Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Geography Chapter 7

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 7 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/class-10-geography-chapter-7-notes/

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Geography Chapter 7
Chapter Name Lifelines of National Economy
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 7

Lifelines Of National Economy Class 10 Notes
Means of transport and communication—lifelines of our national economy:
They help in—

  • increasing cooperation and assistance between countries;
  • easy movement of goods and material between countries;
  • trade and commerce within the country;
  • reducing distances thus bringing the world closer;
  • both production and distribution of goods; and
  • movement of large number of people and over long distances.

Roadways:
Importance of road transport vis-a-vis rail transport—

  • Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
  • Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
  • Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
  • Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
  • It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
  • Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport.

Lifelines Of National Economy Notes
Six classes of roads in India according to their capacity:

  • Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: It’s a major road development project linking Delhi- Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
  • The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. ‘
  • They are made to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.

Class 10 Lifelines Of National Economy Notes
National Highways:
National Highways link all Major cities of extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The National Highway 7 between Varanasi and Kanyakumari is the longest highway of India.

  • State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters. These roads are constructed and maintained by State Public Works Department in State and Union Territories.
  • District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
  • Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. Under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road.
  • Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas.

Importance of Railways in India:
They are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct different activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Indian Railways plays a role of national integration. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Notes
Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India:
The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The density railway network is high in the northern plains because they are vast level land, have high population density and rich agricultural resources. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels therefore it difficult to construct railway lines. The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

Notes Of Lifelines Of National Economy
Importance of Pipelines in India:
In the past, these were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. Because of pipelines refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could be located in the interiors of India. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out trans-shipment (during transportation) losses or delays.
Three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country:

  • From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh).
  • From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab.
  • Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh,

Lifeline Of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Importance of water transport:
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode.
The National Waterways by the Government

  1. The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
  2. The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
  3. The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km)-N.W. No.3

Life Lines Of National Economy Class 10 Notes
Major Sea Ports:

  1. Kandla: It was the first port developed soon after Independence. It was developed to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port. Kandla is a tidal port.
  2. Mumbai: It is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
  3. The Jawaharlal Nehru port: It was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region.
  4. Martnagao port (Goa): It is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
  5. New Mangalore port: It export iron ore from Kudremukh mines.
  6. Kochi: It is the located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
  7. Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu: This port has a natural harbour. It trades a large variety of cargoes to our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.
  8. Chennai: It is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
  9. Vishakhapatnam: It is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port. This port was developed as a port for iron ore exports.
  10. Paradip port: It is located in Odisha. It specialises in the export of iron ore.
  11. Kolkata: It is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Floogly River.
  12. Haldia port: It was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

Lifelines Of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
Importance of Airways:
The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease. Air travel has made access easier in the north-eastern part of the country which has big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers.

Communication:
Two major means of communication in India:

  • Personal communication including letter, email, telephone, etc.
  • Mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc.

Lifelines Of National Economy Class 10 Pdf Notes
Different types of mail handled by Indian postal department:

  • First class mail: Cards and envelopes are airlifted between stations covering both land and air.
  • Second class mail: includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.

Ch 7 Geo Class 10 Notes
Importance of mass communication:
Mass communication provides entertainment. They create awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. They provide variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country. They strengthen democracy in the country by providing news and information to the masses. It helps in agriculture sector by helping farmers by providing them information about new agricultural practices. Doordarshan is the national television channel of India. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. The largest numbers of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world.

Class 10 Geography Lifelines Of National Economy Notes
International Trade:

  • International trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.
  • It is also considered as economic barometer because advancement of international trade of a country leads to economic prosperity. Income earned from international trade constitutes a major part in the net national income. Large international trade leads to revival of domestic economy.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Notes Pdf
Balance of trade:

  • The difference between export and import is known as balance of trade.
  • If the value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trade. And if the value of imports is greater than the value of exports it is known as unfavorable balance of trade.
  • Favorable balance of trade is regarded good for the economic development where as unfavorable balance of trade is seen harmful for the domestic economy.

Life Lines Of National Economy Notes
Importance of tourism as a trade:

  • Tourism in India earns huge Foreign exchange,
  • Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year.
  • More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
  • Tourism also promotes national integration,
  • It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
  • It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
  • Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
  • Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India.
  • There is vast potential of tourism development in the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas, but due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far

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Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Geography Chapter 5

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/class-10-geography-chapter-5-notes/

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter Geography Chapter 5
Chapter Name Minerals and Energy Resources
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

Minerals And Energy Resources Class 10 Notes
Mineral:
Geologists define mineral as a “homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” They have physical and chemical properties by which they can be identified.

Rocks are combinations or aggregates of minerals in varying proportions. Some rocks consist of a single mineral, e.g., limestone while most rocks consist of several minerals.

The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.

Mineral And Energy Resources Class 10 Notes
Minerals generally occur in the following forms:

  1. Veins and lodes. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, faults or joints by getting solidified in them. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger lodes, e.g., metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead, etc. are found in lodes and veins.
  2. In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Some sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions, e.g., gypsum, potash and salt.
  3. Another mode of formation involves decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble contents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
  4. Placer deposits. Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills, e.g., gold, silver, tin and platinum. These are called placer deposits and contain minerals which are not corroded by water.
  5. Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, e.g., common salt, magnesium and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules.

Minerals And Energy Resources Notes Class 10
Four types of iron ores are:
Magnetite, Hematite, Siderite and Limonite.
Two best ores are:

  • Magnetite—It is the finest iron ore available with upto 70% iron content. It has excellent magnetic qualities and is especially valuable in the electrical industry.
  • Hematite—It is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of quantity used. It has 50-60% iron content.

Four major iron ore belts:

  1. Odisha-Jharkhand Belt: Badampahar Mines—High grade hematite ore is found here.
  2. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: Bailadila Mines—Super high grade hematite ore deposits are found in Bailadila range. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea.
  3. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur Tumkur Belt in Karnataka: Kudremukh Mines — A 100 per cent export unit. The ore is transported as slurry to a port near Mangalore.
  4. Maharashtra-Goa Belt: Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra—Ores are not of very high quality. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

Aluminium is obtained from bauxite ore. It is an important metal because—it has the strength of metals such as iron, and is extremely light at the same time; it has good conductivity; and it has great malleability.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Leading State of bauxite production is Odisha, producing 45% of the total bauxite of India. The most important bauxite deposits are found in Panchpatmali in Koraput district.
Other States are Gujarat (17%), Jharkhand (14%) and Maharashtra (11%).

Mica is made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into such thin sheets that a thousand put together are only a few centimeters thick. Mica is indispensable for electric and electronic industry because it has —

  • excellent di-electric strength;
  • Low power loss factor;
  • Insulating properties; and
  • Resistance to high voltage.

Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of Chhota Nagpur Plateau. Jharkhand is the leading producer. The important mica producing belt here is Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh.

Minerals And Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Pdf
Dangers involved in mining are—

  1. The risk of collapsing mine roofs;
  2. Inundation, i.e., flooding in mines;
  3. Fires in coal-mines is a constant threat to miners; and
  4. Poisonous gases, dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

Class 10 Minerals And Energy Resources Notes
Adverse effects of mining on the environment:

  1. The water sources in the region get contaminated;
  2. Dumping of the slurry and waste leads to degradation of land and soil; and
  3. It also leads to an increase in stream and river pollution.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf
Conservation of minerals is necessary because:

  1. The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years.
  2. They are finite in nature, non-renewable and exhaustible.
  3. The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption.
  4. They have to be preserved for our future generations.

Minerals And Energy Resources Notes
Methods of mineral conservation:

  1. We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
  2. Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.
  3. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes.
  4. Wastage’s in mining, processing and distribution should be minimized.
  5. Controlled export of minerals.

Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources.

Conventional sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal). All these sources have been in use for quite some time.

Minerals And Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Pdf Download
Non-conventional sources of energy are relatively new sources as their large scale generation has started recently. These include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

Mineral And Energy Resources Notes Class 10
Coal as an important source of energy:

  1. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs as it is abundantly available.
  2. It is used for power generation, to supply energy for industrial and domestic needs.
  3. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial needs. Its share in total—67%.
  4. It can easily be converted into other forms of energy—electricity, gas, oil, etc.

Class 10th Geography Chapter 5 Notes
Coal as an industrial raw material:

  1. It is an indispensable raw material for iron and steel industry.
  2. It provides raw material for chemical industries and synthetic textile industries.
  3. Many coal-based products are processed in industries, e.g., coal tar, graphite, soft coke, etc.
  4. Power generation industry is mainly based on this fossil fuel.

Four types of coal and their characteristics:
(a) Anthracite—1. It is the highest quality hard coal; 2. It contains more than 80% carbon content. It gives less smoke. ,
(b) Bituminous— 1. It is the most popular coal in commercial use and has 60-80% carbon content; 2. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal and is of special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
(c) Lignite—1. It is a low grade brown coal; 2. It is soft with high moisture content. The main lignite reserve is Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
(d) Peat—1. It has a low carbon and high moisture content; 2. It has low heating capacity and gives lot of smoke on burning.

Geography Class 10 Chapter 5 Notes
Occurrence of coal:

  • Gondwana Coal Belt—A little over 200 million years in age. Mainly metallurgical coal is found in: (a) Damodar Valley Belt (West Bengal, Jharkhand) which contains important coal mines of Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro; (b) The Godavari Valley Belt; (c) The Mahanadi Valley Belt; and (d) Wardha Valley Belt.
  • Tertiary coal deposits are only about 55 million years old, i.e., they are comparatively younger. They occur in North-Eastern States, namely: (a) Assam (b) Meghalaya, (c) Arunachal Pradesh and (d) Nagaland.

Chapter 5 Geography Class 10 Notes
Petroleum:
It is the second most important energy source of India after coal. It can be easily trans-ported by pipelines and does not leave any residue. It provides fuel for heat and light. It provides lubricants for machinery. It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. It is an important fuel used in transportation sector. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textiles, fertilizers and many chemical industries.

Mineral And Energy Resources Notes
Occurrence and formation of petroleum:
Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.

Geography Chapter 5 Class 10 Notes
Distribution of petroleum:

  1. Mumbai High—It is an offshore oilfield and is the richest oilfield of India. Its share is about 63% of India’s petroleum production;
  2. Gujarat—It produces 18% petroleum of India. Ankaleshwar is the most important field; and
  3. Assam—It is the oldest oil producing State of India. Its contribution in the total production is 16%. Important oilfields are Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:

  • Nuclear Energy:
    Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atom. When the structure of an atom is altered, too much energy is released in the form of heat. This heat is utilised to generate electric power. Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic power. These minerals are available in Jharkhand, Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
  • Solar Energy:
    Photovoltaic technology is used to convert solar energy into electricity. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj. Solar energy holds great promises for the future. It can help in minimizing the dependence on firewood and animal dung cakes in rural areas. This will also help in conservation of fossil fuels.
  • Wind Power:
    The wind farm cluster in Tamil Nadu (from Nagarcoil to Madurai) is the largest cluster in India. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep are also important centres of wind power production. India is now a “Wind Super Power” in the world.
  • Biogas:
    Biogas can be produced from shrubs, farm waste, and animal and human waste. It is more efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants can be set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. The gobar gas plants provide energy and also manure.
  • Tidal Energy:
    Dams are built across inlets. The water flows into the inlet during high tide and gets trapped when the gate is closed. Once the tide recedes, the floodgates are opened so that water can flow back to the sea. The flow of water is used to run the turbine to generate electricity. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up by the National Hydropower Corporation in the Gulf of Kuchchh.
  • Geo Thermal Energy:
    We know that the inside of the earth is very hot. At some places, this heat is released on the surface through fissures. Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam. This steam is used to drive turbines. Two geo thermal energy projects—the Parvati valley near Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga valley in Ladakh.

Class 10 Geo Ch 5 Notes
Importance of energy:
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries. It is the basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of national economy—agriculture, industry, transport and commerce needs greater inputs of energy. Energy demands, in the form of electricity, are growing because of increasing use of electrical gadgets and appliances.

Minerals And Resources Class 10 Notes
Ways to conserve energy:

  1. Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
  2. Switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power saving devices.
  3. Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.
  4. Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and leakages.

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Novels, Society and History Class 10 Notes History Chapter 8

Novels, Society and History Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 8 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Novels, Society and History Class 10 History Chapter 8 Notes. According to new CBSE Exam Pattern, MCQ Questions For Class 10 Social Science with Answers Carries 20 Marks. https://meritbatch.com/cbse-class-10-social-sciences-novels-society-and-history-notes/

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Social Science Notes
Chapter History Chapter 8
Chapter Name Novels, Society and History
Category CBSE Revision Notes

Novels, Society and History Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 8

Novels Society And History Class 10 Notes
The Rise of the Novel:
Novel is a modem form of literature. It is born because of print which is a mechanical invention. Novels could reach a larger audience because of print. Novels began to be written from the 17th century and flowered in the 18th century. New groups of lower-middle-class; along with the traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England and France formed the new readership of novels.

Novels Society And History Class 10 Pdf
The Publishing Market:
Initially, novels did not come cheap and were out of reach for the poor classes. With the introduction of circulating libraries in 1740; people could get easier access to books. Apart from various innovations in printing, innovations in marketing also helped in increasing the sales and bringing down the prices.

The worlds created by novels were more realistic and believable. While reading a novel, the reader was transported to another person’s world. Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private. It also allowed the joy of publicly reading and discussing stories.

In 1836, Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers was serialized in a magazine. Magazines were cheaper and illustrated. Moreover, serialization allowed readers to relish the suspense. They could live for weeks in anticipation of the next plot of the story.

History Class 10 Chapter 8 Notes
The World of the Novel:
In the 19th century, Europe entered the industrial age. While industrialization created new opportunities of growth and development, it also created new problems for the workers and the city life. Many novelists created stories around the problems of ordinary people in the new cities. Charles Dickens and Emile Zola were the notable authors of this period.

Novel Society And History Class 10
Community and Society:
The novels reflected the contemporary developments in the society. Thomas Hardy’s Mayor of Caster bridge (1886) is novel written in the rural backdrop. The novel by Hardy has use of vernacular language which is the language spoken by common people. Use of vernacular helped Hardy in correlating with the common people who lived in that period.

Women and the Novels:
During the 18th century Britain, the middle class became more prosperous. Women could get more spare time which they utilized to read and write novels. That is how the novels began to explore the world of women. Many novels were about domestic life. A woman writer could write about domestic life with more authority than a male writer. Many women novelists also began to raise questions about the established norms of society.

Novels for the Young:
Novels for the young boys were based on heroism. The hero of such novels used to be a powerful, assertive, independent and daring person. As this was the period of expansion of colonialism, most of the novels tried to glorify colonialism. Books; like R. L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883) and Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book (1894) became great hits. G. A. Henry’s historical adventure novels for boys were very popular at the height of the British Empire. These novels were always about young boys who witness grand historical events and get involved in some military action.

The Novel Comes to India:
The modem novel developed in India in the 19th century, once the Western novels were introduced. Many Indian authors initially tried to translate the English novels but they apparently did not enjoy doing that. Later many of them decided to write novels in their own language and on their own social background.

Some of the earliest novels in India were written in Bengali and Marathi. Baba Padmanji’s Yamuna Paryatan (1857) was the earliest Marathi novel. This was followed by Miiktamala by Lakshman Moreshar Halbe (1861).

Leading novelists of the nineteenth century wrote to develop a modem literature of the country. They wanted to produce a sense of national belonging and cultural equality with their colonial masters.

Novel in South India:
O. Chandu Menon wrote the first Malayalam novel Indulekha in 1889. Kandukuri Viresalingam (1848-1919) wrote the Telugu novel Rajasekhara Caritamu in 1878.

The Novel in Hindi:
Bharatendu Harishchandra was the pioneer of modern Hindi literature. The first proper novel in Hindi was written by Srinivas Das of Delhi. It was titled Pariksha Gum and was published in 1882. This novel highlights the pitfalls of blind copying of the western culture and advocates preserving the traditional Indian culture. The characters in this novel attempt to bridge the western and the eastern world and try to make a balance between the two cultures. The writings of Devaki Nandan Khatri created a novel-reading public in Hindi. Chandrakanta was his best-seller. This novel is believed to have immensely contributed in popularizing the Hindi language and the Nagari script among the educated classes of that time.

Premchand and his writings:
The Hindi novel achieved excellence with the writing of Premchand. He began to write in Urdu and later shifted to Hindi. He took a leaf from the traditional art of kissa- goi (storytelling). Simple language was the hallmark of his writings. Moreover, he portrayed people from all sections of the society. In many of his writings, the main character belonged to oppressed classes.

Novels in Bengal:
Durgeshnandini (1865) was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and this novel was much appreciated for its literary excellence. The initial Bengali novels used a colloquial style associated with urban life. Meyeli, the language associated with women’s lingo was also used in those novels. But Bankim’s prose was Sanskritised and contained a more vernacular style.

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay became a novelist of universal appeal in all parts of India. He was a straight forward supporter of armed rebellion against British in his novel Pather Dabi (1926).

Uses of Novel:
For the colonial administrators, novels provided a good source to under-stand about the life and social hierarchy in India. They could understand different aspects of the Indian society through novels. Some of the novels were translated into English; by British administrators or Christian missionaries. Many novels highlighted the social ills and suggested remedies. Many novels told stories about the past so that people could establish a relationship with the past. People from all walks of life could read novels. This helped in creating a sense of collective identity on the basis of one’s language. Novels also helped people to understand about the culture of other parts of the country.

Pleasures of Reading:
Novels became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class. Detective and mystery novels often had be sent for reprints to meet the demand of readers. Many novels were printed as many as twenty two times. The novel also helped in spreading the silent reading. As late as the nineteenth century and probably in the early twentieth century, people often read out a text for several people to hear. But gradually, people adapted to read in silence.

Women and the Novel in India:
Women were singled out and advised to stay away from immoral influence of novels as they were seen as easily corruptible. Old women listened with fascination to popular Tamil novels. But women did not remain mere readers of stories written by men, they also began to write novels. In some languages, the early creations of women were poems, essays or autobiographical. Stories of love showed women who could to some extent control their lives. Some women authors also wrote about women who changed the world of both men and women. Rokeya Hossein, a reformer, wrote a fantasy in English called ‘Sultana’s Dream’ showing a world in which women take the place of men. In the south, women and girls were often discouraged from reading novels.

Caste Practices:
Many authors began to highlight the plight of lower caste people in their novel. In some of the novels, conflicts arising out of marriage between a lower caste and an upper caste were highlighted. Some people from the lower caste also became authors; like Potheri Kunjambu from Kerala, wrote a novel called Saraswati Vijayam in 1892 mounting a strong attack on caste oppression.

National pride and novels:
In India, many novels were written for glorification of India’s past. Many novels were written in all the main Indian languages in different parts of the country that helped in the growth of national feelings among the readers. Some of the greatest novelists of modem India were protagonists of the national movement like Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. He infused the ideas of nationalism and freedom from colonial rule in novels like ‘Anandmath’ and ‘Kapalkundala’. In Bengal, many historical novels were about Marathas and Rajputs. These novels portrayed the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice. Bankim’s Anandmath is a novel about secret Hindu militia which fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. This novel inspired many kinds of freedom fighters. Several other novelists wrote for the same cause. The novels also helped in the nation building process by taking up the cause of the poor and downtrodden people, women and such sections of society who were being exploited by rich aristocratic people. Novels also attacked the racial superiority of the English people.

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Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary Class 12 English

Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary Class 12 English
Download CBSE class 12 English notes Flamingo in PDF format. All the Questions and Answers are also provided for students’ understanding and preparation of the lesson. Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary CBSE Notes for Class 12 English written in crisp and easy to understand language, and important questions that have high chances to come in the board exam. https://meritbatch.com/aunt-jennifers-tigers-summary/

Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary In English

Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary
Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers prance and jump across a screen. They are bright coloured like the shining yellow topaz. These denizens’ or the dwellers of the green forests are brought in the panel by Aunt Jennifer. She creates them through her own hands. They don’t fear the men standing under the tree. They pace in ‘sleek’ and ‘chivalric’ certainty.

Aunt Jennifer’s hands are moving about her wool. But the movement is not smooth and effortless. Aunt finds it quite hard to pull even the ivory needle. The heavy weight of the marriage band that bonded her with her husband sits heavily upon her hand. She still feels tied down by that weight.

Aunt Jennifer Tiger Summary
Her terrified hands’ will tell the whole story of her unhappy life even when aunt is dead. Hardships and sufferings were the parts of her married life. These crushed her. She was in the grip of very tough life. But the tigers she has made in the panel will go on jumping ahead, proud and unafraid.

Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Summary In Hindi

आन्ट जेनिफर के शेर दीवार के ऊपर से आगे की ओर छलांग लगा रहे हैं। वे पीले पुखराजों की भाँति चमकीले रंग के हैं। हरे जंगलों के ये निवासी फलक या पट्ट पर आन्ट जेनिफर द्वारा उतारे गये हैं। वह उन्हें अपने हाथों से रचती है। वे वृक्षों के नीचे खड़े हुए व्यक्तियों से नहीं डरते। वे बने-ठने, शौर्यपूर्ण निश्चितता से दौड़ते हैं।

Summary Of Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
आन्ट जेनिफर के हाथ अपनी ऊन में इधर-उधर घूम रहे हैं। किन्तु गति (चाल) निर्विघ्न तथा प्रयत्नहीन नहीं है। आन्ट को हाथी दाँत की सलाइयाँ खींचने में भी काफी कठिनाई होती है। विवाह की पट्टी जिसने उसे उसके पति के साथ बाँधा था उसके हाथ पर भारी पड़ रही है। वह अभी भी स्वयं को उस भार के नीचे बंधी हुई अनुभव करती है।

जब आन्ट मर जायेगी तो उस समय भी उसके ‘आतंकित हाथ उसके दुखी जीवन की सारी कहानी कहेंगे। मुसीबतें तथा कष्ट उसके विवाहित जीवन के अंग थे। इन्होंने उसे कुचल दिया। वह इनके शिकंजे में थी। किन्तु पट्टी या फलक पर जो शेर उसने बनाये हैं वे गर्वित भाव से निडर होकर छलांग लगाते रहेंगे।

Class 12 English Notes
NCERT Solutions

A Thing of Beauty Summary Class 12 English

A Thing of Beauty Summary Class 12 English
Download CBSE class 12 English notes Flamingo in PDF format. All the Questions and Answers are also provided for students’ understanding and preparation of the lesson. A Thing of Beauty Summary CBSE Notes for Class 12 English written in crisp and easy to understand language, and important questions that have high chances to come in the board exam. https://meritbatch.com/a-thing-of-beauty-summary/

A Thing of Beauty Summary In English

A Thing Of Beauty Summary
A thing of beauty is a constant source of joy. Its beauty keeps on increasing. It never fades. It will never pass into nothingness. It provides us a pleasant shelter—a quiet bower for us. It gives us peace and a sleep full of sweet dreams. We are bound to the beauties of the earth.

We suffer from malice and disappointment. We lack good human qualities and noble natures. We have some sad days also. All these things make our life gloomy. We also develop unhealthy and evil ways that cause us suffering and pain.

In spite of all these sufferings, some beautiful things remove the cover of sad feelings from our hearts. All beautiful things of nature are a boon for humanity. The sun, the moon, and old and young trees are sources of happiness. They provide a shady shelter, which is a boon for simple sheep. Daffodil flowers are blooming among the green surroundings. Small streams with transparent water make a cooling shelter of thickets to protect themselves from the hot season. Bushes are growing in the middle of the forest. They have been made more beautiful and grand by a sprinkling of blooming musk roses. This magnificence and beauty surpasses grandeur of the dooms that we have imagined for our mighty dead forefathers.

Summary Of A Thing Of Beauty
These beauties of nature are lovelier than all lovely tales that we have heard or read. Nature is an endless fountain. It pours into our hearts an immortal drink from the heaven’s brink.

A Thing of Beauty Summary In Hindi

एक सुन्दर वस्तु सदा के लिये आनन्द का स्रोत होता है। इसकी सुन्दरता बढ़ती जाती है। यह कभी फीकी नहीं पड़ती। यह कभी नगण्यता में परिवर्तित नहीं होती। यह हमें एक शान्त आश्रयस्थल देती है-हमारे लिये एक शांत लतामण्डप (कुंज)। यह हमें शान्ति तथा मधुर सपनों से भरी नींद प्रदान करती है। हम पृथ्वी की सुन्दरता से जुड़े हुए हैं।

हम द्वेष एवं निराशा से पीड़ित रहते हैं। हमारे भीतर अच्छे मानवीय गुणों एवं श्रेष्ठ (नेक) स्वभाव की कमी है। हमारे कुछ उदासी भरे दिन भी आते हैं। ये सभी चीजें जीवन को उदास बना देती हैं। हम अस्वस्थ तथा बुरे तरीके भी विकसित कर लेते हैं जो हमारे कष्टों एवं दुःखों को उत्पन्न करते हैं।

Thing Of Beauty Summary
इन सभी कष्टों के बावजूद कुछ सुन्दर वस्तुयें हमारी अन्तरात्मा (हृदय) से उदासी की भावनाओं के आवरण को हटा देती हैं। प्रकृति की सभी सुन्दर वस्तुएं मानवता के लिये एक वरदान हैं। सूर्य, चन्द्रमा, पुराने तथा नये वृक्ष सभी प्रसन्नता के स्रोत हैं। ये सरल भेड़ों के लिये छायादार आश्रयस्थल प्रदान करती हैं जो उनके लिये एक वरदान है। डैफोडिल के फूल हरियाली के बीच खिलते हैं। स्वच्छ पानी की सरितायें स्वयं को गर्मी की ऋतु से बचाने के लिये झाड़ियों को ठंडा आश्रय बना लेती हैं। जंगल के मध्य में झाड़ियाँ उगी हुई हैं। वे सुंदर खिले हुए कूजों के फूलों से अधिक सुंदर एवं भव्य बनी हुई हैं। इनकी भव्यता तथा सुंदरता उस तबाही के वैभव से कहीं अधिक हैं जिसकी कल्पना हमने अपने शक्तिशाली पूर्वजों के लिये की है।

प्रकृति की यह सुंदरता उन सभी सुंदर कहानियों से जो हमने सुनी या पढ़ी हैं, से कहीं अधिक सुंदर है। प्रकृति एक अनन्त रूप से बहता हुआ फव्वारा है। यह स्वर्ग के किनारे से हमारे हृदयों में अमरता का पेय उड़ेल रहा है।

Class 12 English Notes
NCERT Solutions

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions chapter 8 Quadratic Equations Ex 8.10 Q4

 

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions chapter 8 Quadratic Equations Ex 8.10 Q4

 

Rd-sharma-class-10-solutions-chapter-8-Quadratic-Equations-ex-8.10-Q4

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