CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 3 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 3 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 3 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

The question paper is divided into four sections.
There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
Section A includes question No. 1-20. These are MCQ type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
Section B includes question No. 21-29. These are very short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 30 words.
Section C includes question No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question
should not exceed 80 words.
Section D includes question No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 200 words. Question no 38 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

Section-A (20 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a feature of the caste system? [1]
(A) It is determined by birth.
(B) It is endogamous.
(D) It has a segmental organisation
(C) It lacks organized religion.
Answer:
(C) It lacks organized religion.

Explanation: The caste system is an integral part of Hindu society and has spread to other non-Hindu communities as well

Question 2.
Adivasis literally means: [1]
(A) forest inhabitants
(B) ancient inhabitants
(C) involuntary inhabitants
(D) original inhabitants
Answer:
(D) original inhabitants

Question 3.
Which of the following statements is true about untouchability? [1]
(A) The three dimensions of untouchability are exclusion, humiliation-subordination, and exploitation.
(B) Untouchability may also involve forced inclusion in a subordinated role.
(C) Untouchability is found only in certain parts of India.
(D) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct
Answer:
(D) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct

Explanation: Besides the three dimensions of untouchability, it also involves forced inclusion such as being compelled to play the drums at a religious event. Statement C is incorrect because untouchability is a pan-Indian phenomenon, although its specific forms and intensity vary considerably across regions and socio-historical contexts.

Question 4.
“A nation is a peculiar community that is easy to describe but hard to define”.
Which of the following is a correct statement about a nation? [1]
(A) It is a body that claims a monopoly of legitimate force.
(B) It is a political-legal institution.
(C) Its ultimate source of legitimacy is the people who constitute it.
(D) It claims control over a geographical territory
Answer:
(C) Its ultimate source of legitimacy is the people who constitute it.

Explanation: A nation derives its legitimacy from the people who constitute it. The other three options are characteristics of a state.

Question 5.
From the end of the_______ century, with the installation of mechanized factory industries, some towns became much more heavily populated. [1]
(A) 10th
(B) 14th
(C) 19th
(D) 21st
Answer:
(C) 19th

Question 6.
Select the most appropriate statement regarding industrialization in India during the British period. [1]
(A) There was a sudden move of workers to new industries in the initial period
(B) The initial impact of industrialization led to more people moving into agriculture
(C) Industrialisation took place in the same way as it happened in Britain.
(D) The British policies favored native tea planters.
Answer:
(A) There was a sudden move of workers to new industries in the initial period

Question 7.
What is BIRA? [1]
(A) Bombay Industrial Relations Act
(B) Bombay International Relations Act
(C) Bombay Industrial Reservation Act
(D) Bhiwadi Industrial Relations Act
Answer:
(A) Bombay Industrial Relations Act

Question 8.
invented a new system in the 1890s, which he called Scientific Management. [1]
(A) Henry Ford
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor
(C) Karl Marx 1
(D) Harry Braver man
Answer:
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor

Question 9.
The Adi Dharma Movement was visible in the state of. [1]
(A) Punjab
(B) Maharashtra
(C) Chhattisgarh
(D) Delhi
Answer:
(A) Punjab

Explanation: The Adi Dharma Movement was visible in the state of Punjab. It asserted a Dalit identity and a quest for self-equality.

Question 10.
When Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against sati and established the Brahmo Samaj, sati supporters formed the_______and petitioned the British not to legislate against it. Many people objected to reformers ‘demands for girls’ education, claiming that it would be devastating for society. Reformers who advocated for widow remarriage were socially shunned. [1]
(A) Swatantra Sabha
(B) Dharma Sabha
(C) Arya Samaj
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Dharma Sabha

Explanation: When Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati.

Question 11.
James Scott examined the lives of peasants and laborers in Malaysia in his book. [1]
(A) Reinventing Revolution
(B) Weapons of the Weak
(C) The Logic of Collective Action
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Weapons of the Weak

Explanation: In his book ‘Weapons of the Weak’, James Scott examined the lives of peasants and laborers in Malaysia. He saw that protests can also take the form of small acts such as being deliberately slow, called everyday acts of resistance.

Directions: In the following question, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Question 12.
Assertion (A): Family a site of bitter conflicts, injustice, and violence.
Reason (R): The family is a space of great warmth and care with stories of compassion, sacrifice, and care. [1]
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation: Family is a site of conflict, injustice, and violence because female infanticide, violent conflicts between brothers over property, and ugly legal disputes are a part of family and kinship as social institutions.

Question 13.
Assertion (A): Castes are supposed to be complementary and competing groups.
Reason (R): Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste [1]
Answer:
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Explanation: Castes are not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, but they are also supposed to be complementary and non-competing groups Since caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as the social division of labor, except that in principle, it allows no mobility.

Question 14.
Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because: [1]
(A) Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood.
(B) They were not discriminated against like the Dalits.
(C) They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits.
(D) Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits.
Answer:
(A) Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood.

Explanation: Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.

Question 15.
There is no historically fixed or logically necessary relationship between a_______and the varied forms of _______that it could be based on society. [1]
(A) state-nation
(B) nation-state, community
(C) nation, ideology 1
(D) community, nation-state
Answer:
(B) nation-state, community

Explanation: Today it is hard to define a nation in any way other than to say that it is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Interestingly, the opposite has also become increasingly true. Just as would-be or aspiring nationalities are now more and more likely to work towards forming a state, existing states are also finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation. The relationship between the nation-state and community is relatively a new one.

Question 16.
Assertion (A): Cities are the confluence of races, cultures, and peoples.
Reason (R): Cities are centers of innovation. Cross-border citizenship laws. [1]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Question 17.
Assertion (A): The culture of the dominant class controls the dominant meanings.
Reason (R): The structure of relations between classes perpetuates itself by reproducing its [1]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Question 18.
Sociologist Srinivas is best known for his study of [1]
(A) The Golden Bough
(B) The Remembered Village
(C) The people of India
(D) The Belly of the river
Answer:
(B) The Remembered Village

Question 19.
The_______refers to the total number of live births that a hypothetical woman would have if she lived through the reproductive age group and had the average number of babies in each segment of this age group as determined by the age-specific fertility rates for that area. [1]
(A) fertility rate
(B) maternal fertility rate
(C) maternal mortality rate
(D) total fertility rate
Answer:
(D) total fertility rate

Explanation: Maternal fertility rate is not a real statistic. The maternal mortality rate refers to the number of who die in childbirth per 1000 live births. Fertility rate, unlike total fertility rate, is a crude statistic, that is a rough average for an entire population and does not take into account the differences across age groups. It is the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years.

Question 20.
A fall can be a source of economic growth and prosperity due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-workers. This is sometimes referred to as the ‘demographic dividend. [1]
(A) dependency ratio
(B) sex ratio
(C) child-sex ratio
(D) life expectancy
Answer:
(A) dependency ratio

Explanation: Changes in the age structure due to the demographic transition lower the ‘dependency ratio’, or the ratio of non-working age to working age population, thus creating the potential for generating growth. But this potential can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group is accompanied by increasing levels of education and employment.

Section-B (18 Marks)

Question 21.
Despite the decline in the birth rate, the growth rate of India’s population is increasing. Explain the reason. [2]
Answer:
Reasons for the increase in India’s population:

The birth rate is a sociocultural phenomenon; therefore, it is relatively slow to change.
There is a wide variation in fertility rates across the states of India.
Increased levels of prosperity pull the birth rate down. Both Kerala and Tamil Nadu have total fertility rates (TFRs) below the replacement levels.
States like Bihar, M.P, Rajasthan, and U. R still have very high TFRs.
Low levels of awareness, lack of education, and non-acceptance of small family size are some of the reasons for the increasing population of India.

Question 22.
Explain any two features of caste. [2]
Answer:
The most commonly cited defining features of caste are the following:

Caste is determined by the birth-a child is ‘born into” the caste of its parents. Caste is never a matter of choice. One can never change one’s caste, leave it, or choose not to join it, although there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste.
Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are “endogamous”, i.e., marriage is restricted to members of the group.

Question 23.
Express the reasons for the regional pattern of low child sex ratio in India. [2]
OR
Explain the politics of assimilation and integration used to establish a national identity.
Answer:
Reasons for the regional pattern of low child-sex ratio in India:

The regional pattern of low child-sex ratios in India is that the lowest child-sex ratios are found in the most prosperous regions of India.
Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, and Maharashtra are among the richest states in India in terms of per capita income and they are the states with the lowest child sex ratio.
So, the problem of selective abortion is not due to poverty or ignorance, or lack of resources.
For example, if practices like dowry mean that parents have to make large dowry payments to marry off their daughters, then prosperous parents would be the ones most able to afford this.
Economically prosperous families decide to have fewer children and they may wish to choose the sex of their child.
This becomes possible by misusing pre-natal diagnostic techniques.

Assimilationist and integrationist strategies try to establish singular national identities through various interventions like:

Centralizing all powers to forums where the dominant group constitutes a majority and eliminating the autonomy of local or minority groups.
Imposing a unified legal and judicial system based on the dominant group’s traditions and abolishing alternative systems used by other groups.
Adopting the dominant group’s language as the only official national language and making its use mandatory in all public institutions
Promotion of the dominant group’s language and culture through national institutions including state-controlled media and educational institutions.
Adoption of state symbols celebrating the dominant group’s history, heroes, and culture reflected in such things as choice of national holidays or naming of streets, etc.
Seizure of lands, forests, and fisheries from minority groups and indigenous people and declare their national resources.

Question 24.
Who established Satya Shodhan Samaj and why?
OR
Briefly explain India’s demographic achievements. [2]
Answer:
Satya Shodhan Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule in 1873 because he wanted to aid the two groups considered the lowest in traditional Brahmin culture: women and untouchables.

India’s demographic achievements:

Reduced crude birth rate: 40.8 (1951) to 241 (2004)
Reduced infant mortality rate: 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 58 per 1000 live births (2004)
Quadrupled the couple protection rate: from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44 percent (1999)
Reduced crude death rate: 25 (1951) to 7.5 (2004)
Increase in the life expectancy: 37 years to 62 years Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning and halved the total fertility rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.0 (2004)

Question 25.
Write the meaning of Civil Society. [2]
Answer:
The name was given to the broad arena which lies beyond the private domain of the family, but outside the domain of both state and market.

Non-state and non-profit market part of the public domain. The arena of voluntary associations and organizations formed for cultural, social, religious, or other non-commercial and non-state collective pursuits. Sphere of active citizenship where individuals take up social issues, and collective interests and seek support for a variety of causes.

Question 26.
What are the various occupations followed in rural society? [2]
Answer:
Most of the rural people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Artisans such as weavers, carpenters, iron-smiths, goldsmiths, and potters live in rural areas and they support agriculture in some form or the other. The above-said occupations are carried out based on their respective castes. Few of the rural people get into government services in the Department of Education, and Postal Department, and few are employed as factory workers.

Question 27.
Read the source and answer the following question. According to the convergence thesis put forward by modernization theorist Clark Kerr, an industrialized India of the 21st-century shares more features with China or the United States in the twenty-first century than it shares with nineteenth-century India. [2]
(i) According to the Convergence thesis, with which country does India share similar features?
(ii) Who gave the Convergence thesis?
Answer:
According to the Convergence thesis, industrialized India of the 21st-century shares more features with China or the United States in the 21st century than it shares with 19th-century India. It was put forward by Quark Kerr

Question 28.
What is a horizontal stretch? [2]
Answer:
The backward caste classes emerged as political entities in the colonial and post-colonial contexts. The colonial state often distributed patronage based on caste. Therefore, people stayed within their caste for social and political identity in institutional life. And, it influenced similarly placed caste groups to unite themselves and to form a ‘horizontal stretch’, which is characterized by low ritual content and more secularised for political mobilization

Question 29.
Mention the loopholes of implementing the Land Ceiling Act.
OR
Castes are not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, but they are also supposed to be complementary and non-competing groups. In other words, each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste. Since caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as the social division of labor, except that, in principle, it allows no mobility.
(i) Castes were traditionally linked to occupation. [TRUE/FALSE]
(ii) Caste is never a matter of _______ [2]
Answer:

Land Ceiling Act was implemented to fix the upper limit for individual land-owning.
Accordingly, an individual has to give away the excess land to the government.
The concerned landowner was allowed to give a share to the son or daughter before surrendering it to the government.
The loopholes included dividing land among relatives and servants. This was called a Benami transfer. Divorcing the wife but living with her which will allow a share for unmarried women for the accumulation of land by a family

(i) True
(ii) choice

Section-C (24 Marks)

Question 30.
Assertions of tribal identity are on the rise. This can be laid at the door of the emergence of a middle class within the tribal society. With the emergence of this class, in particular, issues of culture, tradition, livelihood, even control over land and resources, as well as demands for a share in the benefits of the projects of modernity, have become an integral part of the articulation of identity among the tribes. There is, therefore, a new consciousness among tribes now, coming from its middle classes. The middle classes themselves are a consequence of modern education and modern occupations, aided in turn by the reservation policies.
1. What gave rise to a middle class among the tribes?
2. The reasons for asserting tribal identity for the uneducated and poor Adivasis and the middle classes among the tribes are the same. Mark the statement as true or false.
3. States like Jharkhand and Chattisgarh have made full use of their statehood as a result of the tribal movement. Mark the statement as true or false.
4. Tribes were a community that always had sharp divisions. Mark the statement as true or false.
OR
Discuss the role of the cities in the development of the economy in colonial rule. [4]
Answer:

1. Reservation policies and education
2. False
3. False
4. False

Due to the economic development, coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai were favored.
Cities started playing a significant role in the economic system of the British Empire.
Primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be imported at low cost.
These cities became the prime link between economic centers in Britain and margins in colonial India. These cities in India became a reflection of global capitalism, e.g., Madras for coffee, Sugar, Indigo, and Dyes, Raw cotton from Bombay, and exported jute from Calcutta.

Question 31.
What are the factors behind the assertion of tribal identities today? [4]
Answer:
Tribal identities are an outcome of an interactional process. Factors behind tribal identities assertion:

Demand for statehood resulted in the formation of states such as Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
Displacement of tribals for building dams, factories, etc.
The emergence of the educated middle passes-the difference between them and the poor tribals leads to different bases of assertion.
Resistance and opposition to the non-tribals who have migrated to tribal regions.
Declaration of “disturbed areas” to suppress rebellion in areas populated by tribals, e.g., Manipur and Nagaland.
Cultural issues of identity and economic issues such as inequality.
Nationalization of the forests produce.
Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges.
Marginalization of tribals.
Exploitation at the hands of the non-tribals
Benefits from mining, industrial projects, minerals, etc. went to the non-tribals. Alienation of the tribal population from their land.

Question 32.
Explain the three different situations of urban impact as given by M.S.A Rao [4]
Answer:
Three different situations of urban impact as given by M.S.A. Rao:

The impact of urban influences varies according to the kind of relations a village has with a city or town
There are villages where a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far cities.
Urban influence on the villages situated near an industrial town. The growth of metropolitan cities and its impact on surrounding villages.

Question 33.
It is easy to describe a State but hard to define it. Why? [4]
Answer:
A state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a set of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it. In Max Weber’s well-known definition, a state is a body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory. Nations are founded based on common cultural, historical, and political institutions like a shared religion, language, ethnicity, history, or regional culture.

But it is hard to come up with any defining features, any characteristics that a nation must possess. Many nations do not share a single common language, religion, or ethnicity. Many languages, religions, and ethnicities are shared across nations. A state is the closest criterion that distinguishes a nation. However, this one-to-one relationship is a new development.

Question 34.
What were the conditions required in India to start a social reform movement?
OR
Who forms the disabled population in our country? Do you think the disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society rendered them so? [4]
Answer:
The conditions required were:
Western Education: When the British started to rule over India, then they begin to spread western education here. When Indians came in contact with western education, they came to know about science and reasoning. They came to know that the prevailing customs of Indian modification are useless and baseless. That is why enlightened Indians started social movements here.

Development of means of transport: The British developed means of transport for their convenience, but Indians took maximum advantage of these means. With the advent of means of transport, Indians came in contact with each other. Enlightened and educated Indians reached different parts of the country and explained to the people that the prevailing customs are useless. People were already fed up with these customs. They responded well to these calls and conditions became conducive to the development of means of transport.

The advent of Indian Press: Press started in India after the advent of the British. Organizers of movements started to publish small newspapers and magazines so that Indians could read them and should understand that these evils are very harmful to society. They needed to throw these evils out of society. In this way, Indians came to know that they needed to remove these social evils.

Increasing impact of missionaries: When the British came to India, Christian Missionaries also came with them. The main function of these missionaries was to propagate Christianity, but their way of propagating was somewhat different. First, they used to work for social welfare. They solved the problems of the people and then they propagated their religion. Gradually, people started to adopt Christianity. When Indian social reformers came to know about this, then they also started reform movements in India.

In this way, these movements were started due to the impact of Christian missionaries Evils of Indian Society: Most of the social reform movements were started to remove the social evils of society. Sati Pratha, child marriage, restriction on widow remarriage, dowry system, untouchability, etc., are examples of some of the social evils of Indian society. People were fed up with the prevailing social evils. When these movements started to take place, they were welcomed with both hands by the people. That’s why these movements got a conducive environment and social reform movements became successful.

People who constitute the disabled population in our country:

Mentally challenged
Visually impaired
Physically impaired
People with speech impairments
(Any other disabilities)
Yes, the disabled are rendered disabled because of society. The public attitude towards disability is a social and cultural construct.
People hurl the names of disabilities as insults.
The disabled are viewed as victims and poor beings.
The impaired body is viewed as a result of fate or destiny (the culprit of which the person is a victim).
Disability is viewed as retribution for past Karma or actions.
Even in mythology, disabled people are viewed negatively.

Question 35.
Discuss the social and economic problems of Adivasis in India. What steps have been taken by the Government to uplift their status? [4]
Answer:
Problems of Adivasis upliftment:
Adivasis in India live under impoverished and exploited circumstances. Accelerated resource extraction started during the colonial period and in the post-Independence period has worsened their situation. They have been denied access to forests and land for cultivation. Adivasis lands are acquired for new mining and dam projects in the name of “National development.

(Any two) (Any other relevant point)

Steps were taken by the Government for their upliftment:
1. Reservation of seats for the scheduled tribes in government services, central and state legislatures, and educational institutions.
2. Special laws to protect them. For example, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989.
3. Schemes for development: Five-year plans, Tribal sub-plans, Tribal welfare blocks, and special multipurpose schemes.

Section-D (18 Marks)

Question 36.
What does the bulge in the below-given population pyramid indicate? The bias towards younger age groups in the age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Explain. [6]

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Answer:
The bulge in the middle age group indicates that the majority of Indians belong to the working population providing the opportunity called demographic dividend. The average age is also less than that of most other countries, thus the changing age structure could offer a demographic dividend for India. Thus, the dependency ratio is low and provides the opportunity for economic growth.

This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is relatively large and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support. This potential can be converted into actual growth with the increased level of education and employment. Thus, these benefits have to be utilized through planned development.

Question 37.
Explain Agrarian society in terms of class and caste. [6]
Answer:
In terms of class, the Agrarian society is divided based on land ownership. There are medium and large landowners on one hand and agricultural laborers on the other hand. The medium and large landowners earn large incomes from agricultural produce. However, the agricultural laborers do not own the land and work on others’ lands. This makes their job and income insecure, leading to unemployment and low incomes.

Another category is the tenant cultivator, who leases their land from landowners and earns low incomes as they pay often as much as 50 to 75 percent of the income from the cultivation to the landowner as rent. The Agrarian society is divided based on caste and this also influences the class they occupy. In general, the land owners belong to the dominant castes or the ‘upper castes. For example, the Jats and Rajputs of U.E, the Vokkaligas and Lingayats in Karnataka, Karmas, and Reddys in Andhra Pradesh, and Jat Sikhs in Punjab.

These dominant castes are powerful economically, socially, and politically. Similarly, the menial or agricultural laborers are predominantly from the ‘lower’ caste. They are marginal farmers or landless laborers. For example, Scheduled Castes or Tribes (SC/STs) or Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It can be observed that class and caste are intertwined.

Class is determined by access to land, resources, and the ability to command labor and make a profit from the produce. Caste plays a major role in determining one’s class, therefore, access to power and privilege. The hepatic system in Gujarat and the jet system in Karnataka show that the caste system affects one’s class. These systems have tied the poor to the landowners, leading to bonded labor.

Question 38.
“This is a very serious situation because it means that the sector where the maximum people are employed is not able to generate much income for them”. Explain the statement by bringing the differences between the developed and developing countries economies.
OR
Civil Society makes the state accountable to the nation and its people. Explain with reference to the RTI Act. [6]
Answer:
According to ILO figures, in developed countries, the majority of the people are in the service sector, followed by industry and less than 10 percent are in agriculture. However, in developing countries it is the opposite, e.g., in India during 2018-19, the figures were as follows: Employment:

43 percent were employed in the primary sector (agriculture and mining) 17 percent in the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, and utilities) and 32 percent in the tertiary sector (trade, transport, financial services, etc.). Contribution to economic growth: The share of agriculture has declined sharply and services contribute approximately more than half. Another difference is the number of people in regular salaried employment. In developed countries, the majority are formally employed.

In India, over 52 percent of the workers are self-employed, only about 24 percent are in regular salaried employment, while approximately 24 percent are in casual labor. The adjacent chart shows the changes between 1972-73 and 2018-2019. There is a distinction between the organized or formal and unorganized or informal sectors. According to one definition, the organized sector consists of all units employing ten or more people throughout the year.

These have to be registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries or wages, pensions, and other benefits. For example, working on a construction site, domestic help, caretaking, and self-employed through contacts like plumbers, electricians, and beauticians. In India, over 90 percent of the work, whether it is in agriculture, industry, or services is in the unorganized or informal sector.

Hence, it means that the sector in which the majority of the people are employed in India is not producing economic growth. And the services sector, which employs a smaller population, has contributed more to the country’s economic growth. This also means that majority of the people in India do not have job security, social and health benefits from the employer, and a stable income.

Civil society is the non-state and non-market part of the public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organizations.

It is the sphere of active citizenship where, individuals take up social issues, try to influence the state or make demands on it, pursue their collective interests or seek support for a variety of causes.
The Right to Information Act 2005 gives Indians access to Government records.
It was enacted by the Parliament of India giving any person who may request information from a public authority, is expected to reply expeditiously or within thirty days.
The Act also requires every public authority to computerize their records for wide dissemination and to proactively publish certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request information formally.
This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005. The Act specifies that citizens have a right to:

Request any information,
Take copies of documents,
Inspect documents, works, and records,
Take certified samples of materials of work,
Obtain information in form of printouts, diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes, or in any other electronic mode or through printouts.
Civil liberties organizations have been keeping a watch on the state and forcing it to obey the law.