Snehapoorvam Scholarship

Snehapoorvam Scholarship 2022-2023 for Orphaned Children | E-Suraksha Scholarship Portal

Snehapoorvam Scholarship 2022: In the state of Kerala, about 75,000 children under the age of 18 are residing in orphanages and almost 1500 shelters are running in Kerala. Most of the children have families and relatives, but most of them have lost their parents for several reasons. Children are more likely to be abused and exploited without proper adult care and protection. To protect them, the state government of Kerala has started a scheme called Snehapuram.

The main purpose of this plan is to recognize orphan children in families and to satisfy their needs, give social security to the unprotected groups, promote basic education, social integration, support families to manage their children within the family and to help these orphaned kids by providing financial assistance for the education of the children of these orphaned families. The government has intended to bring such children into the mainstream of society. The state government has made a very good judgment regarding orphans in Kerala.

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Dates

The Govt of Kerala has begun a noble initiative, Snehapoorvam Online Application Form to grant financial support to Orphans through Social Security Mission. Students who are qualified to apply for are encouraged to apply within the specified time. Since under no condition, late registration will be accepted.

Events Dates (Tentative)
Commencement of Application Process June 2022
Last date to apply online October 2022
Extended Last date December 2022
Official Website http://socialsecuritymission.gov.in/

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Benefits

The Kerala government in India is presenting Snehapoorvam Scholarship to orphans and vulnerable children. This scholarship increases the scope of school-going children who lost their parents.

Children below 5 years Children below 5 years can get financial support of Rs 300 per month.
Class 1 to 5 The stipend of Rs 300 per month for children studying in classes 1 to 5
Class 6th to class 10th Rs. 500 per month is given from class 6th to 10th
Class 11th and 12th For the children of class 11th and class 12th, the amount of Rs 750 per month
Degree / Vocational Courses Rs. 1000 per month for a student studying in degree/vocational courses

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Eligibility Criteria

The application receives orphan children below 5 years of age, children from Ist standard to 12th Class and university or college degree students.

  • Children who are orphans (lost either mother/father or both)
  • An applicant whose age is under 5 Years.
  • The candidate who falls under BPL Category.
  • Candidate from 1st class to Professional/ Degree Classes.
  • For candidates belonging to APL Category; annual income for rural regions should be below 20,000 and for urban regions total earning should be 22,375 or less than this.

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Application Procedure

Steps to Apply Offline

  • The application form with the needed documents should be presented at the head office of Aided/ Govt Institutions ere the last date. The head office will check and submit the Snehapoorvam Scholarship Application Form Pdf through the online portal to Executive Director, Kerala Social Security Mission.
  • Students who are under 5 years, can immediately apply to Executive Director, Kerala Security Mission by respective welfare organizations.

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Application Form PDF

Steps to Apply Online

  • Go to the Official website of Kerala Welfare Department (socialsecuritymission.gov.in)
  • Now click on “KSSM Web Application”
  • A new webpage will open asking your login credentials.
  • Click on the beneficiary/ Institution login button (Enter username, password and submit).
  • Now, Click on New Institution Register and fill all the necessary details
  • Now a new page will open and enter the user Id and password.
  • Update Profile- Change the password page will open ( complete it with necessary details).
  • Now, the fresh beneficiary Registration process will begin; fill all the necessary details.
  • Now submit the complete details.

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Documents Required

  • Parent’s Death Certificate (Proof that the child is orphan), attested copy of it
  • BPL Certificate/ BPL category ration card/ Annual income Certificate properly signed by Village Officer.
  • PSU/ Nationalized Bank passbook copy. The bank account of the child should be “ Joint Account” in the name of the guardian and beneficiary.
  • Aadhaar Card/ Confirmation slip obtained at the time/ after Aadhaar card registration.

Snehapoorvam Scholarship Contact Details

If you need more help related to the Snehapoorvam Scholarship please contact the office staff person in the following contact information.

  1. Address: Executive Director, Kerala Social Security Mission, Poojapura Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695012
  2. Phone: 0471-2341200, 2346016 (Fax)
  3. Email: [email protected]

FAQ’s On Snehapoorvam Scholarship

Question 1.
What is the Snehapoorvam scholarship?

Answer:
The Kerala SNEHAPORVAM Scholarship is an action launched by the Kerala Government, to help orphans and abandoned children who have lost their parents in war, Communal riots, natural disasters, and accidents.

Question 2.
Who is eligible for the Snehapoorvam scholarship?

Answer: 

  • Children who are orphans (lost either mother/ father or both.)
  • An applicant whose age is under 5 Years.
  • The candidate who falls under BPL Category.
  • Candidate from 1st class to Professional/ Degree Classes.
  • For candidates belonging to APL Category; annual income for rural regions should be below 20,000 and for urban regions total earning should be 22,375 or less than this.

Question 3.
What are the benefits given to the orphan children?

Answer: 

  • Children below 5 years and from Ist to V class: Rs 300 per month
  • For Class VI to X: Rs 500 per month
  • For Class XI to XII: Rs 750 per month
  • For degree or Professional courses: Rs 1000 per month

Students can also find more Scholarship Articles for 12th passed, 10th passed Students and many more.

Mixed Numbers Calculator

Mixed Numbers Calculator

Use the free online tool ie, Mixed Number Calculator to make your mixed fractions or numbers calculations easy & quick. Simply enter the input whole number or fractions in the input field of the calculator and then click on the Calculate button to get the result in a mixed fraction or mixed number within seconds.

Mixed Numbers Calculator: Do you feel calculating the mixed numbers is tough? Not anymore with our handy Mixed numbers Calculator. A mixed number (also called mixed fraction) is a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction. By using this Online Mixed Numbers Calculator, you can effortlessly find all solutions for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of mixed numbers. Make use of this free mixed fractions calculator or mixed numbers calculator & make your calculations easy & learn the detailed concept behind it.

How to Add, Subtract, Multiply & Divide Mixed Numbers Easily?

Finding adding mixed numbers, subtracting mixed numbers, multiplying mixed numbers, dividing mixed numbers can be quite easy and simple by following the steps mentioned here below:

  • First and foremost, you have to take the given input whole numbers or proper fractions.
  • Now, check the question for what to find like addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.
  • Before you start the calculating process, Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions
  • Later, use the respective algebraic fractions formula to calculate the addition or subtraction or product or division mixed numbers.
  • Finally, reduce the fractions and simply into mixed fractions or numbers if possible.

Let’s see the closer look at how to solve the addition of mixed numbers from the given solved example and understand the concept behind it with a detailed explanation.

Example

Question: Add 2 1/4 and 1 2/6 and calculate the mixed numbers?

Solution:

Given inputs of mixed numbers are 2 1/4 and 1 2/6

At step-1, convert them to improper fractions

2 1/4 + 1 2/6 = 9/4 + 8/6

At step-2, Use the algebraic formula for the addition of fractions:

a/b + c/d = (axd)+(bxc) / bxd

9/4 + 8/6 = (9×6)+(4×8) / 4×6

= 54 + 32 / 24 = 86/24

At step-3, simply the fraction to mixed number if possible,

86/24 = 43/12 = 3 7/12.

Thus, 86/24 simplified to a mixed number or mixed fraction is 3 7/12.

FAQs on Mixed Numbers or Mixed Fractions Calculator

1. What is meant by mixed numbers?

In maths, A mixed number is a number consisting of a whole number and a proper fraction.


2. How to Simplify Mixed Fractions using a Calculator?

Simply enter the input numbers or fractions in the input field of the calculator and click the calculate button to get the mixed numbers or mixed fractions easily.


3. How do I add a whole number and a mixed fraction by hand?

To add a whole number and a mixed fraction manually, all you need to do is simply follow the above steps on how to find the addition of mixed numbers and make your calculation at a faster pace.


4. Where can I find the free online Mixed Numbers Calculator?

LearnCBSE.in gives the free Online Calculator for Mixed numbers or Mixed fractions and you can make use of this tool freely to calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of mixed numbers.

Read More:

GUJGASLTD Pivot Point Calculator

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship

Dr. Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship 2020 | Eligibility Criteria, Application Procedure, Selection

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship 2019-2020: Dr. Shamanur Shivashankarappa Janakalyana Trust Davangere grants Scholarship Program to the scholars of class 11 to post-graduation who are wanting to proceed their higher education in the professional courses like Engineering, Technology, Management, Law, Nursing, Medicine and Dental Sciences.

The scholarship is a prize to candidates who have surpassed their academics and wish to continue further education. It is only a scholarship provided by the concerned authority, not a loan which need not be paid back. The scholarship is granted to all regular courses which are recognized by the boards or universities. Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship last date is September 10th 2019. Download Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Selected List 2019-2020.

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Highlights

Areas of study Professional courses like Engineering, Technology, Management, Law, Nursing, Medicine and Dental Sciences.
Level Class 11th to Post-graduation
Fellowship provided by Dr. Shamanur Shivashankarappa Janakalyana Trust
Provided to candidates of class 11 to post-graduation willing to pursue their higher education in the professional courses

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Eligibility Criteria

  • Only citizens of Karnataka are eligible
  • The family income of the candidate should not be more than 1 lakh per year.
  • Only those who study in reputed colleges on a regular basis, affiliated to the university of repute are eligible to apply.
  • Those who study through correspondence or in Part-time colleges are not eligible to apply.
  • All the applications will be scrutinized thoroughly, economically weaker and meritorious candidates will be awarded a scholarship
  • candidates must have a bank account number in any of the core banking facility branches
  • candidates must have an Adhaar number.

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Cut Off Marks

Courses Marks Examples
PUC, MBBS 90% If the candidate is pursuing PUC his/her 10th/SSLC score should be More than 90%
DIPLOMA, BSC, BCOM, BE, BVSC 85% If the candidate is pursuing BSC his/her PUC score should be More than 85%
BCA, BBM/BBA, BA, BDS, B PHARMA, MA, MSC, MCOM, B.Ed. 80% If the candidate is pursuing BDS his/her PUC score should be More than 80%
CA, MCA, MBA, MPHIL, MPED, MTECH 75% If the candidate is pursuing MBA his/her DEGREE score should be More than 75%

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Application Procedure

The applicant can apply online at, https://ssjanakalyantrust.org/. Just follow the below steps to apply for the Scholarship Program.

  • Go to the official website of Dr.Shamanur Shivashankarappa Janakalyana Trust Davangere through the URL provided above.

C:\Users\cbse\Downloads\Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Application Procedure.png

  • Go through the scholarship terms & conditions carefully and Click the Apply Now button at the end of the page.
  • Mention your Personal Information, Previous Education details, Present Education details and Bank Details
  • Mention the Name of the candidate
  • Mention your Aadhaar Number
  • Mention Your Date of Birth
  • Select your Gender
  • Mention your Father / Guardian Name
  • Mention your Father / Guardian Occupation
  • Mention your Address line 1
  • Mention your Address line 2
  • Mention your Pin Code
  • Only Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship online applications with the application number and with required documents will be accepted, no other applications like handwritten or similarly typed applications will not be accepted
  • Any issues and queries related to the online application send e-mail to [email protected]
  • Take a print out of the application form along with the required documents by courier, post or personally to
    The Secretary, Dr.Shamanur Shivashankarappa Janakalyan Trust,
    C/o. R L Law College,
    Behind Bapuji Educational Association Head office,
    P J Extension, Davangere-577002″, Karnataka

Documents Required for Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship

  • Passport size photo
  • SSLC/10th, PUC/12th marks card
  • Previous year/previous semesters marks card if pursuing UG or PG
  • Income certificate of family income from all sources.
  • Copy of Admission receipt/fee receipt
  • Copy of Identity card is issued by the Institution
  • Copy of candidate Bank account passbook showing candidate photo and account number and IFSC Code
  • Copy of ADHAAR card.

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Selection Procedure

  • The scholarship applications will be scrutinized by the expert members.
  • Applicants with top merit and from economically weaker section will be awarded a scholarship
  • The scholarship amount shall be disbursed to the Bank Account number of the candidate provided in the Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship 2020 application form.
  • If the candidate has given the account number of his parents, friends or relatives then the application will be rejected.
  • If a candidate leaves or discontinues the course from the institution, it shall be his/her duty and the duty of the Principal/Head of the Institution to send intimation to trust.

Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship Contact Number 08192 250237, Email ID: [email protected]

FAQ’s On Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship

Question 1.
What is the Shamanur Shivashankarappa Scholarship?

Answer:
Dr. Shamanur Shivashankarappa Janakalyana Trust’s Scholarship Program 2018 invites applications from candidates of class 11 to post-graduation who are willing to pursue their higher education in professional courses like Engineering, Technology, Management, Law, Nursing, Medicine and Dental Sciences. The main aim is to assist intelligent but economically poor candidates of Karnataka.

Question 2.
Who can apply for this scholarship?

Answer:
A candidate should be:

  • Citizen of Karnataka
  • Family income from all the sources should not be more than 1 lac per year.
  • Only those who study in recognized colleges on a regular basis, affiliated to the university of repute are eligible to apply.

Question 3.
Do you award a scholarship for a non-degree course?

Answer:
Yes, the scholarship is awarded for Degree and Non-Degree Courses.

Question 4.
What are the benefits?

Answer:
Financial support will be given to meritorious and needy candidates until the completion of the course.

Question 5.
Are there any special preferences given to any course?

Answer:
No, any course from a recognized college or university.

Question 6.
Is a scholarship given for abroad studies?

Answer:
No, an applicant cannot be granted a scholarship for abroad studies to any country or city in the world.

Question 7.
How many days will it take for announcing a scholarship?

Answer:
It would take 30 working days.

Students can also find more Scholarship Articles for 12th passed, 10th passed Students and many more.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 5

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 5

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Social ScienceNCERT Solutions Social Science

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 9 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/natural-vegetation-wild-life-cbse-notes-class-9-social-science/

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Notes
India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world. They are a group of countries that have the majority of the Earth’s species and therefore, considered extremely bio-diverse.

Being a vast country, India having 47,000 plant species (out of which 15,000 are flowering plants, i.e. 6 per cent in the world), occupies 10th position worldwide and 4th in Asia. Non-flowering plants such as ferns, algae and fungi also grow here. It also has around 90,000 species of animals (including marine and water fishes) and insects.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Notes Pdf
Natural Vegetation

Natural or virgin vegetation means the plant community which has grown naturally without any human intervention for a long time. That natural vegetation, which are left undisturbed over a long period of time are called virgin vegetation.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Notes

Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes
Virgin vegetation are of two types

  • Endemic species Those plant species which originated from the country, are termed as endemic species.
  • Exotic species Those plant species which originated outside the country are termed as exotic species.

Class 9 Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Notes
Factors Affecting Diversity
Factors which influence the variety of flora and fauna include Relief (land and soil), Climate (temperature, photoperiod and precipitation) and the Ecosystem. These are as follows

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Notes
Relief

It includes land and soil.

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Pdf Notes
Land

It affects the natural vegetation both directly and indirectly. The nature of the land i.e. whether it is plain, hilly or a plateau, determines the kind of vegetation which will grow in it. Fertile lands are used for growing crops, vegetables and fruits.

Undulating (Wavy) and rough surfaces generally develop either into grasslands or woodlands (forests). Different types of land accordingly sustain and provide shelter to different kinds of wildlife.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf
Soil

The soils also vary place to place. Different kinds of soils provide different kinds of vegetation. For example, alluvial or deltaic soil of a river delta near the sea will sustain mangrove forests while slopes of hills have conical trees. The sandy soils of desert sustain thorny bushes.

Note Animals and birds also inhabit locations based on relief. For example, migratory birds like the Siberian cranes and flamingoes are found to nest in the wetlands of the Rann of Kuchchh, where the desert merges with the sea.

Notes Of Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9
Climate

It includes temperature, photoperiod and precipitation.

Ch 5 Geo Class 9 Notes
Temperature

The temperature along with the humidity in the air and precipitation determine the character of vegetation and its extent.
As the climate gets colder, either by increase in altitude (above 915m) or by going away from the equator, the vegetation will change from tropical to sub-tropical, temperate and then alpine.

For example, on the slopes of the Himalayas and hills of the Peninsula, the fall in temperature affects the type of vegetation and its growth.
Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 5 Img 1
Natural Vegetation Class 9 Notes
Photoperiod (Sunlight)

The amount and duration of sunlight is known as photoperiod. The difference in latitude, altitude and season brings variation in duration of sunlight in different places. In warmer regions and climates, plant growth is faster due to longer duration of sunlight, especially with availability of adequate moisture. An instance is the fact that the Southern slopes of the Himalayas are covered with thicker vegetation than the Northern slopes.

Class 9 Geography Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Notes
Precipitation

Advancing South-West monsoon (June to September) and retreating North-East (October- November) monsoons bring almost all the rainfall in India. Areas of heavy rainfall always have denser vegetation than other areas with lesser rainfall. The South-West monsoon rains on the windward side of the Western Ghats, thus cause a heavy growth of tropical evergreen forests there, whereas the leeward side does not have any such forests.

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Notes Class 9
Ecosystem

Various species of plants occur in areas having similar climatic conditions. To a large extent its nature determines the animal life in that area. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent on each other in their physical environment and form an ecosystem.

Thus, an ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the non-living, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.

Class 9 Geo Ch 5 Notes
Biome

It is a major community of plants and animals having similar life forms existing under similar environmental conditions. A biome is identified on the basis of plant existing there. It is also termed as ‘major life zone’.

Class 9 Geography Ch 5 Notes
Human Influence In an Ecosystem

Human beings influence ecosystem in the following manner

  • They utilise the vegetation and wildlife.
  • The greed of human beings leads to over utilisation of natural resources.
  • Human beings cut the trees and kill the animals creating ecological imbalance.
  • Due to the activities of human beings, some of the ‘ plants and animals have reached the verge of extinction.

Class 9 Chapter 5 Geography Notes
Importance of Forests

Forests are advantageous for the environment. They influence climate, reduce soil erosion, regulate stream flow, provide raw material for industries and livelihood for many, etc. They control wind force and temperature and cause rainfall. They also provide shelter to various animal species.

Geography Class 9 Chapter 5 Notes
Change in Nature of Vegetation in India

Factors like growing demand for cultivated land, development of industries and mining, urbanisation have changed natural vegetation. The vegetation cover of India in large parts is no more natural in the real sense, except in some inaccessible regions like the Himalayas, the hilly region of Central India and the Marusthali. In most of the places, it is either modified, replaced or degraded by human interference.

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Summary
Types Of Vegetation
Relief and climatic factors develop different types of vegetation. Based on the major forest types, India has following types of vegetation.

  1. Tropical Evergreen Forests
  2. Tropical Deciduous Forests
  3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
  4. Montane Forests
  5. Mangrove Forests

Note: According to India State of Forest Report (SFR) 2015, the forest cover in India is 21.34% which was 21.05% in the year 2011.
Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 5 Img 2
Chapter 5 Geography Class 9 Notes
1. Tropical Evergreen Forests

These are also called tropical rainforests. They cover about 12% of the total forested areas of India. They are found in areas where the annual rainfall is over 200 cm.

Regions of Occurrence
Western slopes of the Western Ghats, both groups of islands (Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), upper parts of Assam and some parts of the coasts of Tamil Nadu and Odisha.

Class 9th Geography Chapter 5 Notes
Characteristics of Tropical Evergreen Forest

  • As these areas are warm and wet almost throughout the year, they have abundant vegetation with tall trees (up to 60 m), creepers and bushes.
  • The vegetation occurred in a multilayered structure.
  • These appear green throughout the year, as the trees shed their leaves at different times.

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Notes Pdf Download
Flora and Fauna

Ebony, mahogany, cinchona, rubber and rosewood trees are useful commercial trees found here. Animals found here include rhinoceros, elephants, various species of monkey, lemur, deer, many bird varieties, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails.
Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 5 Img 3
Ncert Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests

These cover about 64% of the fetal forested areas of the country and are the most abundant variety of forests in India. These are also called monsoon forests and also spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 to 70 cm. Trees of this forest type shed their leaves for about 6 to 8 weeks in dry summer.

Notes Of Chapter Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9
Types of Tropical Deciduous Forest

On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous.

Geography Chapter 5 Class 9 Notes
Moist Deciduous

Forests growing in annual rainfall areas between 100 and 200 cm are classified as moist deciduous. They cover about 34% of the country’s forested area.
They are found mostly in the Eastern part of the country such as North-Eastern states, West Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, foothills of the Himalayas and the leeward side of the Western Ghats. Teak (dominant species), bamboo, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun and mulberry trees are found in these forests.

Class 9th Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Notes
Dry Deciduous

Forests growing in annual rainfall areas between 70 and ‘100 cm are classified as dry deciduous. They cover about 30% of the country’s forested area. These are found in rainier parts of the Peninsular plateau and the plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Teak, sal, peepal and neem trees grow in these areas. Many parts of these areas have been cleared for agricultural activities and for grazing. Besides lions, tigers, elephants, pigs and deer many varieties of birds, lizards, snakes and tortoises are found in these forests.

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 9 Short Notes
3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

These cover about 5% of the total forested areas of India. These are found in areas where the annual rainfall is less than 70 cm.

Region of Occurrence
These are found in North-Western part of the country including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, some areas of Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh, as well as parts of the Deccan Plateau.

Characteristics of Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
The trees found in tropical thorn forest and scrubs are scattered.

Other such plants which have long roots, succulent stems and small thick leaves are also found here.

All these characteristics have developed to minimise evaporation and conserve moisture. Only scrubs are found in desert areas with the least rainfall.

Flora and Fauna
Trees like acacia palm euphorbia and cactus found in these areas. Fox, wolf, rats and mice, wild ass, horses, tiger, lion, camels and similar animals are found in these areas.

4. Montane Forests
These forests cover about 17% of the total forested areas of India and are found in mountainous areas of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Natural vegetation changes with corresponding change in temperature with increasing altitude in the mountainous region. These succession of natural vegetation belts is same as in the order from tropical to tundra vegetation.

Altitudinal Distribution of Montane Forests

  • Wet Temperate Forest At lower altitude between 1,000-2,000 m, wet temperate forests with evergreen broad leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts are prominent.
  • Temperate Forest At the altitude between 1,500-3,000 m, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar are found. These forests cover mostly the Southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in Southern and North-East India.
  • Temperate grasslands These are found at higher elevations. At high altitude above 3,600 m, temprate forest and grasslands give way to the alpine vegetation.
  • Alpine vegetation This vegetation through shrubs and scrubs merge into alpine grasslands. These area extensively used by nomadic tribes like Gujjars and Bakarwals for grazing.
  • Tundra vegetation Mosses and lichens are part of tundra vegetation are found at higher altitudes.

Flora and Fauna
Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick hair are found here. Silver firs, pines, junipers, birches, etc are trees common here.

5. Mangrove Forests
These are found in coastal delta areas influenced by sea tides. Due to this fact, they are also called tidal forests. The roots of the predominate mangroves are submerged under water. Such forests are found in the delta areas of rivers oh the East coast of India (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri) due to mud and silt brought down by the rivers.

Flora and Fauna

  • In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees providing durable timber are prominent. Other trees are palm, coconut, keora and agar.
  • Animals found here include the Royal Bengal Tigers, snakes, turtles, gharials and crocodiles.

Wildlife
India is also rich in its fauna (animal life) same as in flora (plant life). It has approximately 90,000 animal species and 2,000 species of birds.

They constitute 13% of the total world’s stock. There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock.
It also shares between 5 and 8 % of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The existence of animals in our country varies place to place.

Distribution of Wildlife in India
The elephants are the most majestic animals among the mammals. They are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.

One-horned rhinoceroses are the other animals, which live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal.

Arid areas of the Rann of Kachchh and the Thar desert are the habitat for wild ass and camels, respectively.

India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat. Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sunderbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region.

Leopards too are members of the cat family. They are important among animals of prey.

The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in extreme cold. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox (weighing around 1 tonne) the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep and the kiang (Tibetan wild ass).

The ibex, bear, snow-leopard and very rare red panda are found in certain pockets.

In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.

The gharial is the only representative of a variety of crocodile, found in the world today.

Birdlife in India is colourful. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country.

Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four homed antelope), gazel and different species of deer are some other animals found in India in different places. It also has several species of monkeys.

Note: The Gir Forest is the last remaining habitat of the Asiatic lion.

Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972 in India.

Migratory Birds
Some of the wetlands of India are popular with migratory birds. During winter, birds such as Siberian crane come in large numbers. One such place favourable with birds is the Rann of Kutch. At a place where the desert merges with the sea, flamingo with their brilliant pink plumage, come in thousands to build nest mounds from the salty mud and raise their young ones. It is one among many extraordinary sights in the country.

Need Of Environment Conservation
Our crops consist of edible plants from a bio-diverse environment. Many medicinal plants are also used by us. The animals were selected from large stock provided by nature as milch animal. They also provided us draught power, transportation, meat, eggs.

The fish provide nutritive food. Many insects help in pollination of crops and fruit trees. They also exert biological control on such insects which are harmful. Thus, it can be said that every species has a role to play in the ecosystem. So, its conservation is essential.

Due to excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, the ecosystem has been disturbed. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.

Summary
India is one of the twelve mega biodiverse countries in the world.

The plant community which has grown naturally without human intervention are called natural vegetation.

Natural vegetation which are left undisturbed by human for a long time is termed as virgin vegetation.

The type of virgin vegetation which are purely Indian are called Endemic or Indigenous species.

The virgin vegetation which comes from outside the country are called exotic species.

Various,relief and climatic factors are responsible for distribution of natural vegetation.

Land and soil are the relief factors affecting the type of vegetation.

Temperature, photoperiod and precipitation are the climatic factor affecting vegetation of a region.

Based on temperature, vegetation zones are divided into Tropical, Sub-tropical, Temperate and Alpine type.

Forest are renewable resources and play major role in enhancing quality of Environment.

Most of India’s natural vegetation are found in Himalayas, hilly regions of central India and in desert.

Biomes are very large ecosystem on land and have distinct types of vegetation and animal life.

Major vegetation types identified in India are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forest and scrubs, montane forests and Mangrove forests.

Tropical Evergreen forest is found in region of very high rainfall.

Tropical deciduous forest or monsoon forests are the most widespread forests of India.

The thorn forest and scrubs are found in region with less that 70 cm rainfall.

Montane forests are high altitude alpine vegetation.

Mangroves are tidal vegetation found along the coastal region. Sundari is an important mangrove tree.

The World Conservation Union publishes Red list of critically threatened and endangered plant species.

India has 13% of the world’s total bird species and 12% fish stocks.

The Wildlife Protection Act in India was implemented in 1992.

The excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by Human beings led them to become endangered and extinct.

Hunting, pollution, the introduction of alien plant and animal species, deforestation are major threats for the ecosystem.

Government of India has taken many steps to protect plant and animals such as – setting up of national parks, biosphere reserves etc, the introduction of different projects to conserve critically endangered species e.g. project tiger, project rhino etc.

We all should be aware of the fact that a natural ecosystem is very important for our survival.

We hope the given Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download will help you. If you have any query regarding Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes History Chapter 5

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes History Chapter 5

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 6 SocialNCERT Solutions Social

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 6 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 History Chapter 5 Notes. https://meritbatch.com/books-burials-tell-us-cbse-notes-class-6-social/

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

What Books And Burials Tell Us Notes
Burial Spots of Families:
Some burial chambers have more than one skeleton, probably meaning that one chamber was used for many members of the same family. A hole in the wall allowed the chamber to be used over and over again. The burial sites were marked by stones.

Battles: Rig Veda tells us about battles fought for land and cattle. People met in assemblies and discussed war and peace. Wealth obtained thereafter was distributed amongst the leaders, priests and people.

Vedas: Initially, the Rigveda was not in written form, but was passed on orally. Knowledge passed on in this way is known as ‘Shruti’. The Vedic teachers took great care to teach students to pronounce words and memorise hymns correctly.

Class 6 History Chapter 5 Notes
Sanskrit and Other Languages:
Scholars have discovered many similarities between Sanskrit and European languages such as Latin, English and German. Historians came to the conclusion that Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European group of languages. Other languages like Hindi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, etc. also belong to the same group.

Skeleton Studies: Study of the bone structure helps to differentiate between male and female skeletons. The hip or the pelvic area of a woman is generally larger than a man.

Special Burial at Inamgaon: We find burials dated back to 3600 and 2700 years ago. Adults were generally buried in the ground. Special mention may be made of a man who was found buried in a large, four-legged clay jar in the courtyard of a five-roomed house.

Class 6 History Chapter 4 What Books And Burials Tell Us Notes
Writing Evidence:
First evidence of writing in China was found 3500 years ago. These writings were on animal bones and were called oracle bones. However, the Chinese did not know the use of iron.

Other languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam belong to the Dravidian family and the languages spoken in Jharkhand and parts of Central India belong to the Austro-Asiatic family.

Megaliths: These literally mean big stones, which were used by early men to spot burial sites.

What Books And Burials Tell Us Pdf Notes
There are four Vedas:

  • Rigveda
  • Samaveda
  • Yajurveda
  • Atharvaveda.

The oldest one is the Rigveda (3500 years ago). It contains over a thousand hymns (“Suktas”). The Vedas are religious texts of Hinduism. The hymns were composed by rishis and students memorised them. The Rigveda has been written in old (Vedic) Sanskrit.

The Vedas were written down much later. Students learnt the hymns and passed it on to other generations by memorising and not writing.
What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes History Chapter 5 Img 1
                                                                      The Manuscript of rigveda
Rigveda contains prayers for cattle, children and horsesf Wealth was distributed among the leaders, priests and other people, according to the Rigveda. ‘Yajnas’ were performed. Most men took part in wars.

The Rigveda divides people in two groups on the basis of their work : the ‘brahmins’ and the ‘rajas’. People or the community as a whole have been referred to as ‘jana’ or ‘vish’. The composers of hymns called themselves ‘Aryas’, and their opponents ‘Dasas’/ ‘Dasyus’.

Stone boulders as the one in figure are called Megaliths.
What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes History Chapter 5 Img 2
                                                                                     Megalith
They were used to mark burial sites. This practice was used in the Deccan and Kashmir. Some megaliths are on the surface and some are underground.

The dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware.

People were buried along with several objects. The objects were chosen probably depended upon the status of the person dead.

Families were usually buried together.

In Inamgaon, people were buried with their head towards the north. Vessels containing food and water were placed with them.

What Books And Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes
Aryas:
The people who composed the hymns used the word ‘Aryas’ for themselves.

Black and Red-Ware: The two distinctive pots, with which the dead were buried, have been called the Black and the Red Ware.

Brahmins: The priests were referred to as the ‘Brahmins’. They performed various rituals.

Dasyus/Dasas: The opponents of the ‘Aryas’ were referred to as ‘Dasas’/’Dasyus’ by them. This world later meant ‘slave’.

Ncert Class 6 History Chapter 5 Notes
Megalith:
A stone boulder, used to mark burial site, is referred to as a megalith.

Sukta: The hymns of the Vedas were called ‘Suktas’, which translates into ‘well-said’.

About 3600 years ago – beginning of the settlement of Inamgaon.

About 3500 years ago (i.e. circa 1500 B.C.) – beginning of composition of the oldest of the Vedas, the Rigveda.

History Class 6 Chapter 5 Notes
About 3000 years ago (i.e. circa 1,000 B.C.) –
beginning of the building of megaliths.

Around 2700 years ago (i.e. circa 700 B.C.) – end of settlement at Inamgaon.

Around 2000 years ago – Charaka wrote ‘Charaka Samhita’.

What Books And Burials Tell Us Notes Pdf
Less than 200 years ago (in the 19th century A.D.) –
printing of the Rigveda for the first time.

We hope the given What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5 SST Pdf free download will help you. If you have any query regarding What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 History Chapter 5 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Video RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Coordinate Geometry

Video RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Coordinate Geometry

Video RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co-ordinate Geometry

Video RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co-ordinate Geometry
RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.1 Q1

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.2 Q6

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.2 Q9

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.2 Q31

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.2 Q34

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.2 Q36

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.3 Q1i

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.3 Q19

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.3 Q21

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.4 Q2

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.4 Q8

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.4 Q10

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.5 Q6

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Co-ordinate Geometry Exercise 14.5 Q18

Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Tools of Financial Statements Analysis

Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Tools of Financial Statements Analysis

Financial Statements Analysis Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Tools of Financial Statements Analysis

Tools of Financial Statements Analysis There are different tools of financial statements analysis available to the analyst. The following tools are used to measure the operational efficiency and financial soundness of an enterprise.
The most common used techniques of financial analysis are:
1. Comparative financial statements
2.Common size statements
3.Ratio analysis
4.Cash flow statements

1.Comparative Financial Statements Statements used to compare the items of income statement i.e. profit and loss account and position statement i.e. balance sheet for ascertaining the trend of the performance and profitability of an enterprise are known as comparative financial statements.
(i)Comparative income statement It is a statement which shows in percentage term the total of income earned and expenses incurred during two or more accounting periods.
Format of Comparative Income Statement
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-1
(ii)Comparative balance sheet It is a statement showing assets and liabilities of the business for two or more accounting periods. It also shows the percentage change in the monetary value of the assets and liabilities.
Format of Comparative Income Statement
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-q-1jpg_Page1

2.Common Size Statement The statement wherein figures reported are converted into percentage to some common base is known as common size statement. Each percentage shows the relation of the individual item to its respective total.
(i) Common size income statement The statement in which sales figure is assumed to be 100 and all other figures are expressed as a percentage of sales is known as common size income statement.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-q-2jpg_Page1
(ii)Common size balance sheet In common size balance sheet, the total of assets or liabilities is assumed to be 100 and figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.
Format of Common Size Balance Sheet
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-q-3jpg_Page1

3.Ratio Analysis The mathematical expression that shows the relationships between various groups of items contained in the financial statements is known as ratio analysis.

4.Cash Flow Statement It shows the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by classifying cash flows into operating, investing and financing activities during a particular period and analysing the reasons for changes in balance of cash between the two balance sheets dates.

Previous Years’Examinations Questions

1 Mark Questions

1.Which item is assumed to be 100 while preparing common size statement of profit
and loss? (Compartment 2014)
Ans. Revenue from operations are assumed to be 100 while preparing common size statement of profit and loss.

2.Name any two tools of analysis of financial statements. (Compartment 2014)
Ans. Two tools of analysis of financial statements are:
(i) Ratio analysis                 (ii) Cash flow statement

3.What is meant by a common size statements? (Delhi 2011)
Ans. The statement wherein figures reported are converted into percentage to some common base are known are common size statements. Each percentage shows the relation of the individual item to its respective total. In common size income statement, net sales figure is assumed to be 100 and all other figures of expenses are expressed as a percentage of sales. In common size balance sheet, the total of assets or liabilities is assumed to be 100 and figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.

3 Marks Questions

4. From the following information, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss for the year 2009-2010
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-2
Other Information
(i)Income tax is calculated @ 50%.
(ii)Manufacturing expenses are 50% of the total of that category. (All India 2011; Modified)
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-3

5.From the following information, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss for the years 2009 and 2010
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-4
Other Information
(i) Income tax is calculated @ 50%.
(ii) Manufacturing expenses are 50% of the total of that category. (Delhi 2011 C; Modified)

Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-5
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-6

6.What are common size statements? State any two uses of common size statements.(All India 2008)
Ans. Common size statement The statement wherein figures reported are converted into percentage to some common base are known are common size statements. Each percentage shows the relation of the individual item to its respective total. In common size income statement, net sales figure is assumed to be 100 and all other figures of expenses are expressed as a percentage of sales. In common size balance sheet, the total of assets or liabilities is assumed to be 100 and figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.
Uses of common size statements are as follows:
(i) It helps in comparing the relative values of various items of income statement and position statement over two or more accounting periods. Thus, financial managers prepare common size statements for business reporting and decision-making purposes.
(ii) Common size statements prepared by the firm over the years would highlight the relative change in each group of income, expenses, assets and liabilities.

4 Marks Questions

7.From the following statement of profit and loss of Fenox Ltd for the year ended 31st March, 2013, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-7
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-8

8.On the basis of the following information extracted from the statement of profit and loss for the year ended 31st March, 2012 and 2013, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss:
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-9
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-10

9.From the following statement of profit and loss of Suntrack Ltd, for the years ended 31st March, 2011 and 2012, prepare a ‘comparative statement of profit and loss’.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-11
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-12

10.From the following statement of profit and loss of Moontrack Ltd., for the years ended 31st March, 2011 and 2012, prepare a ‘comparative statement of profit and loss.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-13
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-14

11.From the following income statement, prepare a common size statement of profit and loss Jayant Ltd for the year ended 31st March, 2011
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-15
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-16

12.Followings is the statement of profit and loss of Raj Ltd for the year ended 31st March, 2011
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-17
Prepare a common size statement of profit and loss of Raj Ltd for the year ended 31st March, 2011.(Delhi 2012; Modified)
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-18

13.Prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss from the following informations
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-19
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-20
NOTE Wages paid are a part of direct expenses and they are already included in cost of goods sold.

14.Prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss from the following information
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-21
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-22
NOTE Carriage inwards are a part of direct expenses and they are already included in cost of goods sold.

15.From the following information given below, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-23
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-24
NOTE Purchase is a part of cost of goods sold and thus not shown separately
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-25

16.From the following information given below, prepare a comparative income statement of profit and loss
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-26
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-27

17.Prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss from the following
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-28
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-29
NOTE Purchase is a part of cost of goods sold and thus not shown separately.

18.Prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss from the following
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-30
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-31
NOTE Purchase is a part of cost of goods sold and thus not shownseparately.

19.From the following information provided, prepare a comparative statement for the period 2008 and 2009
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-32
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-33
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-34

20.From the following information provided, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss for the period 2008 and 2009.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-35
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-36

21. Prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss from the following
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-37
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-38

22.From the following information, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss Vimal Ltd.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-39
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-40
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-41

23. From the following information, prepare a comparative statement of profit and loss Victor Ltd.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-42
Ans.
important-questions-for-class-12-accountancy-cbse-tools-of-financial-statements-analysis-43
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