Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Economics Chapter 4

Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 4 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/class-10-economics-chapter-4-notes/

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Economics Chapter 4
Chapter Name Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 4

Globalisation And The Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Globalisation refers to the integration of the domestic economy with the economies of the world.

An MNC is a company that owns and controls production in more than one nation.

Foreign Investment is investment made by MNCs.

Globalisation Class 10 Notes
Advantages of Foreign Trade—

  1. ‘Foreign Trade’ has facilitated the travel of goods from one market to another.
  2. It provides a choice of goods to the buyers.
  3. Producers of different countries have to compete in different markets.
  4. Prices of similar goods in two markets in two different countries become almost equal.

Globalization Class 10 Notes
SEZs or Special Economic Zones are industrial zones being set up by the Central and State Governments in different parts of the country. SEZs are to have world class facilities such as electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. Companies who set up production units in SEZs are exempted from taxes for an initial period of five years. SEZs thus help to attract foreign companies to invest in India.

Globalization And The Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Reasons to put barriers to foreign trade:

  1. The Indian government after independence had put barriers to foreign trade and investment. This was done to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to develop and grow. Imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc. was allowed.
  2. To protect the Indian economy from foreign infiltration in industries affecting the economic growth of the country as planned. India wanted to move faster to catch up with the main industries in the world market and therefore had to keep an extra watch on its progress in international trade and give incentives to the more rapidly growing industries through fiscal tariff and other means.

Around 1991, some changes were made in policy by the Indian government as it was decided that the time had come for the Indian producers to compete with foreign producers. This would not only help the Indian producers to improve their performance but also improve their quality.

Globalisation And The Indian Economy Notes
Liberalization means the removal of barriers and restrictions set by the government on foreign trade. Governments use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade to protect the domestic industries from foreign competition. Example, Tax on imports. Around 1991, government India adopted the policy of liberalization.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Notes
World Trade Organization (WTO) was started at the initiative of the developed countries. Its main objective is to liberalize international trade.

Globalization And Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Privatization means transfer of ownership of property from public sector to private sector.

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the contracting of non primary business activities and functions to a third party service provider.

Class 10 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Notes
Economic Reforms or New Economic Policy is policy adopted by the Government of India since July 1991. Its key features are Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG).

Notes Of Globalisation And The Indian Economy
MNCs set up production in various countries based on the following factors:

  • MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources; e.g., in countries like China, Bangladesh and India.
  • At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of countries around the world. The benefit of such joint production to the local company is two-fold. First, the MNCs can provide money for additional investments for faster production. Secondly, the MNCs bring with them the latest technology for enhancing and improving production.
  • Some MNCs are so big that their wealth exceeds the entire budgets of some developing countries. This is the reason why they buy up local companies to expand production. Example, Cargill Foods, An American MNC has bought over small Indian company such as Parakh Foods.
  • MNCs control production by placing orders for production with small producers in developing nations; e.g., garments, footwear, sports items etc. The products are supplied to these MNCs which then sell these under their own brand name to customers.

Globalization Notes Class 10
Factors which have helped in globalization:

  • Technology. Rapid improvement in technology has contributed greatly towards globalization.
  • Development in information and communication technology has also helped a great deal. Telecommunication facilities — telegraph, telephone (including mobile phones), fax are now used to contact one another quickly around the world. Teleconferences help in saving frequent long trips across the globe.
  • Information technology has also played an important role in spreading out production of services across countries. Orders are placed through internet, designing is done on computers, even payment for designing and printing can be arranged through internet.

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Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Economics Chapter 2

Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 2 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/cbse-class-10-sst-economics-sectors-of-indian-economy-notes/

Board CBSE
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Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Economics Chapter 2
Chapter Name Sectors of Indian Economy
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 2

Sectors Of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Primary sector:
When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.

Sector Of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Secondary sector:
Covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing, it is also called as industrial sector.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Notes
Tertiary sector:
These are the activities that help in the development of the primary & secondary sector. These activities by themselves do not produce good but they are an aid and support to the production process. Example: Transportation-Goods that are produced in the primary sector need to be transported by trucks or trains and than sold in the wholesale and retail shops; Storage—at times it is necessary to store these products in godowns, which is also a service made available. Communication -talking to others on telephone); Banking-borrowing money from the banks. Since these activities are generate services rather than goods it is also called Service sector.

Sectors Of The Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And sum of production in three sectors give Gross Domestic Product—GDP of the country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced within the country during a particular year.

Economics Chapter 2 Class 10 Notes
Underemployment:
This is the situation of where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential. This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment.

Economics Class 10 Chapter 2 Notes
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005, (MNREGA 2005):
Under NREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

Sectors Of Indian Economy Notes
Organised sector:
It covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.

Class 10 Sectors Of Indian Economy Notes
Unorganized sector:
It is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.

Notes Of Economics Class 10 Chapter 2
Public sector:
In this sector government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.

Notes Of Sectors Of Indian Economy
Growing importance of Tertiary sector:

  • In any country several services such as hospitals , educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defense, transport, banks, insurance companies etc. are required.
  • The development of the agriculture and industrial leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage and the like. Greater the development of primary and secondary sectors more will be demand of such services.
  • As the income level rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like
    eating out, tourism, shopping , private hospitals, professional training etc. This is found especially in the big cities.
  • Over the past decade or so certain new services such as those based on the information and communication technology have become important & essential.

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Development Class 10 Notes Economics Chapter 1

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Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Economics Chapter 1
Chapter Name Development
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Development Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 1

Development Class 10 Notes
Different notions of development:
Different people have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different and therefore their aspirations and desires and goals.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes
Importance of averages:
Since countries have different populations comparing total income does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn, hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also called per capita income.

Criterion used by the World Bank as per World Development Report 2006, in classifying the countries. World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs 28000 per annum. Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle-East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.

Development Notes Class 10
Key terms:

  • Development. Growth of economy along with the improvement in the quality of life of the people like health, education etc.
  • Per capita income. Is the average income obtained as the ratio between National Income and Population of a country.
  • National income. Is the money value of final goods and services produced by a country during an accounting year.

Class 10 Development Notes
Human development Index:
It is a composite Index prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through its Annual Human Development Report published every year. Major parameters such as longevity of life, levels of literacy and Per capita income are used to measure the development of countries. World countries are ranked accordingly in to Very High Developed countries, High Developed countries, Medium Developed countries and Low Developed countries.

  • Infant Mortality Rate. The number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1,000 live birth in that particular year.
  • Literacy Rate. It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
  • Net Attendance Ratio. It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
  • Body Mass Index. (BMI) one way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate Body Mass Index. Divide the weight of a person (in kg) by the square of the height (in metres). If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. If this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.

Economics Class 10 Chapter 1 Notes
Sustainable Development:
It means development without hampering the Environment. It is the process of development that satisfies the present needs without compromising the needs of the future generation.

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Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 8

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Board CBSE
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Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Civics Chapter 8
Chapter Name Challenges to Democracy
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 8

Challenges To Democracy Class 10 Notes
Challenge:
A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.

The challenges faced by democracy are:

  • Foundation challenge;
  • Challenge of expansion;
  • Challenge of deepening of democracy.

Challenges To Democracy Class 10
Political reform:
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reforms

Challenges faced by countries which do not have a democratic form of government:

  1. These countries face the foundation challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
  2. They also face the challenge of bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, and keeping the military away from controlling the government.
  3. Such countries have to make great efforts to establish a sovereign and functional State.

Challenges Of Democracy Class 10
Three challenges faced by democracy:

  • Foundation challenge. It relates to making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. It involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional State.
  • Challenge of expansion. It involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. It pertains to ensuring greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. Most established democracies, e.g., India and US, face the challenge of expansion.
  • Challenge of deepening of democracy. This challenge involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. It means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control in the government. It aims at bringing down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in making governmental decisions.

Challenges Of Democracy Class 10 Notes
Broad guidelines for political reforms:

  1. As legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy, democratic reforms need to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
  2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Generally, laws, that seek a ban on something are rather counter-productive; for example, many states have debarred people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor women, which was not intended. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms; for example, the Right to Information Act which acts as a watchdog of democracy by controlling corruption.
  3. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political parties. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.
  4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution, but also about who will implement it and how. Measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens organizations and media are likely to succeed.

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Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 7

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Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Civics Chapter 7
Chapter Name Outcomes of Democracy
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 7

Outcomes Of Democracy Class 10 Notes
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government:
A democracy is concerned with ensuring that people have the right to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers.

When possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-making in a democracy. Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and procedures. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. Thus democracy entails transparency.

For a democracy to produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government, it must ensure the following—

Regular, free and fair elections; Open public debate on major policies and legislation’s; Citizens’ right to be informed about government policies; A government free from corruption.

Outcomes Of Democracy Class 10
Two conditions necessary for a democracy to achieve harmonious society:
Democracy must fulfill the following two conditions in order to achieve a harmonious social life:

  1. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority needs to work with the minority so that government may function to represent the general view.
  2. Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic groups, etc. Democracy remains democracy so long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. No individual should be debarred from participating in a democracy on the basis of religion, caste, community, creed and other such factors..

Outcomes Of Democracy Notes
Outcomes of democracy:
There are certain things that democracy must provide.

  1. In a democracy people have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision¬making, that affects them all.
  2. It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and is accountable to people. Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens—regular, free and fair elections, open public debate on major policies and legislation’s, and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning.

Class 10 Outcomes Of Democracy Notes
Democracy is a better form of government than others:

  • Based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Thus the necessary delay in implementation.
  • Decisions are acceptable to people and are more effective.
  • A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of- decision-making. There is transparency.
  • Democratic government is legitimate government, people’s own government.
  • There is inability of democracy to achieve higher economic growth which is a cause of worry.
  • Ability to handle differences, decisions and conflicts is a positive point of democratic regimes.
  • Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

Notes Of Outcomes Of Democracy
Dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in a democracy:

  1. Dignity of women. The one way to ensure that women related problems get adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives. To achieve this, it is legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in local government bodies for women. In March 2010, the Women’s Reservation Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha ensuring 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State legislative bodies.
  2. Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and discriminated castes. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it. Some political parties are known to favour some castes. Democracy provides for equal status and opportunities for all castes.
  3. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen. A democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers.
  4. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. There is transparency in a democracy like India. In October 2005, the Right to Information (RTI) law was passed which ensures all its citizens the right to get all the information about the functions of the government departments.

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Gender, Religion and Caste Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 4

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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

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Class Class 10
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Chapter Civics Chapter 4
Chapter Name Gender, Religion and Caste
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Gender, Religion and Caste Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

Gender Religion And Caste Class 10 Notes
Feminist:
A woman or a man, who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men, is called a feminist.
Feminist Movements are radical women’s movements aiming at attaining equality for women in personal and family life and public affairs. These movements have organized and agitated to raise channels for enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities.

Patriarchal society:
A patriarchal society is essentially male dominated. The line of descent is traced through the father. Men are valued more in terms of work they do and the place they hold in society. This gives them more power than women.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Notes
Communal politics:
When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest, this manner of using religion in politics is called communal politics.

Discrimination against women:

  • In studies girls mostly perform better than boys, but they drop out simply because parents prefer to spend their resources on their boys’ education. A smaller proportion of girls gp for higher studies.
  • On an average, a woman works more than an average man everyday. Since much of her work is not paid for, therefore often not valued.
  • The Equal Wages Act provides for equal wages for equal work. But in almost all areas of work
    from sports to cinema, from factories to fields, women are comparatively paid less.
  • The child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) is very low. In India the national average is 927. In some places it is as low as 850 or even 800, because parents prefer to have sons so they get the girl child aborted before her birth.
  • In urban areas, women are unsafe. Even in their homes they suffer from beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.

Gender Caste And Religion Class 10 Notes
Caste inequalities in India:
Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India and caste division is special to India. Even now most people marry within their own caste. The caste groups that had access to education under old system have done well, whereas those groups that did not have access to education have lagged behind. There is a large presence of ‘upper taste’ among the urban middle classes in our country. Caste continues to be linked to economic status as is evident from National Sample Survey. The average economic status of caste groups still follows the old hierarchy—the ‘upper’ castes are best off, the Dalits and Adivasis are worst off and the backward classes are in between. The upper castes are heavily over represented among the rich while the lower castes are under-represented. The SC, ST and OBC together account for about two-thirds of India’s population.

Gender Religion And Caste Notes
Status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies:
The one way to ensure that women related problems get adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives. To achieve this, it is legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

  • Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in Local Government bodies for women.
  • In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. The percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha is not even 10 per cent and in State Assemblies less than 5 per cent. Only recently, in March 2010, the women’s reservation bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and State Legislative bodies.

Class 10 Gender Religion And Caste Notes
Religion and politics in India:
Gandhiji said, “Religion can never be separated from politics”. By religion he did not mean any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam, but moral values and ethics drawn from religion to guide politics. Religion in politics is not as dangerous as it may seem to us. Ethical values of each religion can play a major role in politics. According to human rights groups, most of the victims of communal riots in our country are from religious minorities. Government can take special steps to protect them. These instances show a relationship between religion and politics. People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as members of a religious community. Thus, it is the responsibility of those whose political power is able to regulate the practice of religion, to prevent discrimination and oppression.

Reasons which have contributed to changes in caste system:

  • Efforts of political leaders and social reformers like Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar who advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
  • Socio-economic changes such as: urbanization; growth of literacy and education; occupational mobility; weakening of landlord’s position in the village; breaking down of caste hierarchy; have greatly contributed.
  • The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination.
  • Provision of fundamental rights has played a major role because these rights are provided to all citizens without any discrimination.

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Political Parties Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 6

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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

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Political Parties Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 6

Political Parties Class 10 Notes
A party that secures atleast 6 per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly Elections in four States and wins atleast four seats in the Lok Sabha, is recognised as a ‘National party’.

A party, that secures atleast 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins atleast two seats, is recognized as a ‘State party’.

Political Parties Class 10
Tabulate four national parties and four regional parties of India.
National Parties:
Indian National Congress; BJP (Bharatiya Janta Party); CPI (Communist Party of India); CPI (M) (Communist Party of India —Marxist).
Regional Parties:
Akali Dal (Punjab); DMK (Tamil Nadu); RJD (Rashtriya Janta Dal) (Bihar); Shiv Sena (Maharashtra).

Class 10 Political Parties Notes
Components of a political party are:

  • The leaders,
  • active members and
  • the followers.

Partisanship:
A partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction. As parties (political) are about a part of the society, they involve ‘partisanship’.

Role of an opposition party:
Opposition parties mobilize opposition to the government. It puts forward its own views in Parliament and criticizes the government for its failures. By doing this, it keeps a check on the ruling party.

Notes Of Political Parties Class 10
Source of inspiration of Bharatiya Janata Party:
The source of inspiration of Bharatiya Janata Party is the ancient Indian culture and values. Cultural nationalism (Hindutva) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics.

Source of inspiration of Bahujan Samaj Party:
The Bahujan Samaj Party draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. It stands for the interest and welfare of the dalits and other oppressed people.

Political Party Class 10 Notes
Ideology of Indian National Congress:
Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress sought to build a modem secular democratic republic in India. The party propagates secularism and welfare of the weaker sections and minorities of society. It supports new economic reforms but with a human face.

Political Parties Notes
There are three kinds of party systems as given below:

  1. One-party system. In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. For example, in China only the Communist Party is allowed to rule.
  2. Two-party system. In this system, several parties may exist, contest the elections and win a few seats in the national legislatures. But only two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form government. For example, The USA and the UK.
  3. Multi-party system. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.
    For example, in India there were three major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections—the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the Left Front. This system on one hand leads to political instability but at the same time, allows for a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Notes
Efforts to reform political parties are:

  1. The Constitution has been amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. Now if any elected MLA or MP changes his party, he/she will lose his/her seat in the Legislative Assembly or Parliament. This amended law has helped to bring down the number of defections.
  2. The Supreme Court has passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now it has become mandatory for every candidate, who contests election, to file an affidavit giving details of his assets and criminal cases pending against him. This has helped in making this information available to the public.
  3. The Election Commission has passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their Income-tax Returns.

Political Parties Notes Class 10
Role of money and muscle power grows during elections:
Since focus of the parties is on winning elections, they use short-cuts to win the elections. They nominate candidates who have or can raise lot of money. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. Thus the role of rich people and big companies in the democratic process has been a cause of worry.

Dynastic succession:
Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning. So there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage as they favor people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of a particular family, which is unfair to other members of the party, and bad for democracy.

Class 10 Civics Political Parties Notes
Functions of Political Party:

  • Contesting Elections. Political parties contest elections.
  • Policies. Political parties put forward different policies and programmes so that the voters can choose from them. The policies and programmes of the Ruling Party are expected to be followed by . the government.
  • Making Law. Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
  • Formation of Government. Political parties form and run governments. The executive body is formed by people from the ruling party.
  • Playing Opposition. A party which does not get majority or come under the majority coalition, needs to play the role of opposition.
  • Shaping Public Opinion. Political parties shape public opinion. They do so by raising and highlighting issues in the legislature and in the media.
  • Providing Access to Government Machinery. Political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

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Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 3

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Chapter Name Democracy and Diversity
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 3

Democracy And Diversity Class 10 Notes
Homogeneous Society:
A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences, for example, Germany and Sweden.

‘Migrant’:
Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other opportunities, is called migrant.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Notes
Civil Rights Movement:
Led by Martin Luther King Jr., this movement lasted from 1954-1968. The movement refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans. This movement practiced non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

Black Power Movement:
This movement emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975. It was a more militant and anti-racist movement. The Black Power Movement advocated even violence, if necessary, to end racism in the US.

Democracy And Diversity Notes
Incident of two US athletes who protested at Mexico Olympics in 1968:
Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the US athletes received their medals wearing only a pair of black socks with no shoes to represent Black poverty. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolize Black Power. They were responding to social divisions and social inequalities. With this gesture their intention was to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States. Peter Norman wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans. The medals were taken back from Tommie Smith and John Carlos because the International Olympic Association held both of them guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement.

Class 10 Democracy And Diversity Notes
Origins of Social differences:

  • Accident of birth: We don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives.
  • Based on choices: Some of the differences are based on our choices. Some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born. Most of us choose to study a subject of our interest and an occupation where we can excel. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.

Democracy And Diversity Class 10 Notes Pdf
Overlapping:
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. In overlapping, one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and the people start feeling that they belong to a different community.
For example, in Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap each other. If you are Catholic, you are likely to be poor, suffering a history of discrimination.
Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland.

Ch 3 Civics Class 10 Notes
Cross-cutting:
Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. In cross-cutting, groups that share a common interest on one issue, are sometimes on different sides on different issues.
For example, in Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. There are no conflicts in the Netherlands.

Class 10 Civics Ch 3 Notes
Factors determining the outcome of politics of social divisions are:

  • How people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in exclusive terms, it becomes difficult to accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is easier if identities are complimentary with national identity. This helps to stay together.
  • How political leaders raise demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
  • How Government reacts to demands of different groups. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, as in Belgium, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if the demand is suppressed in the name of national unity, as in Sri Lanka, the end result is quite opposite. Such attempts at forced integration sow the seeds of disintegration.

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Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 5

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/class-10-civics-chapter-5-notes/

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Civics Chapter 5
Chapter Name Popular Struggles and Movements
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5

  • Note: Chapter 5 is to be done as project work and will not be evaluated in theory

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Federalism Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 2

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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Civics Chapter 2
Chapter Name Federalism
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Federalism Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

Federalism Class 10 Notes
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. This vertical division of power among different levels of governments is referred to as federalism. Federalism is one of the major forms of power-sharing in modem democracies.

Key features of federalism are:

  1. Two or more levels of government.
  2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
  3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally governed.
  4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
  5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution. The highest court acts as the umpire if any dispute arises between different levels of governments.
  6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
  7. Federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country, and to accommodate regional diversity.

Federalism Class 10
Union Territories:
Some units of the Indian Union, which are too small to become an independent state and could not be merged with any of the existing states, are called Union Territories. They are also called ‘Centrally Administered Territories’. For example, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep.

Coalition government:
A government formed by coming together of at least two political parties. Usually, partners in a coalition form a political alliance and adopt a common programme.
For example, National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the Left Front.

Class 10 Federalism Notes
India a federal country:
The Constitution declares India as a Union of States. Although the word ‘Federation’ is not used, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federation. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government or the Central Government representing Union of India and the State Governments. A third-tier of federation was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The Constitution provides for a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and State Government. It contains three lists:

  • Union List (97 Subjects),
  • State List (66 Subjects),
  • Concurrent List (47 Subjects).

Since India is an example of ‘holding together’ federation where the Central Government is more powerful vis-a-vis the states; some states, for example, enjoy a special status like Jammu & Kashmir, which has its own Constitution.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes
‘Coming together’ federations:
This agreement induces independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. Examples are: USA, Switzerland and Australia.

Federalism Notes
‘Holding together’ federations:
In this agreement, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the national government. The Central Governments tend to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. Often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers, for example, India, Spain, Belgium.

Federalism Notes Class 10
Sharing of power between the Union Government and State Governments:
The sharing of power between the Union Government and the State Governments is basic to the structure of the Constitution. The Parliament cannot, on its own, change this arrangement. Any change has to be first passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least two-third majority. It has then to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total states. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.

Notes Of Federalism Class 10
Reasons for success of federalism in India:

  • Clearly laid out Constitutional Provisions providing a three-fold distribution of powers in the three lists—Union List, State List and Concurrent List—between the Union and State Governments,
  • The nature of democratic politics in our country.
  • The creation of linguistic states. Boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
  • Restricting of Centre-State relations.

Civics Class 10 Chapter 2 Notes
Language policy of India:
Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. The formation of linguistic states united the country and made administration easier. The leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. Hindi was identified as official language. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as scheduled languages by the Constitution.

Federalism Class 10 Pdf Notes
Major steps towards decentralization taken in 1992 are:

  • Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to Local Government bodies.
  • Seats are reserved in elected bodies for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes (OBCs).
  • Atleast one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
  • The State Election Commission was created to conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.
  • The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue with Local Government bodies.

Ch 2 Civics Class 10 Notes
Structure of the new Panchayati Raj institutions: Rural Local Government is known by the name of Panchayati Raj.

  • Each village or group of villages has a Gram Panchayat. Panch, President or Sarpanch are directly elected by all the adult population of the village and is the decision-making body.
  • The Panchayat works under the supervision of Gram Sabha, with all the voters as its members. The local structure goes up to the district level—a group of Gram Panchayats form a Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal. All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constitute the Zilla Parishad which consists of elected members.
  • Lok Sabha members, Local MLAs and officers are also members of the Zilla Parishad. Its Chairperson is the political head of the Parishad.

Federalism Class 10 Notes Pdf
Urban areas local bodies:
Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporations. Both are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives. Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality. The head of Municipal Corporation is an officer called the Mayor.

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Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes Geography Chapter 6

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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Geography Chapter 6
Chapter Name Manufacturing Industries
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 6

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes
Manufacturing.
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the primary materials are processed and converted into finished goods.
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:

  1. It helps in modernizing agriculture, reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
  2. Industries help in creating jobs and generating more income.
  3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in foreign exchange.
  4. Industrial development brings prosperity to the country.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10
Agriculture and industry in India are interdependent on each other:
Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile industry. Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only helped farmers to obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

Factors which affect the location of an industry

  • Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw material.
  • Labour. Availability of cheap labor is necessary for low cost of production low.
  • Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary.
  • Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.
  • Banking and insurance facilities, favorable government policies.

Class 10 Manufacturing Industries Notes
Five basis on which industries are classified.

  • On the basis of source of raw materials used — Agro-based and mineral-based.
  • According to their main role — Basic and Consumer industries.
  • On the basis of capital investment — Small-scale and large-scale industries.
  • On the basis of ownership — Public Sector, Private Sector, Cooperative Sector, Joint Sector.
  • Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods — Heavy industries, Light

If the investment is more than one crore rupees in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, Iron and Steel industry, Cement industry.

If the investment is less than one crore rupees, it is considered as a small scale industry.

Manufacturing Industries Notes
Agro-based industries:
They obtain their raw materials from agricultural products. Example: Textiles—cotton, jute, silk and woolen. Rubber, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.

Mineral-based industries:
They obtain their raw materials from minerals. Example: Iron and steel, cement, machine tools, petro-chemicals, etc.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes
Four types of industries based on ownership are:

  1. Public Sector industries: Owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., BHEL, SAIL, etc.
  2. Private Sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g., TTSCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
  3. Joint Sector industries are jointly run by the Public (government) and Private Sector (individuals), e.g., Oil India Ltd.
  4. Cooperative Sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately, e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerdla.

Notes Of Manufacturing Industries Class 10
The Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian Economy because
It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%). It employs largest number of people after agriculture, i.e., 35 million persons directly. Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at about 24.6%. It contributes 4% towards GDP and is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

Factors for concentration/location of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra and-Gujarat:

  • Availability of raw cotton was abundant and cheap.
  • Moist climate in these coastal States also helped in the development of cotton textile industry because humid conditions are required for weaving the cloth, else the yam breaks.
  • Well developed transportation system and accessible port facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
  • Proximity to the market as cotton clothes are ideal to wear in these warm and humid States.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Pdf Notes
Problems faced by the cotton textile industry:
Power supply is erratic in our country. Machinery needs to be upgraded, especially in weaving and processing sectors. Low output of labor. We still need to import cotton in spite of the fact that the production of cotton in the country has increased. Stiff competition from the synthetic fiber industry.

Manufacturing Industries Notes Class 10
Factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry on the banks of Hoogly:

  1. Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hoogly Basin.
  2. Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hoogly river.
  3. It is well connected by a good network of railways, waterways and roadways.
  4. Abundant water for processing raw jute.
  5. Availability of cheap labor from West Bengal,Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
  6. Kolkata as a port and large urban centre, provides banking, insurance and port facilities.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Pdf
Reasons for location of sugar mills close to the fields:

  1. The raw material used, sugarcane is bulky and perishable.
  2. It cannot be transported to long distances because its sucrose content dries up fast, so it should be processed within 24 hours of its harvest.

Sugar Industry is shifting towards southern and western States, because—Cane produced here has higher sucrose content, the favorable climatic conditions (cooler climate) ensure a longer growing and crushing season. The Cooperatives are more successful in these States. Sugar industry being seasonal in nature, is ideal for the cooperative sector. Yield per hectare is higher in southern States.

Notes Of Manufacturing Industries
Iron and steel industry:
It is a basic or key and heavy industry.

Iron and steel industries is concentrated in and around Chhotanagpur Plateau Region because

  • Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here;
  • High grade raw materials in close proximity;
  • Availability of cheap labour;
  • Vast growth potential in the home market;
  • Efficient transport network for their distribution;
  • Availability of power because this region has many thermal and hydel power plants;
  • Liberalisation and FDI.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes Pdf Download
Aluminium: Characteristics
It is a light metal; resistant to corrosion; good conductor of heat; It is malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
Uses of aluminium:

  • It is used for manufacturing aircraft’s;
  • It is used for making utensils and packing material;
  • It is used for making wires;
  • It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

Class 10 Geography Manufacturing Industries Notes
Electronic industry:
It produces a wide range of products from transistor sets to televisions and computers for the masses. It has helped us set up telephone exchanges, telephones, cellular telecom, radios and many other equipment which have application in space technology, aviation, defense, meteorological departments, etc. It has generated employment for a large number of people. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of its fast growing Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Sector. India is one of the leading countries in software development. We have 18 software technology parks which provide high data communication facility to software experts.

Geography Class 10 Chapter 6 Notes
Industrial pollution and its types:

  • Air pollution. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
  • Water pollution. Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts. Heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. discharged in the water bodies without treatment pollute these water bodies.
  • Noise pollution. The generators, compressors, machines, furnaces, looms, exhaust fans, etc. used by industries create a lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have physiological effects as well.
  • Land pollution. Land and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of industrial wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage into the soil.
  • Thermal pollution. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer and birth defects.

Ch 6 Geo Class 10 Notes
Measures to control air pollution:

  1. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators etc.
  2. Equipment’s to control aerosol emissions can be used in industries, e.g., electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers and inertial separators.
  3. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Water pollution caused by industries can be controlled by:

  1. Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling.
  2. Harvesting of rain-water to meet water requirements of industries and other domestic purposes.
  3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds in the following ways: Primary treatment by mechanical means such as screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. Secondary treatment by biological process. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Chapter 6 Geography Class 10 Notes
Pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.

  1. Optimum utilization and up-gradation of equipment by adopting latest techniques.
  2. Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
  3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
  4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
  5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power stations.

Steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development:

  1. Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of rain water to meet domestic and industrial water requirements.
  2. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
  3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
  4. Machinery and equipments can be fitted with silencers to prevent noise pollution.

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