CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 7 with Solutions

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 7 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 7 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

The question paper is divided into four sections.
There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
Section A includes question No. 1-20. These are MCQ type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
Section B includes question No.21-29. These are very short answer type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section C includes question No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section D includes question No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words. Question no 38 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

Section – A (20 marks)

Question 1.
The land reforms took away rights from the erstwhile daimants, the upper castes who sensed that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than paying their rent. [1]
(A) Tenants
(B) Absentee landlords
(C) Dominant caste
(D) Political leaders
Answer:
(B) Absentee landlords

Explanation: Absentee landlords were not themselves the cultivators, but were the erstwhile upper caste claimants of lands.

Question 2.
‘Sultana’s Dream is a book written by: [1]
(A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(B) Tarabai Shinde
(C) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
(D) Bishop Joseph Butler
Answer:
(C) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

Explanation: Sultana’s dream is a 1905 Bengali feminist utopian story in English, written by Begum Rokeya, also known as Rokeya Sahkawat Hossain, a Muslim writer and social reformer from Bengal. It was published in the same year in a Madras-based English periodical, The Indian Ladies Magazine.

Question 3.
Assertion (A): There is tension between the Indian state’s simultaneous commitment to secularism as well as the protection of minorities.
Reason (R): Providing protection to them immediately invites the accusation of favoritism or ‘appeasement’ of minorities. [1]
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
Answer:
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Explanation: Opponents argue that secularism of this sort is only an excuse to favor minorities in return for their votes or other kinds of political support.

Question 4.
Assertion (A): There is a correlation between disability and poverty.
Reason (R): Public perception of disability is based on cultural conception. [1]
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Question 5.
Even though the fertility and population growth rates are declining, India’s population is projected to increase from 1.2 billion today to an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050 due to_______. [1]
(A) population explosion
(B) post-transitional phase
(C) population momentum
(D) rate of natural increase
Answer:
(C) population momentum

Explanation: Population momentum refers to a situation, where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did

Question 6.
“When we say that India is a nation of great cultural diversity, we mean that there are many different types of social groups and communities living here.” The term diversity stands for. [1]
(A) Inequalities rather than equalities
(B) Differences rather than inequalities
(C) Difference and inequality both
(D) Neither difference nor inequality
Answer:
(B) Differences rather than inequalities

Explanation: Cultural diversity means that there are different types of social groups and communities that may not necessarily be unequal

Question 7.
_______implied that the people of India or of any colonized society have an equal right to be sovereign. [1]
(A) Socialism
(B) Communism
(C) Capitalism
(D) Nationalism
Answer:
(D) Nationalism

Question 8.
Who proposed a resolution against the evils of polygamy at the All India Muslim Ladies Conference? [1]
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas
(B) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
(C) Jyotiba Phule
(D) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas

Question 9.
Why were the tribal movements started? [1]
(A) To secure Tribal culture
(B) For social reforms
(C) Secularisation
(D) Globalisation
Answer:
(A) To secure Tribal culture

Question 10.
Land reforms took away rights from the claimants, the upper caste who were_______in the sense that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than claim. [1]
(A) Tenants
(B) Absentee landlords
(C) Dominant caste
(D) Political Leaders
Answer:
(B) Absentee landlords

Question 11.
_______invented a new system in the 1890s, which he called ‘Scientific Management. [1]
(A) Henry Ford
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Harry Braver man
Answer:
(B) Frederick Winslow Taylor

Question 12.
The campaign against indigo plantations in 1917. [1]
(A) Champaran Satyagraha
(B) Bardoli Satyagraha
(C) Non-cooperation Movement
(D) Tebhaga Movement
Answer:
(A) Champaran Satyagraha

Question 13.
What is BIRA? [1]
(A) Bombay Industrial Relations Act
(B) Bombay International Relations Act
(C) Bombay Industrial Reservation Act
(D) Bhiwadi Industrial Relations Act
Answer:
(A) Bombay Industrial Relations Act

Question 14.
Who proposed a resolution against the evils of polygamy at the All India Muslim Ladies Conference? [1]
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas
(B) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
(C) Jyotiba Phule
(D) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas

Question 15.
Assertion (A): Cities are the confluence of races, cultures, and peoples. [1]
Reason (R): Cities are centers of innovation.
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Question 16.
Statistical minorities are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a_______. [1]
(A) collectivity
(B) identity
(C) group
(D) society
Answer:
(B) identity

Explanation: The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.

Question 17.
A state is “a body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”, according to: [1]
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Aguste Comte
(C) Max Weber
(D) Jacques Rousseau
Answer:
(C) Max Weber

Question 18.
What is/are the reason(s) for the OBCs that are a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasi? [1]
(A) There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
(B) The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
(C) Only (A) is true.
(D) Both (A) and (B) are true.
Answer:
(D) Both (A) and (B) are true.

Explanation: Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category

Question 19.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. [1]
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

Explanation: Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.

Question 20.
Which of the following is not a physical-racial criterion for defining the tribes in India? [1]
(A) Austric
(B) Aryan
(C) Dravidian
(D) Negrito
Answer:
(A) Austria

Explanation: Austric is a linguistic category.

Section – B (18 Marks)

Question 21.
Discuss the concept of ‘footloose labor’. [2]
Answer:

This term was coined by Jan Breman in 1985.
He used this concept to describe the situation of migrating laborers.
Since the migrating laborers have no job security, they have the compulsion of migrating from one place to another based on the demand.

Question 22.
What does the term ‘modernity’ assume? [2]
Answer:
Modernity involves:

Local ties and parochial perspectives give way to universal commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes.
Behavior thought and attitude is not decided by the family, tribe, caste, community, etc.
Occupation/work is based on choice, not birth.
Scientific and rational approach/attitude prevails over emotion.
Positive and desirable values – humanitarian, egalitarian, etc.

Question 23.
How did de-industrialization take place in colonial India?
OR
A model of the South Asian colonial city. The European town. had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street, and clubs for afternoon and evening get-togethers. The open space was reserved for. Western recreational facilities, such as race and golf courses, soccer, and cricket. When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilized them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town. Read the source and answer the following question.
(1) Did the model of the South Asian colonial city cater to the needs of the natives? Give a reason for your answer.
(2) From which state did people move to Assam to work on the tea plantations? [2]
Answer:

British industrialization led to deindustrialization in some sectors.
The decline of old urban centers.
Manufacturing boomed in Britain, and traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacture from India declined in the face of Manchester’s competition.
This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam, while Bombay and Madras grew.
When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their courts and their artisans and court gentry; Many village artisans abandoned their hereditary craft and moved to agriculture.

(1) No. When domestic water supply, electric connections and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilized them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.
(2) People from present-day Jharkhand moved to Assam to work on the tea plantations.

Question 24.
Universal adult franchise, or the right of every adult to vote, is one of the foremost rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. It means that we cannot be governed by anyone other than the people we have elected to represent us. This right is a radical departure from the days of colonial rule when ordinary people were forced to submit to the authority of colonial officers who represented the interests of the British Crown. However, even in Britain, not everyone was allowed to vote. Voting rights were limited to property-owning men.
(1) What is a universal adult franchise?.
(2) Who was given the right to vote in Britain?
OR
Express the correlation between agricultural productivity and agrarian structure. [2]
Answer:
(1) It is the right to vote given to every citizen in a democracy.
(2) Voting rights were given to property-owning men.

Agrarian structure refers to the sustaining divide between landowners and peasants.
If there is an unequal distribution of lands among people, only a few will get profit from the cultivation.
Peasants will get wages, while land owners get profit.
It increases class inequality.
The rich become richer and the poor become poorer

Question 25.
What ideas of society did the Dharma Sabha project? [2]
Answer:
Orthodox members of the Hindu community in Bengal formed an organization called Dharma Sabha. They petitioned the British arguing that reformers had no right to interpret sacred texts. They opposed education for girls, and widow remarriage and upheld Sati system. Therefore, they defended the status quo and traditional belief systems of the Hindus.

Question 26.
How did nationalism emerge in India? [2]
Answer:
The British established their rule in India and they started giving western education to Indians. Western education introduced Indians to the famous ideas of freedom, liberty, and equality. After returning back to India, the educated Indians started spreading these ideas which eventually led to the emergence of nationalism in India in the latter part of the nineteenth century.

Question 27.
What is meant by Dominant caste? [2]
Answer:
Dominant castes are the upper-middle ranking castes with a large population with newly acquired land ownership rights leading to their political, economic, and social dominance in a region.

Question 28.
What are some of the different forms that the family can take? [2]
Answer:
Nuclear Family: It consists of one set of parents and their children.
Extended Family: It consists of more than one couple and, often, more than two generations live together. The extended family is symptomatic of India.
Diverse forms of a family:
1. Matrilocal-patrilocal (based on residence)
2. Matrilineal and patrilineal (based on rules of inheritance)
3. Matriarchal and patriarchal (based on authority)

Question 29.
What is meant by ‘the age structure of the population? [2]
OR
Explain contract farming.
Answer:
The age structure of the population refers to the proportions of persons in different age groups with reference to the total population.

Contract farming is the trade pertaining to agricultural production.
It is an agreement between the farmers and buyers.
In a liberalized economy, a farmer can have contract farming with government, private as well as multinational companies.

Section-C (24 Marks)

Question 30.
Discuss the reasons for the farmer’s suicide.
OR
‘The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during an emergency.’ Justify [4]
Answer:
1. Cultural lag due to technological advancement.
2. Mono-crop farming and crop failure.
3. Increased marginalization due to the green revolution.
4. Debt burden.
5. High competition from big land-owning farmers.

The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during the ‘Emergency’. During the Emergency period:

The Parliament was suspended and new laws were made directly by the government.
Civil liberties were revoked and a large number of politically active people were arrested and jailed without trial.
Censorship was imposed on the media and government officials could be dismissed without normal procedures.
The government coerced lower-level officials to implement its programs and produce instant results.
An example of this is the forced sterilization campaign in which large numbers of people died due to surgical complications.

Question 31.
What are the factors behind the assertion of tribal identities today? [4]
Answer:
Tribal identities are an outcome of an interactional process. Factors behind tribal identities assertion:

Demand for statehood resulted in the formation of states such as Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
Displacement of tribals for building dams, factories, etc.
Emergence of the educated middle-class difference between them and the poor tribals lead to different bases of assertion.
Resistance and opposition to the non-tribals who have migrated to tribal regions.
Declaration of “disturbed areas” to suppress rebellion in areas populated by tribals. For example, Manipur and Nagaland.
Cultural issues of identity and economic issues such as inequality. (Any five points).

Question 32.
Discuss how work is carried out in a large manufacturing industry. [4]
Answer:
The aim of any industry is good output and it is the responsibility of a manager to get more work done from the workers. Therefore, the work is carried out in respect to this aim. The two main ways of making workers produce more are: Extend the working hours and increase the amount that is produced within a given time period. Another way of increasing output is by organizing work.

Taylorism: Frederick Winslow Taylor invented a system in the 1890s, called ‘Scientific Management’ or Taylorism or industrial engineering. All work was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers. Workers were timed with the help of stopwatches and had to fulfill a certain target every day.

Assembly line: Production was further speeded up by this. Each worker sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt.

Indirect control: In the 1980s, there was an attempt to shift from this system of direct control to indirect control, where workers are supposed to motivate and monitor themselves.

Question 33.
Explain the theories on Social Movement. [4]
Answer:
There are three theories on social movement.
1. According to the Theory of Relative Deprivation, social movement results from social conflict. Groups of people feel resentment and rage as they feel deprived of access to resources. However, it is criticized that a sense of deprivation alone cannot lead to a social movement.

2. In the Theory of Collective Action, Mancur Olson opines that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest. His theory is based on the notion of rational, utility-maximizing individuals. That is, a person participates in a social movement only if one gains something and if the risks are less than the gains.

3. Resource Mobilisation Theory was proposed by McCarthy and Zald, who said that a social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilize resources or means of different sorts. Resources such as leadership, organizational capacity and communication facilities, when used within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.

Question 34.
The nation-state became the dominant political form during the colonial period. Explain.
OR
‘The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during an emergency.’ Justify [4]
Answer:
Nation-state became the dominant political form:
Initially, the use of passports was not common for international travel. Pertains to a particular state, characteristic of the modern world. Associated closely with the rise of nationalism; the rise of democratic ideas; Sovereign. A community of communities sharing a desire to be a part of the same political collectivity.

The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during the ‘Emergency’. During the Emergency period:
The Parliament was suspended and new laws were made directly by the government. Civil liberties were revoked and a large number of politically active people were arrested and jailed without trial.

Censorship was imposed on the media and government officials could be dismissed without normal procedures. The government coerced lower-level officials to implement its programs and produce instant results. An example of this is the forced sterilization campaign in which large numbers of people died due to surgical complications.

Question 35.
State how the declaration of the Karachi Session of INC committed itself to women’s equality. [4]
Answer:
In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress declared the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality. The declaration reads as follows:

All citizens are equal before the law, irrespective of religion, caste, creed or sex. No disability attaches to any citizen, by reason of his or her religion, caste, creed or sex, in regard to public employment, office of power or honor, and in the exercise of any trade or calling. The franchise shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage. A woman shall have the right to vote, to represent and the right to hold public offices.

Section – D (18 Marks)

Question 36.
What is cultural diversity? Why are States often suspicious of cultural diversity? [6]
Answer:
By cultural diversity, we mean that:
The presence within the larger, regional or another context of many different kinds of cultural communities such as those defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity and so on. It is the multiplicity of a plurality of identities. There are many types of social groups and communities living in India. These communities are defined by cultural identity markers such as language, religion, race, sect, or caste. States are often suspicious of cultural diversity because:

Sometimes cultural diversities are accompanied by economic and social inequalities which lead to rivalries. The situation becomes worse when scarce resources like river water, jobs or government funds have to be shared. Divisive forces like communal riots, demands for regional autonomy or caste wars are hard at work, tearing the country apart. Cultural diversity leads to social fragmentation and prevents the creation of a harmonious society.

Such ‘identity politics’ was considered a threat to state unity. Accommodating differences is politically challenging. Many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain. States generally tend to favor a single, homogenous national identity, in the hope of being able to control and manage it.

Question 37.
Explain the basic argument of the theory of demographic transition. Why is the transition period associated with a ‘population explosion? [6]
Answer:
The theory of demographic transition proposes that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development-related population growth.
There are three basic stages of population growth:

Primitive Stage (Under Developed Countries): This stage shows low and slow population growth in a society. In this stage, society is underprivileged and technologically backward. Secondary Stage (Developing Countries): The birth rate is high due to the presence of the patriarchal society and the death rate is low due to the availability of medical facilities.

Third Stage (Developed Countries): This is the stage of low population growth rate seen in developed countries, where both birth rate and death rate have been reduced. The Transitional Stage (Secondary Stage) is characterized by the movement from a backward to an advanced stage. In this stage, the population growth rate is very high and death rates are brought down relatively quickly through advanced methods of disease control, public health, and better nutrition. That is why this stage is associated with a population explosion.

Question 38.
Explain Agrarian society in terms of class and caste.
OR
“This is a very serious situation because it means that the sector where the maximum people are employed is not able to generate much income for them”. Explain the statement by bringing the differences between the developed and developing countries economies. [6]
Answer:
In terms of class, the Agrarian society is divided based on land ownership. There are medium and large landowners on one hand and agricultural laborers on the other hand. The medium and large landowners earn large incomes from agricultural produce. However, the agricultural laborers do not own the land and work in others’ lands.

This makes their job and income insecure, leading to unemployment and low incomes. Another category is the tenant cultivator, who leases their land from landowners and earns low incomes as they pay often as much as 50 to 75 percent of the income from the cultivation to the landowner as rent. The Agrarian society is divided based on caste and this also influences the class they occupy.

In general, the land owners belong to the dominant castes or the ‘upper castes. For example, the Jats and Rajputs of U.P., the Vokkaligas and Lingayats in Karnataka, Karmas and Reddys in Andhra Pradesh and Jat Sikhs in Punjab. These dominant castes are powerful economically, socially and politically. Similarly, the menial or agricultural laborers are predominantly from the ‘lower’ caste. They are marginal farmers or landless laborers.

For example, Scheduled Castes or Tribes (SC/ STs) or Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It can be observed that class and caste are intertwined. Class is determined by access to land, resources and the ability to command labor and make a profit from the produce. Caste plays a major role in determining one’s class, therefore, access to power and privilege. The hepatic system in Gujarat and the jet system in Karnataka show that the caste system affects one’s class. These systems have tied the poor to the landowners, leading to bonded labor.

According to ILO figures, in developed countries, the majority of the people are in the service sector, followed by industry and less than 10 percent are in agriculture. However, in developing countries, it is the opposite. For example, in India during 2018–19, the figures were as follows: Employment:

43 percent were employed in the primary sector (agriculture and mining), 17 percent in the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction and utilities) and 32 percent in the tertiary sector (trade, transport, financial services, etc.). Contribution to economic growth: The share of agriculture has declined sharply and services contribute approximately more than half. Another difference is the number of people in regular salaried employment.

In developed countries, the majority are formally employed. In India, over 52 percent of the workers are self-employed, only about 24 percent are in regular salaried employment, while approximately 24 percent are in casual labor. The adjacent chart shows the changes between 1972–73 and 2018–2019. There is a distinction between the organized or formal and unorganized or informal sectors.

According to one definition, the organized sector consists of all units employing ten or more people throughout the year. These have to be registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries or wages, pensions and other benefits. For example, working on a construction site, domestic help, caretaking, and self-employed through contacts like plumbers, electricians, and beauticians. In India, over 90 percent of the work, whether it is in agriculture, industry or services is in the unorganized or informal sector.

Hence, it means that the sector in which the majority of the people are employed in India is not producing to economic growth. And the services sector, which employs a smaller population, has contributed more to the country’s economic growth. This also means that majority of the people in India do not have job security, social and health benefits from the employer or a stable income.