent crime and maintain law and order in their area especially during festivals, public meetings etc.
Ans: During festivals, public meetings, etc. the police become more active in order to control crime and maintain law and order. CC TV cameras are installed in the area at different places to keep watch on the activities of the people. To control the mob they barricade the area. Police personnels are deployed. Some information booths are also installed. Proper lighting is also made.

7. Who is in charge of all the police stations in a district? Find out
Ans: Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police (In Delhi and Mumbai) is the in-charge of all Police stations in a district.

8. How do women benefit under the new law? ,
Ans: Under the new lawsons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share in the land. This law will benefit a large number of women. Now, if ever has a problem women can always depend upon their share of land or property.

9. In your neighbourhood are there women who own property? How did they acquire it?
Ans: Yes, in our neighbourhood there are several women who own property.

• Some of them have purchased property themselves.
• Some got the property registered in their name by their husbands/inlaws.
• Some have got the property inherited from their father.

More Resources – NCERT Solutions Class 6:

• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 Maths
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 Science
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 Social
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 English
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 Hindi
• NCERT Solutions Class 6 Sanskrit
• RD Sharma Class 6 Solutions

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration Multiple Choice Questions 

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) Kanungo is the other name of…………
(a) Tehsildar
(b) Patwari
(c) Talukdar
(d) Landowner

(ii) The person-in-charge of the police station is known as …………..
(a) Stationmaster
(b) Superintendent of Police
(c) Station House Officer
(d) None of the above.

(iii) A heated argument began between Raghu and Mohan because …………….
(a) Raghu had taken over some of Mohan’s land
(b) Mohan had taken over Raghu’s land
(c) Mohan had taken a loan from Raghu and denied to return it
(d) All the above.

(iv) The sub-divisions of a district are known by different names such as ……………
(a) Tehsil
(b) Taluka
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above.

(v) A daughter wants only………..
(a) Dowry
(b) A place of her own
(c) High education
(d) Both (a) and (b).

Answer:
(i) – (b), (ii) – (c), (iii) – (a), (iv) – (c), (v) – (b).

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration  Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. The Patwari maintains and ……… the records of the village.
2. Raghu’s uncle was the ……… of the village.
3. It is the duty of the Station House Officer to write down the ……………..  and then investigate them.
4. For managing matters relating to land, districts are subdivided into ……………..
5. Tehsildars, also known as …………..  work under the District Collector.

Answer:

1. updates
2. Sarpanch
3. complaints
4. sub-divisions
5. Revenue Officers.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration – True/False

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 gave equal rights to daughters.
2. Mohan went to the village Sarpanch to make complaints about Raghu.
3. It is the duty of the District Collector to supervise the work of the Patwaris.
4. The Station House Officer was not in the mood to hear Mohan.
5. The revenue officer organises the collection of land revenue from the farmers.

Answer:

1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration – Matching Skills

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Column A                                                Column B
(i)Patwari                                      (a) Collect revenue
(ii)Tehsildars                                 (b) Responsible for a group of villages
(iii)Mohan                                         (c) Sons, daughters and their mothers
have an equal share in land
(iv) Hindu Succession Act, 2005             (d) An influential person in the village
(v) Raghu                                                                (e) A small farmer

Ans. (i)—(b), (ii)—(a), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(c), (v)—(d).

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration Very Short Answer Type Questions

 1. What is called bund?
Ans: The boundary that separates one land from another is called ‘bund’,

2. What did Mohan notice one morning?
Ans: One morning Mohan noticed that Raghu had shifted the bund by a few feet.

3. How can you say that Raghu was an influential person in the village?
Ans: Raghu’s family-owned in many fields. His uncle was also the Sarpanch of the village.

 4. Where can one register the case?                         [V. Imp.]
Ans: One can register a case in the police station which comes under his/her area or locality.

5. Why do you think the Station House Officer (SHO) did not want to entertain Mohan?
Ans: It was because Mohan was not an influential person but a small farmer.

 6. What are the different names of the Patwari?
Ans:Lekhpal, Kanungo, Karamchari, Village Officer.

7. Mention one responsibility of the Tehsildar? [Imp.]
Ans. He supervises the work of the Patwaris and ensures that records are properly kept and land revenue is collected.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration – Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is the work of the revenue department of the government? {V. Imp.]
Ans: The revenue department of the government supervises the work of the Patwari. It ensures that records are properly kept and land revenue is collected. It also ensures that farmers can easily obtain a copy of their land records. It is the revenue department that makes the students obtain their caste certificates. It also resolves revenue disputes.

2. What would have the Patwari done to resolve the dispute between Mohan and Raghu?
Ans: The Patwari would have measured both Mohan’s and Raghu’s fields and compared them with the measurements on the map. If they did not match then it would be clear that the boundary of the fields has been changed.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Rural Administration – Long Answer Type Questions

1. Enumerate various works of a Patwari. [V. Imp.]
Ans: A Patwari does various types of works:

• He measures land keeps land records.
• He is responsible for a group of villages.
• He maintains and updates the records of the village.
• He is responsible for organising the collection of land revenue from the farmers and providing information to the government about the crops grown in the area.

 2. Write a brief note on the ‘Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005’. [V. Imp.]
Ans:  Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 brought females on the same level as males. Till recently, prior to the new law Hindu women did not get a share in the family’s agricultural land. After the death of the father his property was divided equally only among his sons. But now the situation has been changed. In the new lawsons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share in the land. The same law will apply to all states and union territories of the country. The new law will benefit a large number of women. Now they can enjoy their independent status with equal rights.

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishHindiSanskritRD Sharma

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati raj

1. What problem did the villagers in Hardas village face? What did they do to solve this problem?
Ans: The villagers in Hardas village faced the problem of drinking water shortage. They did the following tasks to solve this problem:

• They deepened the two hand pumps.
• They cleaned one well.
• They sought information about the scheme of watershed development from the Block Development Officer.

2. What in your opinion, is the importance of the Gram Sabha? Do you think all members should attend Gram Sabha meetings? Why?
Ans: The Gram Sabha is the most important body of the Panchayati Raj System. It is responsible for planning out the strategies for the development of the village, implementation of the ruling provisions. It also looks after the basic amenities of village people. It is also the custodian of the public property of the village.

Education, law, and order, primary health services are some of the other responsibilities of the Gram Sabha. It also checks the wrong decisions taken by the Gram Panchayat. It keeps an eye on the elected representative and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.

It is important for all members to attend Gram Sabha meetings because it is the only way to participate in the proceedings of various plans discussed in the meetings. The members of Gram Sabha represent different areas. So, it is important for them to put their local problems and development programmes in the meetings. If they remain absent from the meetings, their interests may be overlooked.

3. What is the link between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Ans:

• Gram Sabha works over several Gram Panchayats.
• Gram Panchayats are members of Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha controls and approves the spending of money received from the government.

4. Take an example of anyone task done by a Panchayat in your area/nearby rural area and find out the following :

1. Why it was taken up.
2. Where the money comes from.
3. Whether or not the work has been completed.

Ans:

1. Our Panchayat recently undertook the task of building a community hall. It was necessary because there was no such common place where people could gather at a time. It was difficult to hold a general meeting, organize a general function, etc.
2. The money was collected as a contribution from the villagers and some part of it was also diverted from the Panchayat welfare fund.
3. Yes, the work has been completed within the projected time and it is now in use.

5. What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Ans:

1. Gram Sabha consists of all the adults of a village while Gram Panchayat is elected by the members of the Gram Sabha for a period of five years.
2. The area of Gram Sabha is the entire village whereas Gram Panchayat is divided into wards represented by Ward Councillors.
3. Gram Sabha puts control over Gram Panchayat.

6. Read the following news item:
Nimone is a village on the Chauphula-Shirur Road. Like many others, this village has also been facing a severe water shortage for the last few months and villagers depend on tankers for all their needs. Bhagavan Mahadeo Lad (35) of this village was beaten with sticks, iron rods, and axes by a group of seven men. The incident came to light when some villagers brought a badly injured Lad to the hospital for treatment. In the FIR recorded by the police Lad said that he was attacked when he insisted that the water in the tanker must’be emptied into the storage tanks constructed as part of the water supply scheme by Nlmone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. However, he alleged that the upper caste men were against this and told him that the tanker water was not meant for lower castes.
Adapted, from Indian Express, ‘ May 1, 2004

1. Why was Bhagvan beaten?
2.  Do you think that the above is a case of discrimination? Why?

Ans:

1. There was acute water crisis in Nimone village and the villagers had to depend on tankers for their needs. So, when the tanker came in the village, Bhagvan insisted that the water in the tanker must be emptied into the storage tanks constructed as part of the water supply scheme by Nimone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. But the upper caste men were against this and therefore they beat Bhagvan to suppress his demand.
2. Yes, the above is a case of discrimination, because the upper caste men tries to suppress the genuine demand of the lower castes. They look them down upon and ignore their existence.

 7. Find out more about watershed development and how it benefits an area?
Ans:

• Watershed development helps in conserving water and recharging the groundwater resources.
• Under the watershed development scheme the following tasks are performed:
  • Trees are planted,
  • Check dams and tanks Eire constructed to harvest rainwater.
• An ample quantity of water is available both for drinking and irrigation.
• Barren lands are turned into green meadows.
• Arable land is reclaimed.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The members of the Gram Sabha must be adults. It means they must be of
(a) 18 years or more
(b) 20 years or more
(c) 22 years or more
(d) 25 years.

(ii) The people of Hardas village are facing the problem of…………..
(a) Electricity
(b) Unemployment
(c) Water shortages
(d) None of the above.

(iii)The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the …………..
(a) Members of the Gram Sabha
(b) Zila Parishad
(c) Ward Member
(d) Gram Sabha

(iv) Which one is not the source of funds for the Panchayat?
(a) Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.
(b) Donations for community works etc.
(c) Donations contributed by the villagers for village welfare works
(d) Government scheme funds received through various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.

(v) The Panchayat Raj System is the
(a) First level of democratic government
(b) Second level of democratic government
(c) Third level of democratic government
(d) Fourth level of democratic government.

Answer:
(i) – (c), (ii) – (e), (iii) – (d), (iv) – (c), (v) – (a).

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. The Gram Panchayat is elected for ……… years.
2. The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable to the…………….
3. Every village Panchayat is divided into ……….
4. The people of Hardas village suggested ………  development programme for the permanent solution of their problem.
5. The Gram Panchayat’s main tasle is to implement …………..  programmes for all villages that come under it.

Answer:

1. Five
2. Gram Sabha
3. Wards
4. watershed

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. The Secretary of the Gram Sabha is an elected person.
2. There is no link between the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayat.
3. It is the Gram Sabha that keeps control of the Gram Panchayat.
4. The Gram Panchayat meets regularly in order to perform its task efficiently and within a given time limit.
5. The Gram Panchayat does not collect any local taxes.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Ans: (i)—(d), (ii)—(c), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(a),

I.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who calls the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat? [V. Imp.]
Ans: It is the Secretary who calls the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat.

2. What problems do the women of Hardas village face?
Ans: The women of Hardas village have to go to the Suru River which is 3 km away to fetch water.

3. Why is Tijia in favour of some permanent solution to the problem of water shortages?
Ans: Because groundwater levels seem to be going down every year.

4.What does Anwar suggest?
Ans: Anwar suggests for watershed development programme.

5.What was the next agenda for the Gram Sabha?
Ans: The finalisation of the list of people below the poverty line (BPL).

6. Why is the Nirmal Gram Puruskar awarded and to whom?
Ans: The Nirmal Gram Puruskar is awarded to the village Panch/panchs for the excellent work done by him/them in the Panchayat.

7. What is the Panchayati Reg System?                                                                     [V. Imp.]
Ans: Panchayati Raj System is a process through which people participate in their own government.

8. Why are the Panchs and the Gram Panchayat answerable to Gram Sabha?
Ans: Because the members of the Gram Sabha elect them.

VI. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What various works does a Gram Panchayat do? [V. Imp.]
Ans: A Gram Panchayat does various works. These works include

• The construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage, school buildings, and other common property resources.
• Levying and collecting local taxes.
• Executing government schemes related to generating employment in the village.

2. What are the sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat? [V. Imp.]
Ans: The sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat are:

• Collection of taxes on houses, market places etc.
• Government scheme funds received through various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
• Donations for community works etc.

3. What are the functions of the Zila Parishad?
Ans: The functions of the Zila Parishad Eire :

• It makes developmental plans at the district level.
• With the help of Panchayat Samitis, it also regulates the money distribution among all the Gram Panchayats.

4. Write a brief note on the three levels of Panchayats.                                       [V. Imp.]
Ans: The Panchayati Raj System is a process through which people participate in their own government. The Panchayati Raj System is the first tier or level of democratic government. It extends to two other levels. One is the Block level, which is called the Janpad Panchayat or the Panchayat Samiti. Above the Panchayat Samiti is the District Panchayat or the Zila Parishad.

5. Why do Gram Sabhas in some states from committees?                                        [Imp*]
Ans: In some states, Gram Sabhas from committees like construction and development committees. These committees include some members of the Gram Sabha and some from the Gram Panchayat who work together to carry out specific tasks.

6. Write a short note on the Gram Sabha.
Ans: The Gram Sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat. This could be only one village or a few villages. In some states, a village meeting is held for each village. Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the right to vote is a member of the Gram Sabha.

VII. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

 1. Describe the composition of a Vintage Panchayat.                                          [V. Imp.]
Ans: A Village Panchayat is divided into wards. Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward Member, also called Panch. All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is called Panchayat President. The Ward Panchs and the Sarpanch from the Gram Panchayat. The tenure of the Gram Panchayat is five years.

The Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha have a common Secretary. He is a person whom the government appoints. Thus, he is not an elected person. The Secretary is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. He also keeps records of the proceedings of the meeting.

2. Describe the Functions of the Gram Sabha.                                                     [V. Imp.]
Ans: The Gram Sabha performs various tasks:

• It keeps control of the Gram Panchayat. It makes the Gram Panchayat play its role and be responsible.
• It is the place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed before the people.
• The Gram Sabha prevents the Panchayat from doing wrong things which may include misusing money or favouring certain people.
• It keeps an eye on the elected representatives and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishHindiSanskritRD Sharma

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Maps

1. Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the three components of a map?
(b) What are the four cardinal directions?
(c) What do you mean by the term ‘the scale of the map’?
(d) How are maps more helpful than a globe?
(e) Distinguish between a map and a plan.
(f) Which map provides detailed information?
(g) How do symbols help in reading map?

Answers:
(a) The three components of a map are—distance, direction and symbol.
(b) The four cardinal directions are—North, South, East and West.
(c) The term ‘the scale of the map’ means the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map.
(d) Maps provide more information than a globe. A globe can be useful when we want to study the earth as a whole. But when we want to study only a part of the earth, as about a country or a state, globe is of little help. In such a situation only maps are useful.
(e) Differences between a map and a plan.

(f) Large scale maps provide detailed information because of the following reasons.

• Large scale maps are drawn on big-sized papers.
• Maps are of very large size. They have more space to depict more information.

(g) With the use of symbols maps are more informative and easier to read because of the following reasons:

• The symbols are of the features in true form.
• Language does not put any problem in understanding the feature.
• Even the less educated can understand the information easily.

2. Tick the correct answer:

(a) Maps showing the distribution of forests are
(i)   Physical map                (ii)   Thematic map                  (iii)   Political map.

(b) The blue colour is used for showing
(i)   Water bodies                (ii)   Mountains                       (iii)   Plains.

(c) A compass is used
(i) To show symbols     (ii) To find the main direction (iii) To measure distance.

(d) A scale is necessary
(i)   For a map                    (ii)   For a sketch                     (iii)   For symbols.

Answers:
(a)—(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i).

Things to do
1. Draw a plan of your classroom and show the teacher’s table, blackboard, desks, door and window.
Answer:
Do yourself.

2. Look at the Figure 4.4 and find out:

(i) In which direction is the river flowing?
(ii) What kind of road passes by the side of village Dumri?
(iii) On what type of railway line is Sunderpur situated?
(iv) On which side of the railway bridge is police station situated?
(v) On which side of the railway line do the following lie:
(a) Chhatri                                    (b) Church
(c) Pond                                        (d) Mosque
(e) River                                        (f) Post and Telegraph     Office
(g) Graveyard.

Answers:
(i) The river is flowing southward.
(ii) Metalled road.
(iii) Broad gauge.
(iv) North side.
(v)(a) South, (b) South, (c) North, (d) North, (e) South, (f) South, (g) South.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct options to complete the statements given below:

(i) Which one is not a component of map?
(a) Direction (b) Symbol
(c) Scale     (d) Distance.

(ii)………..is the symbol of………………
(a) International boundary                     (b) State boundary
(c) District boundary                         (d) Village boundary.

(iii) Brown colour is used for showing
(a) Water bodies                                (b) Plateaus
(c) Plains                                          (d) Mountains.

(iv) A physical map shows
(a) Natural features of the earth
(b) Different countries and states of the world
(c) Distribution of forests
(d) Both (a) and (b).

(v) Which one is not an intermediate direction?
(a) North-east (NE)                           (b) West
(c) South-west (SW)                           (d) North-West (NW).

Answers:
(i)—(c), (ii)—(a), (iii)—(d), (iv)—(a), (v)—(b).

II. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. A……….. is used to show large areas like continents or countries on a paper.
2. A………. is an instrument used to find out main directions.
3. Maps have a…………. language that can be understood by all.
4. In a sketch match …………. is not needed.
5. Maps are more informative than a …………

Answers:

1. small scale
2. compass
3. universal
4. scale
5. globe.

III.True/False

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. A globe is used to study the earth as a whole.
2. Political maps show natural features of the earth.
3. A large scale map is used to show large areas like countries on a paper,
4. There are four intermediate directions.
5. Large scale maps give less information than small scale maps.

Answers:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False

IV. Matching Skill
Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Geography Chapter 4  Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. When do you use a globe?
Answer:
We use a globe when we want to study the earth as a whole.

2. What is an atlas?
Answer:
An atlas is a collection of maps.

3. What do physical maps show? (Imp.)
Answer:
Political maps show natural features of the earth such as mountains, plateans, plains, rivers, oceans, etc.

4. What do political maps show?
Answer:
Political maps show cities, towns and villages and different countries and state of the world with their boundaries.

5. What do you mean by a thematic map?   [V. Imp.]
Answer:
A map which gives focus on specific information is known as thematic map. For example, road maps, maps showing distribution of industries, etc.

6. Differentiate between a small scale map and a large scale map. [V. Imp.]
Answer:
(i) A small scale map is used to show large areas like continents or countries on a paper while a large scale map is used to show a small area such as village or town on a paper.
(ii)A large scale map is more informative than a small scale map.

7.What is called the north line?
Answer:
Maps usually contain an arrow marked with the letter ‘N at the upper right hand comer. This arrow shows the north direction and is called the north line.

8. What is a compass?
Answer:
A compass is an instrument used to find out main directions.

9. What are conventional symbols?  [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Some symbols have a fixed meaning and are understood uniformally throughout the world. Such symbols are known as conventional symbols.

10. What colours are used for the following:
(i)mountains
(ii)plains
(iii)plateaus
(iv)water bodies
Answers:
(i) Mountains    —   Brown colour
(ii)Plains —   Green
(iii)Plateaus —   Yellow
(iv)Water bodies —  Blue

11.What is a sketch map?
Answer:
A sketch map is a rough drawing of an area. It is drawn without scale.

12. What is a plan?
Answer:
A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale.

Geography NCERT Class 6 Chapter 4 Maps Short Answer Type Questions

1. Differentiate between a small scale map and a large scale map.   [V. Imp.]
Answer:
(i) A small scale map is used to show large areas like continents or countries on a paper while a large scale map is used to show a small area such as village or town on a paper.
(ii)A large scale map is more informative than a small scale map.

2. What are cardinal points and intermediate directions? [Imp.]
Answer:
The four major directions—North, South, East and West are called cardinal points. Beside these major directions we have four intermediate directions—North-east (NE), South-east (SE), South-west (SW) and North-west (NW). The intermediate directions are very helpful in locating any place more accurately.

3.Write a note on ‘compass’.[Imp.]
Answer:
The direction of a place is traced out with the help of a compass. It is an instrument used to find out main directions. Its magnetic needle always points towards north-south direction.

CBSE Class 6 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Define and discuss ‘distance’ as a component of a map.  [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Maps are drawings. They reduce the whole world or a part of it to fit on a sheet of paper. In other words we can say that maps are drawn to reduced scales. But it needs great care while doing this reduction work in order to keep the distance between the real places. It can only be possible when a small distance on paper represents a large distance on the ground. For this purpose a scale is used.

Scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. We can understand this with the help of an example. Suppose, the distance between your coaching centre and your school is 8 km. If you show this 8 km distance by 2 cm on a map. It means, 1 cm on the map will show 4 km on the ground. Thus, the scale of your drawing will be  1 cm = 4 km Scale is very important in any map.

If scale is known, calculation of distance between any two places on a map will be easy. A small scale is used to show large areas on a paper like continents or countries. For example, 10 cm on the map shows 1000 km of the ground. A large scale is used to show a small area like a village or town on paper. For example, 10 cm on the map shows 1000 metres only on the ground.

2. Give an account of ‘direction’ as a major component of a map. [Imp.]
Answer:  Direction is an important component of a map. Most maps contain an arrow marked with the letter ‘N’ at the upper right hand comer. This arrow show the north direction. It is called the north line. After knowing the north direction, other directions, east, west and south can be easily found out.
There are four major directions—North, South, East and West. They are called cardinal points. Besides these, there are four intermediate directions. They are north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW). Location of any place with more accuracy can be possible with the help of these intermediate directions.

3.Discuss symbols as a major component of a map.     [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Drawing different features such as buildings, roads, etc. in their actual shape and size on a map is perhaps not possible. It is therefore, they are shown by using certain letters, shades, colours, pictures and lines. These are symbols that give a lot of information is a limited space.

With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily and are simple to read. These symbols help us greatly in a situation when we don’t know the language of an area and therefore cannot ask someone for directions. We can collect information from maps with the help of these symbols.

Maps have a universal language, known and understood by all. There is an international agreement regarding the use of these symbols, which are known as conventional symbols.

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

1. Answer the following questions briefly.

(a) What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane?
(b) Define rotation and revolution.
(c) What is a leap year?
(d) Differentiate between the summer solstice and winter solstice.
(e) What is an equinox?
(f) Why does the Southern Hemisphere experience winter and summer solstice in different times than that of the Northern Hemisphere?
(g) Why do the poles experience about six months’ day and six months’ night?
Answers:
(a) The angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane is 66 1/2.

(b) The movement of the earth on its axis is known as rotation.
‘ Revolution. The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path or orbit is known as revolution.

(c) The year in which February is of 29 days instead of 28 days is called a leap year. Thus a leap year is of 366 days instead of 365 days.

(d) Difference between the summer solstice and winter solstice

(e) Equinox is the position of the Earth on 21st March and 23rd September. Both the hemispheres experience equal days and nights.

• On 21st March in the Northern hemisphere, this position is the spring equinox. Autumn equinox is in the Southern hemisphere.
• In the Northern hemisphere on 23rd September the position of the Earth is Autumn equinox and in the Southern hemisphere, it is the Spring equinox.

(f) The Southern hemisphere experiences winter and summer solstice in different times than, that of the Northern hemisphere because of the following reasons:

• The southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun on 22nd December, hence summer solstice is there in the Southern hemisphere. At that time winter solstice is in the Northern hemisphere when it is away from the Sun.
• On the contrary, on 21 June the Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.
  Hence summer solstice is in the Northern hemisphere and winter solstice is in the Southern hemisphere.

(g) The poles experience six months’ day and six months’ night because of the following reasons:

• When the Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, the North Pole remains in the light for the whole of the day (24 hours). This position remains for six months (from 21st March to 23rd September).
• On the contrary in the Southern hemisphere, the South Pole does not get light during these six months. Hence it experiences night for six months (from 23rd September to 21st March).
• When the Southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, the South Pole remains in light for 24 hours for six months from 23rd September to 21st March. The reverse is the conditions at the North Pole-six months’ night.

2. Tick the correct answer.

(a) The movement of the earth around the sun is known as
(i) Rotation (ii) Revolution (iii) Inclination.

(b) Direct rays of the sun fall on the equator on
(i) 21 March (ii) 21 June (iii) 22 December.

(c) Christmas is celebrated in summer in
(i) Japan   (ii)India   (iii)Australia

(d) The cycle of the seasons is caused due to
(i) Rotation   (ii)Revolution  (iii)Gravitation

Answers:  (a)—(ii), (b)—(i), (c)—(iii), (d)—(ii).

3. Fill in the blanks.

1. A leap year has ………… a number of days.
2. The daily motion of the earth is ……… ……
3. The earth travels around the sun in…………….
4. The sun’s rays fall vertically on the Tropic of…………….. on 21st June.
5. Days are shorter during …………

Answer:

1. 366
2. rotation
3. elliptical
4. cancer
5. winter

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences given below:

(i) The axis of the earth is a/an……………..
(a) imaginary line                              (b) straight line
(c) curved line                                   (d) real line.

(ii) The earth receives light from the ……………
(a) Moon                                          (b) Stars
(c) Meteors                                        (d) Sun.

(iii) The time taken by the earth to complete one rotation around its axis is…………………
(a) 24 hours                                        (b) 12 hours
(c) 36 hours                                       (d) 18 hours.

(iv) The earth completes one revolution in ……………
(a) 366 days                                        (b) 370 days
(c) 365 1/4 days                                (d) 366 1/4 days.

(v) It is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere on ………………………….
(a) 23rd September                          (b) 21st March
(c) 22nd December                          (d) 21st June.

Answer: (i)—(a), (ii)—(d), (iii)—(a), (iv)—(c), (v)—(b).

II. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. Days and nights occur due to ……………  of the earth.
2. Only half of the earth gets light from the sun at a time due to its……………. shape.
3. The period of rotation is known as the ……………..
4. The sun’s rays fall vertically at the Tropic of…………….. on 22nd December.
5. On …………  it is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

Answer:

1. rotation
2. spherical
3. earth day
4. Capricorn
5. 23rd September.

III. True/False
Stale whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. The axis of the earth makes an angle of 23V& with its orbital plane.
2. Every five years, February is of 29 days instead of 28 days.
3. Season changes due to the change in the position of the earth around the sun.
4. When there is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere.
5. Life is not possible in extreme conditions.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True.

IV. Matching Skill

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Define the circle of illumination.
Answer: The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is known as the circle of illumination.

2. Which motion of the earth is associated with the changes in season?
Answer: Revolution.

3. Why do seasons change? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Seasons change due to the change in the position of the earth around the sun.

4. Why do the areas near the poles receive less heat?
Answer: It is because the rays of the sun are slanting on the poles.

5. When do the longest day and the shortest night occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer: On 21st June.

6. In which Hemisphere does Australia lie?
Answer: Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions Short Answer Type Questions

1. What would happen if the earth did not rotate? Imp.]
Answer: In such a condition the portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day, and thus there would be continuous warmth in the region. At the same time, the other half would always remain dark and be freezing cold all the time. These are extreme conditions which are not suitable for life. Thus, we can say that if the earth did not rotate life would not have been possible.

2. How does leap year occur?      [V. Imp.]
Answer: The earth takes 36514 days Le. one year to complete one revolution around the sun. We consider a year as consisting of 365 days only and ignore six hours for our convenience. Six hours saved every year are added to make one day Le. 24 hours over a span of four years. This surplus day is added to the month of February. Thus every fourth year, February of 29 days instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

3. Explain the following with a diagram:
(a) Summer solstice                              (b) Winter solstice        (c) Equinox.

Answer: (a) Summer solstice. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun on 21st June. As the rays of the sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer, these areas receive more heat. But the size of the area to the poles receives less heat due to the slanting rays of the sun. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun the places beyond the Arctic Circle experience continuous daylight for about six months.

Since a large area of the Northern Hemisphere is getting light from the sun, it is summer in the regions north of the equator. The longest day and the shortest night at these places occur on 21st June. These conditions are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere at this time. It is winter season there having longer nights and shorter days. This position of the earth is known as the summer solstice.

(b) Winter solstice. On 22nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn receives direct rays of the sun as the South Pole tilts towards it. As the sun’s rays fall vertically at the Tropic of Capricorn, a larger portion of the Southern Hemisphere gets light. Hence, the Southern Hemisphere enjoys summer having longer days and shorter nights. This position of the earth is called the winter solstice.

(c) On 21st March and 23rd September direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. As a result, the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This phenomenon is known as an equinox.

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food

1. Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?
Answer:

• People who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time to look after plants-protecting them from birds, animals and their other fellows so that they could grow and crops or seeds could-ripen safely.
• Settled life is useful and essential to lead a civilized life.
• People grow crops to meet their daily food and some other needs.

2. Look at the table on page 25 of the textbook/ If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she would have visited?
Answer: Neinuo would have visited these places if she wanted to eat rice:
(i) Koldihwa in present-day Uttar Pradesh, and (ii) Mahagara in present-day Uttar Pradesh.

3. Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?
Answer: On excavation, archaeologists have found bones of wild animals in the lowermost levels. On upper levels, they found cattle bones. This means that hunting wild animals was important much before herding was.

4. State whether true or false?
(a) Millets have been found at Hallur.
(b) People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
(c) Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
(d) Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China
Answer: (a) True, (b) False, (c) False, (d) True.

5. List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.
Answer:
The lives of farmers and herders had been different in the following ways:

• They started leading a settled life instead of a nomadic life, like that of hunter-gatherers.
• They became food producers instead of food gatherers. The domestication of plants and animals became part and parcel of the people of the Neolithic stage.
• Different types of houses were built by farmers and herders. They used tools of different forms from the earlier Palaeolithic stage people. These include tools that were polished to give a fine cutting edge and mortars and pestles used for grinding grain and other plant produce.
• Generally, farmers ate cooked and well-prepared foods, while on the other hand hunter-gatherers ate uncooked and raw food.

6. Make a list of all the animals mentioned in the table on page 25 of the textbook. For each one, describe what they may have been used for.
Answer: 

1. Sheep might have been used for meat, milk, and wool.
2. Goat might have been used for meat and milk.
3. Buffalo for meat and milk.
4. Ox for drawing cart, chariot, and plough.
5. Pig for meat.
6. Dog was domesticated for safety and taking his help in hunting some of the wild animals.
7. Other animals like horse, ox, camel, donkey, etc., were called packed animals because they were used for carrying load/carts with people.

7. List the cereals that you eat.
Answer:
Some cereals eaten by us are listed below :

1. Wheat
2. Rice
3. Maize
4. Millets
5. Barley
6. Lentil
7. Grains.

8. Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no. 7? If yes, draw a chart to show the stages in growing them. If not, draw a chart to show how these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them
Answer:
I. Yes, we live in a village and we grow some of the cereals.
Chart showing the stages in growing:

1. We prepare the ground.
2. We sow the seeds.
3. We look after the growing plants.
4. We water them by a tube-well.
5. We harvest the grain.
6. We thresh and separate husk.
7. We grind some grain, such as wheat and barley.

II. We live in a big city. We do not grow grain. We get the grains indirectly from the farmers.

1. Farmers bring their produce to market.
2. The grain traders buy cereals.
3. We as customers go and purchase cereals.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The first animal to be tamed was ………………..
(a)the goat as we know today
(b) the dog as we know today
(c) the dog’s wild ancestor
(d) the goat’s wild ancestor.

(ii) Which of these Is the correct order of what early man did?
(a) hunter → gatherers skilled → gatherers → herders
(b) herders → skilled → gatherers → hunter→ gatherers
(c) skilled-gatherers → herders → hunter → gatherers
(d) skilled-gatherers → hunter → gatherers → herders.

(iii) Which was not a way of storing grains in the early days?
(a) boxes
(b) woven baskets
(c) clay pots
(d) pits in the ground.

(iv) Grains like wheat and barley have been found in ……………………
(a) Koldihwa
(b) Mahagara
(c) Mehrgarh
(d) Hallur.

(v) A site in present-day Andhra Pradesh is …………………
(a) Hallur
(b) Mahagara
(c) Mehrgarh
(d) Burzahom.

(vi) Pit-houses were made in ……………….
(a) Burzahom
(b) Mehrgarh
(c) Mahagara
(d) Hallur.

(vii) Archaeologists have found levels having ………………..
A. Bones of wild animals
B. Cattle bones
C. Bones of sheep and goat
What order do these levels indicate of what happened first and what happened later?
(a) A B C
(b) A C B
(c) C B A
(d) B C A.

(viii) The dead people in Mehrgarh were buried with ………………….
(a) Cows
(b) Buffaloes
(c) Goats
(d) Dogs.

Answer: (i)—(c), (ii)—(d), (iii)—(a), (iv )—(c), (v)—(a), (vi)—(a), (vii)—(b), (viii)—(c).

II. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. Jadeite is a…………, probably brought from China.
2. Ancient wood that has hardened into stone is called………………………..
3. Bolan Pass is an important route into ……………….
4. Remains of square or rectangular houses have been found in ………..
5. ……… and ……….  lived in groups called tribes.
6. Rice requires ………..  water than wheat and barley, (more/less)
7. Grain was used as ………….., ………, and ………….
8. Animals were a source of……………. and meat.

Answer:

1. stone
2. fossil wood
3. Iran
4. Mehrgarh
5. Farmers,  herders
6. more
7. seed, food,  gift
8. milk.

III. True/False

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. Daojali Hading is located close to the route to Iran.
2. Sheep and goat are more comfortable in dry, hilly environments than cattle are.
3. Hunter-gatherers made and used pots.
4. Upper levels found by archaeologists reveal older objects.
5. Palaeolithic tools were still made and used in the Neolithic Age.
6. Paiyampalli is a Neolithic site in Madhya Pradesh.
7. Levels found in Mehrgarh indicate hunting came after herding.

Answer:

1. F
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F

IV. Matching Skill
Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Why do farmers grow some crops in some areas_/ and not in other areas?
Answer: Farmers do this because different plants grow in different conditions.

2.Which was the first animal to be tamed?
Answer: The first animal to be tamed was the wild ancestor of the dog.

3. Which animals were considered relatively gentle?
Answer: Sheep, goat, cattle, and pig were considered relatively gentle.

4. Mention the two purposes for which grains had to be stored.
Answer: Grains had to be stored for food and seed.

5. What did people do to store grains?
Answer: People made large clay pots or wove baskets, or dug pits into the ground.

6. Name some important sites where archaeologists have found evidence of farmers and herders.
Answer: These sites can be found in the north-west, in present-day Kashmir and in east and South India.

7. How do scientists help in finding out whether the discovered sites were settlements of farmers and herders?
Answer: Scientists study evidence of plants and animal bones, in order to find out whether the discovered sites were settlements of farmers and herders.

8. Name two sites found in Andhra Pradesh.
Answer: Two sites found in Andhra Pradesh are :
(i) Paiyampalli                                                  (ii) Hallur.

9. What were pit-houses and where have they been found?
Answer: Pit-houses were built by people by digging into the ground, with steps leading into them. They have been found in Burzahom.

10. Name two Neolithic tools which are used to grind grain even today.
Answer: Mortars and pestles are Neolithic tools used even today for grinding grain.

11. What are ‘tribes’ in the context of farmers and herders?
Answer: Farmers and herders usually lived in groups and these groups are called tribes.

12. Give one feature houses in Mehrgarh.
Answer: Houses at Mehrgarh were usually square or rectangular.

13. Why were people buried with animals, like goats?
Answer: Dead people were buried with goats, which were supposed to serve as food after death.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions 

1. How did people become farmers? [V. Imp.]
Answer: When the climate of the world was changing, people observed places where edible plants are found, about seeds, plants, etc. They started growing their own plants. And thus, they became farmers.

2. How did people become herders?
Answer: People saw that they could attract and tame animals by leaving food for them. The first animal to be tamed was the ancestor of the dog. They started rearing sheep, goats, cattle, etc. People often protected these animals from attacks by other wild animals. This is how people became herders.

3.Name some sites of settlement of farmers and herders and also the grains found there.
Answer:

4.Describe tools used by farmers and herders. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Stone tools have been found from many sites. They are often different from the Palaeolithic tools and are called ‘Neolithic’. There were tools that were polished so as to give a fine cutting edge, and mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce. However, Palaeolithic tools were still used for some purposes. Some tools were also made of bone.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

1. How did the changing climate affect the life of humans? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The climate of the world had major changes around 12,000 years ago. There was a shift to relatively warm conditions. Grasslands developed in many areas. Plants and animals also developed in the meantime. Humans observed the places where edible plants were found, they wondered how seed broke off stalks, fell on the ground, and new plants sprouted from them. They became farmers due to these changes.

They also learned how to get the attention of animals by taming them and providing them food. People tamed the wild ancestor of the dog. They also started rearing sheep, goats, cattle, etc. and this made them herders. Grasslands had allowed many animals which lived on the grass to grow in number.

2. Describe the site of Mehrgarh.
Answer: Mehrgarh is a site located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran. It was one of the first places where people grew barley and wheat and reared sheep, and goat. In fact, it is one of the earliest known villages.

Archaeologists have found evidence of animal bones here on excavation. They have found remains of houses here. Most houses were square or rectangular. They usually had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. Several burial sites have also been found in Mehrgarh.

VIII. Map Skills

1. On the outline map of India, mark these sites : Burzahom, Mehrgarh, Koldihwa, Chirand, Mahagara, Daojali Hading, Hallur. Paiyarnpalli.
Answer:

NCERT Solutions