Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 1 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions :

All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.

  1. Question Nos 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
  2. Question Nos 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type – I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
  3. Question Nos 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type – II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
  4. Question Nos 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type – I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
  5. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type – II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
  6. Question Nos 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section – A (18 Marks)

Question 1.
Jasleen is high on critical thinking and can manipulate symbols to solve numerical problems. She is also high on the ability to understand one’s own feelings, motives and desires. Which of the following intelligences are displayed by Jasleen? [1]
(i) Spatial
(ii) Logical-mathematical
(iii) Interpersonal
(iv) Intrapersonal
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation: Logical-Mathematical ability to think logically and critically, and solve problems) : Persons high on this type of intelligence can think logically and critically (an Intrapersonal (an ability to understand of one’s own feelings, motives, and desires): This refers to the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and Limitations and using that knowledge to effectively relate to others.

Question 2.
Ryan believes that he is very good at football Therefore, he has a high _____ as far as sports is concerned. [1]
(a) self-esteem
(b) self-efficacy
(c) self-motivation
(d) self-control
Answer:
(a) self-esteem

Explanation: Self-esteem is an important aspect of our self. As persons we always make some judgments about our own value or worth. This value judgment of a person about herself/ himself is called self-esteem.

Question 3.
According to the behaviourists, personality of an individual is the result of _____. [1]
(a) unconscious motives and conflicts
(b) response of an individual to the environment
(c) early childhood experiences
(d) a relationship of the individual to her/his environment.
Answer:
(b) response of an individual to the environment

Explanation: For most behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the response. Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Question 4.
Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist not use to explain an individual’s behaviour? [1]
(a) Innately good
(b) Goal-directed and adaptive
(c) Self-actualised
(d) Balance among three competing forces
Answer:
(d) Balance among three competing forces

Explanation: Humanistic psychologists focus on the person’s will to grow and develop and work towards self-actualisation. They do not put focus on the internal structures of personality.

Question 5.
Which of the following are the dimensions of stress? [1]
(i) Intensity
(ii) Duration
(iii) Predictability
(iv) Vulnerability
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

Explanation: Stress varies according to intensity (less or more intense); duration (acute or chronic) and predictability of situations, sudden or expected situations.

Question 6.
Imran feels disappointed when he is not able to do everything perfectly, leading him to push himself to achieve unrealistically high standards. Identify the cause of his stress. [1]
(a) Social pressure
(b) Conflict
(c) Frustration
(d) Internal pressure
Answer:
(d) Internal pressure

Explanation: Internal pressure refers to the demands that we put on ourselves whereas conflict and frustration arise due to environmental demands.

Question 7.
Sonali was questioned by her senior when her performance started to decline. She admitted that she was not eating regularly and her sleep was disturbed. Moreover, she could not concentrate on work and felt overburdened. Identify the effects of stress being indicated here. [1]
(i) Emotional
(ii) Behavioural
(iii) Cognitive
(iv) Physiological
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(b) (ii) and (iii)

Explanation: Behavioral stress refers to the behavioral patterns like sleep change and appetite changes. Cognitive stress response would refer to not being able to concentrate, feeling overwhelmed. Emotional response would refer to being agitated or irritated. Whereas physiological response will refer to feeling tired, exhausted.

Question 8.
Which of the following is/are true about psychological disorders in the middle ages? [1]
(i) Demonology and superstition were used as explanations of psychological disorders.
(ii) Mental anguish and conflict were considered as reasons for psychological disorders.
(iii) Disturbed interpersonal relationships were emphasised to explain mental disorders.
(iv) There was emphasis on deinstitutionalisation for people with psychological disorders.
(a) Only (i) is true
(b) (i) and (ii) are true
(c) Only (iii) is true
(d) (ii) and (iv) are true
Answer:
(b) (i) and (ii) are true

Explanation: Demonology is a belief related that people are possesed by demons that’s why they behave abnormally and during this time witch hunt was very prevalent. Also during this time, the Christian spirit of Charity prevailed and proposed that mental anguish and conflict was a reason for abnormal behavior.

Question 9.
While paying bills, Sanjana was suddenly overwhelmed by anxiety. Her heart pounded, she felt like she couldn’t breathe, and she became dizzy. This was most likely to be _____. [1]
(a) a panic attack
(b) a dissociative episode
(c) a manic episode
(d) a generalized anxiety episode
Answer:
(a) a panic attack

Explanation: Panic attack is an episode of sudden and extreme anxiety in which the person started to feel dizzy, nauseous, have cold sweats or hot flashes.

Question 10.
Brijesh, an accountant, went on a work trip and never returned home. Years later, he was found by a friend in another city, where he was working as a labourer. He was living with a new identity and had no memory of his past. Brijesh’s symptoms are indicative of _____. [1]
(a) Dissociative fugue
(b) Dissociative identity disorder
(c) Schizophrenia
(d) Depersonalisation
Answer:
(a) Dissociative fugue

Explanation: Dissociative fugue happens under overwhelming stress. In dissociative fugue, one forgets his real identity and assumes new identity. They have no recollection of the past.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): The principle of reciprocal inhibition states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time will lead to the stronger force inhibiting the weaker one.
Reason (R): The principle of reciprocal inhibition is a procedure wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of the therapist. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Explanation: The principle of reciprocal inhibition operates here. This principle states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force. Thus, the relaxation response is first built up and mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined, and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation.

Question 12.
Amit throws temper tantrums every time he goes to the market with his parents. He insists that they buy him a new toy every time. Identify the most suitable behavioural technique to modify this unwanted behaviour. [1]
(a) Token economy
(b) Aversive conditioning
(c) Differential reinforcement
(d) Systematic desensitisation
Answer:
(c) Differential reinforcement

Explanation: Unwanted behaviour can be reduced and wanted behaviour can be increased simultaneously through differential reinforcement. Positive reinforcement for the wanted behaviour and negative reinforcement for the unwanted behaviour attempted together may be one such method. The other method is to positively reinforce the wanted behaviour and ignore the unwanted behaviour.

Question 13.
What is the chief benefit to the client in cognitive therapy? [1]
(a) Emotional insight is gained and the client is able to change his emotions towards the conflict.
(b) The client is able to change maladaptive behaviour to adaptive ones.
(c) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones.
(d) The client is able to achieve personal growth which leads to understanding oneself.
Answer:
(c) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones.

Explanation: Cognitive therapy focuses on the though pattern and thought process rather than the emotion or the self-actualisation.

Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): We assign causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations. This process is called attribution.
Reason (R): We are also interested in why people behave in ways they do. Therefore, we assign a cause to a behaviour. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Explanation: To explain the causes behind behavior of others and also of our own, we justify them using reasons. This is called attribution.

Question 15.
Anna, the head girl of a school, gives more opportunities to the members of Red House than those of Blue or Green House. This is because she feels they are less capable. She even ignores the advice of her teachers to give equal opportunities to all the Houses. Which strategy will help in handling this prejudice? [1]
(a) Highlighting group identity rather than individual identity.
(b) Increasing her interaction with the members of all the Houses.
(c) Keeping the Red House members higher in power or status.
(d) Creating an environment for all the Houses to meet in a competitive rather than cooperative context.
Answer:
(b) Increasing her interaction with the members of all the Houses.

Explanation: One way of reducing prejudice is increasing interaction between both groups in a mutually respecting way so they can get to know each other more.

Question 16.
Which one of the following is a feature of an attitude? [1]
(a) Centrality
(c) Cognitive
(b) Behavioural
(d) Affective
Answer:
(a) Centrality

Explanation: A more central attitude will more influence on the behavior.

Question 17.
A working group was formed to organise the annual sports competition in a school. At a particular stage, there was a lot of conflict in the group. Identify this stage and the stage that is likely to follow it. [1]
(a) The group was at the storming stage followed by the norming stage.
(b) The group was at the norming stage followed by the forming stage.
(c) The group was at the storming stage followed by the performing stage.
(d) The group was at the forming stage followed by the norming stage.
Answer:
(a) The group was at the storming stage followed by the norming stage.

Explanation: In the storming stage the group is being formed. Once the group is formed then the norms of the group would be developed.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Situation and circumstances in which one is placed influence one’s behaviour.
Reason (R): The situational influences are so powerful that individuals with similar personality traits respond to them in almost the same ways. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is hot the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false

Explanation: Individual differences still exist apart from situational influences and different people will respond to same situation differently.

Section -B (10 Marks)

Question 19.
Ivaan experiences distress and is constantly complaining of snakes crawling inside his stomach. Identify the disorder and the symptom that Ivaan is experiencing. Explain any one negative symptom of this disorder. [2]
Answer:
Schizophrenia: Positive symptom- Positive symptoms are ‘pathological excesses’ or ‘bizarre additions’ to a person’s behaviour. Somatic hallucination -hallucinations, i.e. perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli, somatic hallucinations (i.e. something happening inside the body such as a snake crawling inside one’s stomach).

Negative symptom- Negative symptoms are ‘pathological deficits. People with schizophrenia show alogia or poverty of speech, i.e. a reduction in speech and speech content.

Question 20.
Fatima communicates her feelings and views clearly with confidence. She could say ‘no’ to a request or state an opinion without being self-conscious. Which life skill is she using? Suggest two more life skills that can help Fatima meet the challenges of life successfully.
OR
Resham has been overwhelmed by the quantum of work in her office. She has been advised some stress management techniques by her counsellor. What are the two techniques that you think would be helpful for her to manage stress? [2]
Answer:
Fatima was using assertiveness Assertiveness: Assertiveness is a behaviour or §kill. that helps to communion clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants, and thoughts. It is the ability to say no to a request, to state an opinion without being self-conscious, or to express emotions such as love, anger, etc openly. Any two life skills (Time management. Self-care, improving relationships, overcoming unhelpful habits etc.)

Time Management: The way you spend your time determines the quality of your life. Learning how to plan time and delegate can help to relieve the pressure. The major way to reduce time stress is to change one’s perception of time. The central principle of time management is to spend your time doing the things that you value, or that help you to achieve your goals.

Rational Thinking: Many stress-related problems occur as a result of distorted thinking. The way you think and the way you feel are closely connected.

OR

A brief description of any two of the following stress management techniques.

Relaxation Techniques: It is an active skill that reduces symptoms of stress and decreases the incidence of illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart disease. Usually relaxation starts from the lower part of the body and progresses up to the facial muscles in such a way that the whole body is relaxed. Deep breathing is used along with muscle relaxation to calm the mind and relax the body.

Meditation Procedures: The yogic method of meditation consists of a sequence of learned techniques for refocusing of attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. It involves such a thorough concentration that the meditator becomes unaware any outside stimulation and reaches a different state of consciousness.

  1. Biofeedback
  2. Creative Visualisation
  3. Cognitive Behavioural Techniques
  4. Exercise

Question 21.
State any two ethical standards that need to be practised by professional psychotherapists. [2]
Answer:
Two ethical, standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists are (any 2 of the following):

  1. Informed consent needs to be taken
  2. Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
  3. Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.
  4. Integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important
  5. Respect for human rights and dignity
  6. Professional competence and skills are essential.

Question 22.
Vinita holds a negative attitude towards individuals of a particular community. She avoids interacting or helping them in college. Identify and explain the behaviour being exhibited by Vinita. [2]
Answer:
Discrimination. Prejudice may also get translated into discrimination, the behavioural component, whereby people behave in a less positive way towards a particular target group compared to another group which they favour.

Question 23.
Explain any two elements of a group structure? [2]
Answer:
The four elements of a group structure are

  • Roles are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfil.
  • Norms are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon, and enforced by group members.
  • Status refers to the relative social position given to group members by others.
  • Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members. As the group becomes more cohesive, group members start to think, feel and act as a social unit.

Section – C (12 Marks)

Question 24.
Kirti is of average intelligence but is high on ability to appraise, express and regulate her emotions. Identify the intelligence that she exhibits and why it is receiving so much attention these days. Suggest some ways to enhance this kind of intelligence of students in schools. [3]
Answer:
Emotional Intelligence: Salovey and Mayer who considered emotional intelligence as “the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions”. Receiving attention at it helps students to deal with the stresses and challenges of the outside world; benefits their academic achievements. Reduces anti-social activities. Ways: Programmes that involve cooperative behaviour in school.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Question 25.
Explain major depressive disorder. State the factors which predispose an individual to depression. [3]
Answer:
A period of depressed mood/ or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, change in body weight, constant sleep problems, tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed behaviour, thoughts of suicide and death.

  1. Genetic make: up, or heredity
  2. Age: women are particularly at risk during young adulthood, while for men the risk is highest in early middle age.
  3. Gender also plays a great role in this differential risk addition. For example, women in comparison to men are more likely to report a depressive disorder.
  4. Negative life events and lack of social support

Question 26.
An attitude towards recycling and reuse needs to be encouraged to conserve the environment. Examine the factors that will influence attitude change towards this.
OR
An individual’s attitude may not always be exhibited through behaviour. When would there be consistency between attitude and behaviour? Explain. [3]
Answer:
A period of depressed mood/ or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, change in body weight, constant sleep problems, tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed behaviour, thoughts of suicide and death. Genetic make: up, or heredity. Age: women are particularly at risk during young adulthood, while for men the risk is highest in early middle age.

Gender also plays a great role in this differential risk addition. For example, women in comparison to men are more likely to report a depressive disorder. Negative life events and lack of social support.

Factors that influence Attitude Change.

Characteristics of the existing attitude. Source characteristics – Source credibility and attractiveness are two features that affect attitude change. Attitudes are more likely to change when the message comes from a highly credible source rather than from a low-credible source.

Message characteristics – Message characteristics: The message is the information that is presented in order to bring about an attitude change. Attitudes will change when the amount of information that is given about the topic is just enough, neither too much nor too little. Whether the message contains a rational or an emotional appeal.

The motives activated by the message also determine attitude change, the mode of spreading the message plays a significant role. Face-to-face transmission of the message is usually more effective than indirect transmission.

Target characteristics – Target characteristics: Qualities of the target, such as persuasibility, strong prejudices, self-esteem, and intelligence influence the likelihood and extent of attitude change. People, who have a more open and flexible personality, change more easily. People with strong prejudices are less prone to any attitude change than those who do not hold strong prejudices. Persons who have low self-esteem, and do not have sufficient confidence in themselves, change their attitudes more easily than those who are high on self-esteem.

More intelligent people may change their attitudes less easily than those with lower intelligence. However, sometimes more intelligent persons change their attitudes more willingly than less intelligent ones, because they base their attitudes on more information and thinking.

OR

Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when: (any three of the following points)

  1. the attitude is strong, and occupies a central place in the attitude system.
  2. there is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way. For example, when there is no group pressure to follow a particular norm.
  3. the person’s behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others
  4. the person thinks that the behaviour would have a positive consequence, and therefore, intends to engage in that behaviour.

Richard LaPiere, an American social psychologist, conducted the following study. He asked a Chinese couple to travel across the United States, and stay in different hotels. Only once during these occasions they were refused service by one of the hotels. Sometime later, LaPiere sent out questionnaires to managers of hotels and tourist homes in the same areas where the Chinese couple had travelled, asking them if they would give accommodation to Chinese guests.

A very large percentage said that they would not do so. This response showed a negative attitude towards the Chinese, which was inconsistent with the positive behaviour that was actually shown towards the travelling Chinese couple. Thus, attitudes may not always predict actual pattern of one’s behaviour.

Question 27.
Ananya had been trying to learn a new form of dance to win a competition. She decided to join a dance group which was also practicing the same dance form. Identify the reason for Ananya wanting to join the dance group. Explain some of the other reasons that make people join groups. [3]
Answer:
Ananya’s reason for joining the group Goal achievement. Any 2 reasons other than the above with explanation.

Self-esteem: Groups provide feelings of self-worth and establish a positive social identity. Being a member of prestigious groups enhances one’s self-concept Satisfaction of one’s psychological and

social needs: Groups satisfy one’s social and psychological needs such as sense of belongingness, giving and receiving attention, love, and power through a group.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Section – D (16 Marks)

Question 28.
Explain the role of assessment in understanding psychological attributes. Describe the key features of any two methods used for psychological assessment.
OR
Explain the term intelligence. Describe the PASS model of intelligence. [4]
Answer:
Assessment is the measurement of psychological attributes of an individual which often uses methods in terms of certain comparisons. An attribute of an individual will be said to exist if it can be measured by using scientific procedures.

There are various methods of assessment:

Psychological Test It is an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics. It is commonly used for the purposes of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement, and training.

Self-Report: It is a method in which a person provides factual information about themselves. Such information may be obtained by using an interview schedule or a questionnaire, a psychological test, or a personal diary.
1. Interview
2. Case Study
3. Observation

OR

Intelligence is a psychological attribute that involves the usage of cognitive elements to perceive the environment and solve problems. PASS model-J-P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of the brain.

These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning respectively.

  • Arousal/Attention: State of arousal is basic to any behavior as it helps us in attending to stimuli.
  • Simultaneous/Successive Processing: Simultaneous processing takes place when you, perceive the relations among Various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension. Successive processing takes place when you remember all the information in a serial order.
  • Planning: Planning comes after the information is. attended to and processed- allows us to think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Question 29.
Mother Teresa believed that she had a mission to fulfil and did what came natural to her, loving others and serving them. Identify the trait being referred to here by Gordon Allport and how it affects a person’s behaviour. Distinguish it from other traits given by him. [4]
Answer:
Traits being referred to here are Cardinal traits. They are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. In this case Mother Teresa’s helping and loving nature could be seen in her work and all other areas.

Other traits proposed by Allport are Central traits – Less pervasive in effect, but still quite generalised dispositions, are called central traits. These traits (e.g warm, sincere, diligent, etc).

Secondary traits -The least generalised characteristics of a person are called secondary traits. Traits such as ‘likes mangoes’ or ‘prefers ethnic clothes’ are examples of secondary traits.

Question 30.
Individuals differ in the coping strategies that they use to deal with stressful situations. Justify this statement highlighting various coping strategies. [4]
Answer:

  1. Individuals differ in the coping strategies they use to cope with the same stressful situation as they use different coping strategies as given by Endler & Parker.
  2. Task-Oriented Strategy: This involves obtaining information about the stressful situation and about alternative courses of action and their probable outcome: it also involves deciding priorities and acting so as to deal directly with the stressful situation.
  3. Emotion-oriented Strategy: This can involve efforts to maintain hope and to control one’s emotions; it can also involve venting feelings of anger and frustration.
  4. Avoidance-oriented Strategy: This involves denying or minimising the seriousness of the situation; it also involves conscious suppression of stressful thoughts and their replacement, by self-protective thoughts. Examples of this are watching TV, phoning a friend trying to be with other people.
  5. Examples (carry weightage)

Question 31.
Shahid showed a reduction in symptoms after he received treatment for schizophrenia. He was sent to the rehabilitation centre to improve his quality of life. What steps would be taken in the rehabilitation centre to help him become a productive member of the community? Explain.
OR
Mukesh was given therapy that encouraged him to seek personal growth and actualise his potential Based on these principles, explain the therapy that is being applied here. [4]
Answer:
In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role play, imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group.

Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills necessary to undertake productive employment.

OR

The humanistic-existential therapies postulate that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation, and inability to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self actualization, and an innate need to grow emotionally. Healing occurs when the client is able to perceive the obstacles to self-actualization in her/his life and is able to remove them. Self-actualisation requires free emotional expression.

The therapy creates a permissive, non-judgmental and deception atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be achieved. Healing takes place by a process of understanding the unique personal experience of the client by herself/himself. The client initiates the process of self-growth through which healing takes place.

Section – E (6 Marks)

Question 32.
Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development.
OR
Explain the characteristics of indirect techniques that are used to assess personality. Describe any two such tests. [6]
Answer:
Freud proposed five stages of personality development(also called psychosexual stages of development)

Oral: Seen in a new born where the mouth is the primary pleasure seeking centre. A newborn’s instincts are focused on the mouth. This is the infant’s primary pleasure seeking centre, it is through the mouth that the baby obtains food that reduces hunger. The infant achieves oral gratification through feeding, thumb sucking, biting and babbling. It is during these early months that people’s basic feelings about the world are established.

Anal: anal area of the body becomes the focus of certain pleasurable feelings. : It is found that around ages two and three the child learns to respond to some of the demands of the society. One of the principal demands made by parents is that the child learns to control the bodily functions of urination and defecation.

Phallic focus on genitals. Children realise the difference between males and females. This stage focuses on the genitals. At around ages four and five children begin to realise the differences between males and females. They become aware of sexuality and the sexual relationship between their parents. During this stage, the male child experiences the Oedipus Complex, which involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father, and the consequent fear of punishment or castration by the father.

By attaching her love to the father a girl tries to symbolically marry him and raise a family. When she realises that this is unlikely, she begins to identify with her mother and copy her behaviour as a means of getting (or, sharing in) her father’s affection.

Latency: Child grows physically and energy is channelized into various activities. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty. During this period, the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges are relatively inactive.

Genital maturity attained in psychosexual development- During this stage, the person attains maturity in psychosexual development The sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once again exhibited. People learn to deal with members of the opposite sex in a socially and sexually mature way.

Concepts of fixation: Freud’s theory also postulates that as children proceed from one stage to another stage of development, they seem to adjust their view of the world. Failure of a child to pass successfully through a stage leads to fixation to that stage. In this situation, the child’s development gets arrested at an earlier stage.

Regression: to females in a dependable relationship. Regression is also a likely outcome in such situations. It takes a person back to an earlier stage. Regression occurs when a person’s resolution of problems at any stage of development is less than adequate. In this situation, people display behaviours typical of a less mature stage of development.

OR

  • Indirect techniques/ projective techniques are methods of assessment based on the psychoanalytic theory.
  • These were developed to assess the unconscious motives and feelings.
  • A less structured stimulus material is used onto which the subject projects his feelings and desires. These projections are interpreted by trained experts.
  • The person bÿing assessed is usually not told about the purpose ofthe test
  • Scoring and interpretation may sometimes be subjective, (explanation of above) Description of any two tests – Inkblot:
  • TAT, Sentence completion test Draw a Person Test PF Test.

Section – F (8 Marks)

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Malay, a student of class IK was referred to a mental health clinic with complaints of stealing money, excessive lying, setting fire to household items, teasing young girls of the locality, and passing lewd remarks and making obscene gestures. The onset was about three years ago and has increased over the past eight months.

Of late, he has started using alcohol and spending more time outdoors with friends of similar interests. School reports suggested gradual development of inappropriate behaviours such as openly defying rules in school, playing truant, instigating fellow students to pass silly remarks in class, disrespectful attitude towards elders ultimately resulting in frequent school absenteeism, mixing with local goons and excessive aggression.

Further investigation revealed that family history is disturbed, relationship with father was extremely hostile and there were frequent conflicts amongest the family members. Birth and developmental milestones are normal.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 1 with Solutions

Question 33.
Identify the disorder Malay is exhibiting. Distinguish it from ADHD.
OR
The symptoms that Malay is exhibiting are different from the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Justify this statement. [2]
Answer:
Conduct Disorder: Age-inappropriate actions. violate family expectations and social norms, any other relevant point ADHD Neurodevelopmental disorder, Hyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsiveness, any other relevant point.

OR

Conduct Disorder: Age-inappropriate actions, violate family expectations and social norms, any other relevant point.
ODD : Age-inappropriate stubbornness, irritable, disobedience, justify their behaviour as reaction to circumstances or any relevant point.

Question 34.
How would the socio-cultural model help us to understand Malay’s disorder? [2]
Answer:
Social and cultural forces, family structure and communication, family system, lack of support and fulfilling relationships (elaborate on these ).

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Alfred Binet, in 1905, was requested by the French government to devise a method by which students who experienced difficulty in school could be identified. Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in schools those days, such as memory, attention skills related to problem solving.

Using these questions, Binet determined which were the ones that served as the best predictors of school success. Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa. Based on this observation.

Binet suggested the concept of mental age or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of certain age group. This first intelligence test referred to as the Binet-Simon Scale. He insisted that intelligence is influenced by many factors, it changes over time, and it can only be compared in children with similar backgrounds.

Question 35.
Identify the approach on which the Binet Simon Intelligence Scale is based. Discuss its features. [2]
Answer:

  1. It is based on the psychometric approach.
  2. It considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities or on the structure of intelligence. It expresses an individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

Question 36.
‘Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa. Why do individuals differ in intelligence? Using examples, give reasons for your answer. [2]
Answer:
Interplay of nature and nurture intelligence is a product of both nature and nurture. A brief description of both with examples.