Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication

Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication is part of Geography Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication.

Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Why did Sher Shah Suri build the Shahi (Royal) road? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The main reason behind building the Shahi (Royal) road by Sher Shah was to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar valley in Bengal.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘Golden Quadrilateral’. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Golden Quadrilateral is a 4 or 6 lane super highway project undertaken by National Highway Authority of India. It is a 5846 km long highway meant to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata. It deducts the time-distance and cost of movement along with the megacities of India.

Question 3.
What is satellite communication? (All Indio 2014)
Answer:
Satellite is an advanced mode of communication in themselves. They also regulate the use of other means of communication.

Question 4.
Why is the density of rural roads very low in the hilly areas of India? Give one reason. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Nature of difficult terrain makes the construction of roads difficult and comparatively costly that’s why the density of roads is very low in the hilly areas of India.

Question 5.
State the main function of the Border Road Organisation. (All india 2013)
Answer:
The main Function of the Border Road Organisation (BRO) are:

  • Construction and maintenance of border roads.
  • Clearance of snow in high altitude areas.

Question 6.
State the main function of the National Highways Authority of India. (All Indio 2013)
Answer:
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways.

Question 7.
What are National Highways? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the central Government are known as National Highways.

Question 8.
Name the headquarter of South Central Railway Zone. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Secunderabad is the headquarter of ‘South Central Railway Zone’ of India.

Question 9.
Which is the eastern terminal city of East-West corridor? (All India 2012)
Answer:
Silchar in Assam is the eastern terminal city of East-West corridor.

Question 10.
Name the railway line that was constructed between Roha in Maharashtra and Mangalore in Karnataka. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Konkan railway line was constructed between Roha in Maharashtra and Mangalore in Karnataka.

Question 11.
Name the air services which is widely used in the hilly areas of North-Eastern sector of India. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The air services which is widely used in the hilly areas of North-Eastern sector of India is Pawan Hans helicopter service.

Question 12.
What was the main aim behind establishing ‘Border Road Organisation’ in India? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established with the aim to accelerate economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through the rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important border roads.

3 Marks Questions

Question 13.
Describe any three advantages of satellite communication in India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Advantages of satellite communication in India are as follows:

  1. Satellites provide a continuous and synoptic view of large er area which is very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons.
  2. The Indian National Satellite system (INSAT) is a multipurpose satellite system which is very useful in telecommunication meteorological observation and other data and programmes for India.
  3. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS) is very useful in the management of natural resources, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border, etc in India.

Question 14.
The distribution of roads in India is not uniform. Examine the statement by giving three reasons, (HOTS; AM India 2014)
OR
“The density and quality of roads are better in plains as compared to other regions in India”. Support the statement with examples. (HOTS; All India 2009)
Answer:
The distribution of roads in India is not uniform. Reasons behind this uneven distribution of roads are:

  1. Roads can be easily and cheaply constructed in plain areas whereas it can be difficult and costly in hilly, mountainous and plateau areas. That’s why most of the northern states and southern states have a dense network of roads as compared to Himalayan and North-Eastern states.
  2. Level of economic development also plays an important role in deciding the network of roads in an area. That’s why having plain areas, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have a less dense network of roads.
  3. Inaccessible areas also have less density of roads in India. Forested rainy and high altitude areas have less density of roads.

Question 15.
Describe any three advantages of pipelines as a means of transport in India. (All indin 2014)
Answer:
Advantages of pipelines as a means of transport in India are as follows:

  • It is the most convenient and efficient means of transporting liquids and gases over long distances.
  • Pipelines can also transport solids after converting them into the slurry.
  • Its initial set up cost is high after it pipelines transport liquids and gases very cheaply.

Question 16.
What are the three categories to the track of Indian railways? Write any one feature of each. (Delhi 2010)
OR
What are the three categories of Indian Railways on the basis of the width of a track? Write the main feature of each category. All India 2008
Answer:
Indian railways have been divided into three categories on the basis of the width of the track:
Broad Gauge In broad gauge, the distance between rails is 1.676 metres.
Characteristics of the broad gauge are:

  • Broad gauge line share 74.14 per cent of railway length in the total length of rail routes in the country.
  • The total length of broad gauge lines is 55188 km.

Metre Gauge In metre gauge, the distance between the rail is one metre.
Characteristics of metre gauge are:

  • It accounts for 21.02% of the total route length in the country.
  • The total length of the metre gauge is 6809 km.

Narrow Gauge In narrow gauge, the distance between the rails in 0.762 metres.
Characteristics of the narrow gauge are:

  • It accounts for about 4.94% per cent of total route length in the country.
  • The total length of the narrow gauge line is 2463 km.

Question 17.
Which are the two types of roads included under the category of ‘other roads’ in India? Write any two features of each. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Border roads and International Highways are included under the category of ‘Other Roads’ in India. These are described below:
Border Roads These are strategically important roads along the Northern and North- Eastern boundary of the country.
Characteristics of border roads are as follows:

  • The total length of border roads was 40450 km in 2005 which was constructed by BRO.
  • These roads are important to accelerate economic development and strengthening defence preparedness.

International Highway These are roads which connect India to neighbouring countries.
Characteristics of International highways are as follows:

  • They aim to promote a harmonious relationship with neighbouring countries.
  • They provide an effective connection to neighbouring countries.

Question 18.
Write any six characteristics of road transport in India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Characteristics of road transport in India are as follows:

  1. With a total length of 42.3 lakh km of roads, India has placed itself among the countries which have a large road network.
  2. Road transport carries about 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic every year.
  3. Various attempts are made to modernise and improve the condition of roads in India such as Nagpur plan, twenty-year road plan.
  4. In India, roads are classified on the basis of purpose of construction and maintenance in National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads.
  5. Apart from above roads, there are border roads which are constructed for defence purpose and international roads which are constructed to link connection with neighbouring countries.
  6. Distribution of roads is not even throughout the country. Road density is highest in Uttar Pradesh and lowest in Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 19.
Which is the most effective and advanced personal communication system in India? Explain any four characteristics of it. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The most effective and advanced personal communication system in India is the internet. It has the following characteristics:

  • With the help of the internet, users can directly communicate through e-mail and can get access to the world of knowledge and information.
  • Use of internet is increasing for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions.
  • The internet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items.
  • Communication network through the internet and e-mail is a cheaper mode of communication which provides efficient access to information at a comparatively low cost.

Question 20.
Mention any six advantages of oceanic routes. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following are the advantages of oceanic routes:

  • These play an important role in the transport section of India’s economy.
  • India’s vast coastline of about 7, 517 km easily facilitates this type of transport.
  • There are 12 major and 185 minor ports in India.
  • Abort 95% of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% by value moves through oceanic routes.
  • This trade gives international trade service.
  • It provides transportation between the islands and the rest of the country.

Question 21.
Why is the Indian railway system divided into sixteen zones? Name the headquarters of Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern zones. (All Indin 2009)
Answer:
India has one of the longest railway networks in the world. Indian railways are the largest government undertaking in India. The Indian railway network is 64460 km long.

To reduce the pressure of this large size railway from a centralised railway system, the Indian railway system has been divided into sixteen zones. The headquarters of Eastern railway is Kolkata, the Western railway is Mumbai (Church gate), Northern railway is New Delhi and Southern railway is Chennai.

Question 22.
Describe any three characteristics of State Highways of India. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Three characteristics of state highways of India are as follows:

  • These are the highways which are constructed and maintained by the state governments.
  • They are meant to connect the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.
  • These roads are further connected to National Highways, so they can connect these areas to other states.

5 Marks Questions

Question 23.
Why is the distribution of roads not uniform in India? Explain with examples. (Delhi 2016)
OR
‘The distribution of roads is not uniform in India.’ Support this statement with suitable arguments. (HOTS: Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain With five suitable examples, how the level of economic development and nature of terrain affect the density of roads in India. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Nature of terrain and level of economic development affect the density of roads in the following ways:

  1. Construction of roads in plains is easy and cheaper than compare to hilly and mountainous areas, that’s why Indo-Gangetic plains have a high density of roads.
  2. Difficult terrain, the thick forest does not provide, suitable conditions for the development of roads. That’s the reason for having a low density of roads in Himalayan and North-Eastern region.
  3. Sandy soil is also a restriction in the development of roads, that’s the reason for having less density of roads in Western Rajasthan.
  4. Economic development also affects the density of roads. Karnataka plateau and Maharashtra have a density of roads due to the high concentration of industries and urbanisation in these areas.
  5. A high density of 50-100 km (per 100 sq km) of the area is also found in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh of Northern Plains. This is due to advanced agriculture, industry and urbanisation in these areas.

Question 24.
Which is the apex body in India to improve the quality of National Highways? Examine the significance of National Highways. (All India 2016)
Answer:
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the nodal agency responsible for building, upgrading and maintaining most of the national highways network. It operates under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

The significance of National Highways can be examined through the following points:

  • National Highways form the lifeline of road transport and constitute the framework of the road system in India.
  • These roads are meant for inter-state and strategic defence movements.
  • These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc.
  • The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 70,934 km which is a good indicator of development in India.
  • The National Highways constitute only 1.67% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic.

Question 25.
Examine the role of Inland Waterways Authority of India.
OR
Explain why inland water transport is an important mode of transport. (All Indio 2015)
Answer:
The role of Inland Waterways Authority of India can be understood through the following points:

  • The Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. It is entrusted with the responsibility of the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country.
  • It does the function of surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration.
  • It advises the Central Government on Inland waterways matters.

Importance of inland water transport of India are:

  1. Inland water transport was the chief mode of transport before the advent of railways.
  2. These are an important mode of transport for both passenger and cargo traffic in India.
  3. These provide the cheapest and most suitable transportation for heavy and bulky material.
  4. It is fuel efficient and eco-friendly means of transport.
  5. Apart from transportation. Inland waterways are also significant for the promotion of tourism, e.g. the famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Vallamkali) which held every year in backwaters.

Question 26.
“Indian railways brought people of diverse .cultures together.” Support this statement with suitable examples. (HOTS; All Indio 2015)
Answer:
Following points can explain the given statement:

  1. Indian railway was introduced in 1853.
  2. Indian railways network is more than 64,000 km, thus one of the longest railway networks in the world.
  3. As India is a land of diverse cultures, it connects people of different regions through its sixteen zones.
  4. People from different languages with different customs and food habits could connect with each other using Indian railways.
  5. Generally, each state of India has a distinct culture and customs. When people travel from one state to another, they mostly use railways as a means of transport and thus meet different people having different culture and traditions.
  6. Not only within the states, but people also come into contact with foreigners who belong to other countries, having varying colours of different customs and practices. Thus, share their culture and customs with each other.

Question 27.
What are National Highways? Explain any four uses of National Highways in India. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the central government are known as the National Highways.
The main uses of National Highways are given below:

  1. These roads are meant for inter-state and strategic defence movements.
  2. The National Highways constitute only 1.67% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic.
  3. National Highways are most important for industrial development. Most of the industries use such a location where National Highways provide good connectivity for the easy movement of goods and commodities from the source region to market areas. Thus, National Highways are important as they give good connectivity of distant areas with ease.
  4. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railways junctions, etc.

Question 28.
Define the term road density. Explain with examples the two main determinants of road density in India. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Explain with examples the two main determinants of road density in India. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The density of roads is defined as the length of roads per 100 sq km of surface area. It is a method to compare road network of an area to another area. The two determinants of road density in India are as follows:

Nature of Terrain It directly affects the density of roads. The maximum concentration of roads is in the Northern Plains.
The surface in plains is even and level. The North-Eastern states don’t have good networks of roads due to difficult terrain. Large numbers of rivers due to heavy rainfall makes it necessary to construct a large number to bridges. Construction of roads is easily and comparatively cheaper in plains.

Level of Economic Development Uttar Pradesh has the highest density of roads i.e. 532 27 km in 100 sq km area. The density of over 100 km of road length per 100 sq km of areas is also found in Tamil Nadu. Karnataka Plateau and Maharashtra have also a high density of 50 to 100 sq km of road length per 100 sq km of area. This is because of the high concentration of industries and urbanisation in these areas Building material is locally available.

The high density of roads is also found in Punjab and Haryana of Northern plain. This is due to advanced agriculture, industry and urbanisation in these areas. Building material is obtained from the Himalayan region. Large parts of Deccan plateau have a moderate density of roads.

Question 29.
How are Indian railways contributing to the growth of the national economy? Explain with examples (All India 2011)
Answer:
India has one of the longest railway networks in the world. Indian railways virtually from the lifeline of India catering to its needs for large scale movement of traffic, both freight and passenger, thereby contribution to economic growth and also promoting national integration.

Indian railways transport carries about 45849 lakh passengers and 4782 lakh tonnes of goods and travels over a distance of 14 lakh km every day. The number of passengers has risen from 1284 million in 1950-51 to 6219 million in 2006-07 and 7651 million in 2010-11. On average, 13 million people are loved every day by the Indian Railways.

Apart from the passenger traffic, the freight also increased tremendously. Development in industrial and agricultural sectors has generated a high demand for all transport. Major commodities transported by railways include coal, iron and steel ores, petroleum products and essential commodities such as food grains, fertilizers, cement, sugar, salt, edible oils, etc.

Indian railways also contribute to the tourism sector by connecting hill stations, religious places and other important tourist attraction places. It is the largest government undertaking which provides employment to millions of people in India.

Question 30.
What is the importance of air transport? Describe any four characteristics of the air transport system of India. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Air transport facilitates the fastest movement of goods and passengers from one place to another place. It has reduced distances and converted the world into one unit. Air transport has great importance for a vast country like India where distances are large and the terrain and the climatic conditions are uneven throughout the country.

It is also important for our links with other countries. India occupies a central location between Western Europe and Africa on the one hand and South -East and East Asia on the other hand.

Characteristics of the air transport system in India are as follows:

  1. To provide safe, efficient air traffic and aeronautical communication services in Indian space, there is a regulatory body known as Airport Authority of India.
  2. There are two corporations. Air India and Indian Airlines, which provide air services in India. Air India handles international traffic passengers and cargo whereas Indian Airlines is the major domestic air carrier of the country.
  3. In addition to Air India and Indian Airlines, there are two private scheduled airlines operating on the domestic network. 38 companies hold non- scheduled air taxi operators permit. The share of the private sector airways has increased very rapidly after liberalisation.
  4. Union government has launched an open sky policy in 1982. Under this policy, foreign airlines or association of exporters can bring any freighters to the country. Its objectives are to help exporters so that their exports become more competitive in the world.

Question 31.
What is the importance of water transport? Describe in brief water transport system of India. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Importance of waterways are as follows:

  • Waterways are an important mode of transport for both passengers and cargo traffic in India.
  • Waterways provide the cheapest and most suitable transportation for heavy and bulky material.
  • It is a fuel efficient and eco-friendly means to transport.

There are two types of water transport system in India:
Inland Waterways
India has 14500 km of navigable inland waterways which is used for about 1% of the country’s total transportation. It includes rivers, canals, backwater, creeks, etc. At present, 3700 km of major rivers and 4300 km of canal network are navigable by mechanised vessels.

The inland waterways authority is responsible for the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country. Currently, there are three Inland waterways which are considered as national . waterways.

Oceanic Routes
India’s vast coastline of about 7517 km including islands easily facilitates this type of transport. There are twelve major and 185 minor ports, which provide infrastructure support to these routes.

About 95% of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% by value moves through oceanic routes. Besides, trade, its development is also necessary for the transportation between the island and mainland of India.

Map-Based Questions
Question 32.
Locate and label the following features with appropriate symbols on the given outline political map of India.
(i) The international airport located in AssAnswer: (All India 2016)
(ii) The headquarter of South Central railway zone. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) Guwahati
(ii) Secunderabad
Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication 1

Question 33.
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) The international airport in Punjab. (All India 2015)
OR
The northernmost international airport. (Delhi 2014)
(ii) The international airport in Karnataka. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
(i) Amritsar
(ii) Bengaluru
Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication 2

Question 34.
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) The international airport in Tamil Nadu. (All Indio 2014)
(ii) The northernmost international airport. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(i) Chennai
(ii) Amritsar
Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication 3

Question 35.
Locate and label the following on the political outline map of India with appropriate symbols.
(i) Headquarter of North-Western Railway zone. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
(i) Jaipur
Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication 4

Question 36.
On the given political outline map of India provided to you, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) The southernmost international airport. (All India 2008)
(ii) The easternmost international airport. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
(i) Thiruvananthapuram
(ii) Guwahati
Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication 5

Value Based Questions

Question 37.
“International Highways are constructed with the aim to promote a harmonious relationship with neighbouring countries and provide an effective connection with India”. Which value lead to the construction of International Highways?
Answer:
Following values lead to the construction of highways:

  • Globalisation
  • International peace
  • Harmony

Question 38.
“From an economic and strategic point of view, use of satellite is very vital for the country, as these give continuous and synoptic view larger area”. Identify the values from the statement.
Answer:
Following values can be derived from the statement:

  1. Technological advancement
  2. National security
  3. Development

We hope the Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication help you. If you have any query regarding Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 20 Transport And Communication, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Admission Essay Do's and Don'ts

Admission Essay – Definition, Tips, Structure, Do’s & Don’ts

In today’s competitive academic realm, the graduate essays are becoming more important than ever before. Writing a graduate college essay may seem to be a formidable task, but, in actual fact, is easy when you know what should be counted in it. Essays are used to study more about your whys and wherefores for applying to the course or university and your capability to profit from and add to it. Before starting to write your graduate admissions essay, students should analyze why they have chosen to pursue this explicit field. Consider why earning a graduate degree is important. Will you be seeking to change careers? A hardened student who likes to keep learning?

What are Admission Essays?

The admissions essay is sometimes indicated to as a personal statement. The admission essays are one of the most vital and required component of all graduate school applications. Graduate courses now and then request a basic autobiographical declaration in which the applicant or student discourses his or her life, capabilities, skills and goals. Your essay will let you speak your case more completely than other parts of the application, and deliver the evaluator with improved understanding about you and how you different from the other candidates.
The admission essays are used to come to conclusion whether an applicant will be selected. The graduate admissions essay is a demanding part of the graduate application because it is through this essay that candidates can speak straight to the board and prove their inimitable fit to the course. The purpose of the admissions essay is to express a sense of onliest character. The essay also proves a student’s writing skills as well as ability to establish thoughts logically.

Admission Essay Topics

There are myriad possible topics that can be asked to write an admission essay on. Given below are some of the common ones.
  1. Describe in detail your career goals.
  2. What actions or achievements have added to your own progress?
  3. Describe a circumstance in which you had significant responsibility and what it taught you.
  4. Describe your strengths and weaknesses in accomplishing goals, and functioning with peers.
  5. Define your career ambitions leading you to apply to this program.
  6. Tell us something about yourself, your most important life events?
  7. How would your room, phone or bike describe you?
  8. If you could meet or have lunch with anyone in the past, who would it be and why?
  9. What was your most significant endeavor in high school and why?
  10. Foresee important subjects in the next decade – nationally, worldwide.
  11. Term an act that has had a great impact on you and why?
  12. Describe a trial and what you learnt about yourself as you retorted to this challenge?

Be specific and give details that will allow the admissions committee to understand your motivation.Explain your reasons and include high school services, activities, awards, travel experience and how they impacted you etc. Define an accomplishment that you fought to achieve in school and how the event changed you as a person.

Common Mistakes in Admission Essay

Spelling mistakes become a spot of sloppiness while writing a graduation essay so it’s better if students can refer to spell check and recheck their work before submitting to the right institution. The misuse of contractions and the apostrophes are predominantly common its best to ask a friend or an elder to proof read the essay. Keep a watch and ensure essays do not contain slang language. Avoid sharing too much information or overview of your entire life and offend the graduate admissions board.
Common mistakes to avoid while writing an Admission Essay are:
  • Spelling mistakes
  • Grammatical errors
  • Misappropriation and misuse of words
  • Informality and Casualness
  • Not thinking before writing
  • Trying to be someone else
  • Not having connection with the application
  • Trying to be extraordinarily different.
  • Forcing humor.
  • Not writing to the specific college.
  • Sharing excessive Information
  • Making reasons and excuses
Most applicants and students apply to so many schools that they lose track or skip to change the university name. In such a case the admission board will trash your paper and a single careless mistake may prevent you from joining graduate school. Take care in your choice to discourse your grades. Don’t make your admissions essay an explanation ensure only apt reasons to offer include serious sickness, demises, and main life stressors. Focus on your strengths rather than clarifying your weaknesses.

Admission Essay Do’s and Don’ts

Admission Essays have no specific focus and thus puts applicants in trouble where to start and where to end. Applicants are often confused when asked “tell us about yourself” they have trouble deciding which part of their lives to write about. Nevertheless, to be admitted, you need to determine that you are more than simply qualified. Put together the story about your goals, desires, passions, and prior knowledge and how the course or program fits into the mix that will make the change and how the business school is for you.

Admission Essay Do's and Don'ts

Do’s  Don’ts
 Provide evidence to support prerogatives and claims.  Don’t Be wordy or use jargons unnecessarily
 Make the introduction unique discuss future goals.  Don’t swear or use slang or generalize, don’t be defensive or arrogant.
 Be truthful, confident, interesting, optimistic and be yourself.  Don’t generalize and be boring or be repetitive.
 Speak in the first person (I…) mention weaknesses without making excuses.  Don’t focus on other individuals and complain
 Make sure your essay is organized, coherent, and concise.  Don’t discuss politics or religion.
 Mention hobbies, past professions, communal service, or research practice.  Don’t make lists of accomplishments, awards, skills, or personal qualities – Show them
 Organize an outline and create a draft with a theme or a thesis  Don’t include cliches or gimmicks.

Tips for Writing Admission Essay

Keep in mind the following points while writing an Admission Essay

  1. Relate past and present experiences to the future
  2. Elaborate on your qualifications
  3. Precisely describe why the institution is the best fit
  4. Introduce the main idea for each body paragraph in the topic sentence
  5. Utilize white space – provide ample space at least 1” margins

Structure of an Admission Essay

Structure of an Admission Essay

The first draft – Taper the topic be specific
Brainstorm – jot down everything you think of about the topic.
Write a rough draft – Pick out the good stuff and prepare a brief outline.
Ask yourself:

  • Have I concentrated on the topic?
  • Have I responded to the question?
  • Is it detailed and complete?
  • Have I written in my own opinion?

Polish the essay

  • Hook the reader with the very first sentence
  • Add particulars to make it ironic and more interesting
  • Be revealing – not confessional
  • Use sentimentality sparingly
  • Beware of assuming to impress us with what you consider we want to hear.
  • Don’t “prove” your intelligence by picking a topic you think makes you sound smart
  • Avoid stylish words when simpler ones will suffice.
  • Don’t be afraid to be eccentric and use your imagination
  • Be concise – show detail don’t tell
  • Use quotations sensibly – to move the story or prove a point.
  • Concentrate on what the application says about essay length.

Navigational hazards

  • The tad particulars aren’t the most important part of the essay, but you are trying to make a good impression.
  • Always proofread before creating the final draft.
  • Check for spelling errors. Spell check won’t clasp everything!
  • Check your word choice by reading the paper loud.
  • Ensure if you are including the name of the university in the essay, it’s the correct university.
  • Don’t try to inject humor it often doesn’t translate in writing.
  • Remember that a college essay is not a research paper.

CBSE Class 12 Hindi श्रवण एवं वाचन

CBSE Class 12 Hindi श्रवण एवं वाचन

भाषा का मौखिक प्रयोग ही भाषा का मूल रूप है। इसलिए बोलचाल को ही भाषा का वास्तविक रूप माना जाता है। मानव जीवन में लिखित भाषा की अपेक्षा मौखिक भाषा ही अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण होती है, क्योंकि हम अपने दैनिक जीवन के अधिकांश कार्य मौखिक भाषा द्वारा ही संपन्न करते हैं। हास-परिहास, वार्तालाप, विचार-विमर्श, भाषण, प्रवचन आदि कार्यों में मौखिक भाषा का उपयोग स्वयंसिद्ध है। सार्वजनिक जीवन में मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का विशेष महत्त्व है। जो वक्ता मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति में अधिक कुशल होता है, वह श्रोताओं को अधिक प्रभावित करता है तथा अपना लक्ष्य सिद्ध कर लेता है।

सामाजिक संवाद में कुशल बनने के लिए प्रयोग और अभ्यास भी अनिवार्य है। बिना अभ्यास के आत्म-विश्वास डगमगाने लगता है। यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि अभ्यास के लिए स्थिति सामने लाई जाए क्योंकि शादी, मृत्यु आदि का अवसर कक्षा में नहीं लाया जा सकता। अतः छात्रों को अध्यापक की सहायता से काल्पनिक स्थिति बनाकर अभ्यास करना चाहिए।

(क) मानक उच्चारण के साथ शुद्ध भाषा का प्रयोग।
(ख) व्यावहारिक भाषा का प्रयोग।
(ग) विनीत और स्पष्ट भाषा का प्रयोग।
(घ) विषयानुरूप प्रभावपूर्ण भाषा का प्रयोग।

मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति के अनेक रूप हैं; जैसे-

  1. कविता पाठ
  2. कहानी कहना
  3. भाषण
  4. समाचार वाचन
  5. साक्षात्कार लेना व देना
  6. वर्णन करना
  7. वाद-विवाद
  8. परिचर्चा
  9. उद्घोषणा
  10. बधाई देना
  11. धन्यवाद
  12. संवेदना प्रकट करना
  13. आस-पड़ोस में संपर्क
  14. अतिथि का स्वागत।

कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण रूपों पर यहाँ प्रकाश डाला जा रहा है-

1 कविता सुनाना

कविता सुनाना भी अपने-आप में एक कला है। यह कला कुछ लोगों में जन्म से पाई जाती है तो कुछ इसे अभ्यास द्वारा सीख सकते हैं। कवि सम्मेलनों में जाने तथा कवियों के सान्निध्य से कविता पाठ सुनकर अभ्यास किया जाए तो सीखने का कार्य सरल हो जाता है। कविता पाठ में निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना आवश्यक है-

  • सर्वप्रथम ऐसी कविता का चयन करें जो अपनी रुचि के अनुसार हो, जिसे आप अपने हृदय से पसंद करते हों, क्योंकि ऐसी कविता में ही आप उन भावों को भर सकते हैं, जो आपके दिल से निकलते हैं।
  • कविता को पूर्णत: कठस्थ कर लें। कंठस्थ कविता से ही लय बनती है।
  • उस कविता का बार-बार अभ्यास करें।
  • कंठस्थ कविता को नज़दीकी लोगों को सुनायें।
  • एकांत कमरे में शीशे के सामने खड़े होकर अपने हाव-भाव को कविता की प्रवृत्ति के अनुसार बनायें।
  • जो शब्द या वाक्य आपके प्रवाह में बाधक हों, उन्हें बदल कर उनके स्थान पर पर्यायवाची रख दें।
  • शब्द परिवर्तन से कविता के अर्थ में परिवर्तन नहीं आना चाहिए।
  • उच्चारण पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए।
  • कविता सुनाते समय मुक्त कंठ से कविता का उच्चारण करें।
  • श्रोता की रुचि व आराम का विशेष ध्यान रखें।
  • श्रोताओं के हाव-भाव पढ़ने का प्रयत्न करें।
  • भावों के अनुसार स्वरों में उतार-चढ़ाव होना भी आवश्यक है। हास्य, व्यंग्य व करुणा के भावों के अनुसार वाणी का उतार चढ़ाव अधिक प्रभावशाली बन जाता है।
  • कविता रुक-रुक कर सुनाई जानी चाहिए, ताकि श्रोतागण उसका पूरा आनंद ले सकें।
  • श्रोतागण के आनंद को उनके द्वारा दी गई दाद/तालियों से समझा जा सकता है। ऐसे अवसरों पर कविता की उस पंक्ति को दोबारा दोहराया जाना चाहिए।
  • जिन पंक्तियों पर आप श्रोता का ध्यान आकर्षित करना चाहते हों, उन पंक्तियों को दोहराना चाहिए।
  • कविता को गाकर भी सुनाया जा सकता है।
  • कविता का चयन अवसरानुकूल होना चाहिए।
  • कविता को भावपूर्ण हृदय से सुनाकर श्रोतागण को भाव-विभोर करना ही श्रेष्ठ कविता का वाचन होता है।
  • अवसरानुकूल कविता की प्रस्तुति से श्रोताओं का भाव-विभोर हो जाना निश्चित है, क्योंकि हृदय से निकली आवाज मन को अवश्य बाँधती है।

अभ्यास प्रश्न

1. निम्नलिखित कविताओं का कक्षा में प्रभावशाली ढंग से वाचन कीजिए-

(1) झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर

इस समाधि में छिपी हुई है
एक राख की ढेरी।
जलकर जिसने स्वतंत्रता की
दिव्य आरती फेरी॥

यह समाधि, यह लघु समाधि है
झाँसी की रानी की।
अंतिम लीलास्थली यही है
लक्ष्मी मर्दानी की॥

यहीं कहीं पर बिखर गई वह
भग्न विजय-माला-सी।
उसके फूल यहाँ संचित हैं
है यह स्मृति-शाला-सी॥

वार पर वार अंत तक
लड़ी वीर बाला-सी।
आहुति-सी गिर चढ़ी चिता पर
चमक उठी ज्वाला-सी॥

बढ़ जाता है मान वीर का
रण में बलि होने से।
मूल्यवती होती सोने की
भस्म यथा सोने से॥

रानी से भी अधिक हमें अब
यह समाधि है प्यारी।
यहाँ निहित है स्वतंत्रता की
आशा की चिनगारी॥

इससे भी सुंदर समाधियाँ
हम जग में हैं पाते।
उनकी गाथा पर निशीथ में
क्षुद्र जंतु ही गाते॥

पर कवियों की अमर गिरा में
इसकी अमिट कहानी।
स्नेह और श्रद्धा से गाती
है वीरों की बानी॥ सहे

बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुख
हमने सुनी कहानी।
खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह थी
झाँसी वाली रानी॥

यह समाधि, यह चिर समाधि
है झाँसी की रानी की।
अंतिम लीलास्थली यही है
लक्ष्मी मर्दानी की॥

-सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान

(2) निज रक्षा का अधिकार रहे जन-जन को,
सबकी सुविधा का भार किंतु शासन को।
मैं आर्यों का आदर्श बताने आया।
जन-सम्मुख धन को तुच्छ जताने आया।
सुख-शांति-हेतु मैं क्रांति मचाने आया,
विश्वासी का विश्वास बचाने आया,
मैं आया उनके हेतु कि जो तापित हैं,
जो विवश, विकल, बल-हीन, दीन शापित हैं।
हो जाएँ अभय वे जिन्हें कि भय भासित हैं,
जो कौणप-कुल से मूक-सदृश शासित हैं।
मैं आया, जिसमें बनी रहे मर्यादा,
बच जाय प्रबल से, मिटे न जीवन सादा।
सुख देने आया, दुःख झेलने आया,
संदेश यहाँ मैं नहीं स्वर्ग का लाया
मैं मनुष्यत्व का नाट्य खेलने आया।
मैं यहाँ एक अवलंब छोड़ने आया,
गढ़ने आया हूँ, नहीं तोड़ने आया।
मैं यहाँ जोड़ने नहीं, बाँटने आया,
जगदुपवन में झंखाड़ छाँटने आया।
मैं राज्य भोगने नहीं, भुगाने आया।
हंसों को मुक्ता-मुक्ति चुगाने आया,
भव में नव वैभव व्याप्त कराने आया।
नर को ईश्वरता प्राप्त कराने आया।
संदेश यहाँ मैं नहीं स्वर्ग का लाया,
इस भूतल को ही स्वर्ग बनाने आया।
अथवा आकर्षण पुण्यभूमि का ऐसा,
अवतरित हुआ मैं, आप उच्च फल जैसा।

-मैथिलीशरण गुप्त

2. कहानी कहना

कहानी कहना या सुनाना भी एक कला है। एक अच्छा कहानी लिखने वाला अच्छा कहानी सुनाने वाला भी हो, यह आवश्यक नहीं। यह कला अभ्यास के द्वारा प्राप्त की जा सकती है।

विद्यार्थियों को यदि इस कला से अवगत कराया जाए तो उनमें इस गुण का विकास किया जा सकता है। एक अच्छे कहानीकार में निम्नलिखित गुणों का होना अत्यंत आवश्यक होता है-

1. जिस कहानी को सुनाना हो उसका सार कहानी सुनाने वाले के दिमाग में बिलकुल स्पष्ट होना चाहिए।

2. उसे सारी घटनाएँ याद होनी चाहिए जिससे वह कहानी को उलट-पलट कर न सुना दे। क्योंकि ऐसा होने पर कहानी का रस ही समाप्त हो जाता है।

3. कहानी सुनाते समय कहानी के पात्रों, तिथियों, स्थानों का नाम पूर्ण रूपेण याद होना चाहिए। केवल अनुमान लगाकर सुनाई गई कहानी अपनी वास्तविकता खो देती है।

4. भाषा और संवाद भी कहानी की जान होते हैं। भाषा का स्तर उम्र, बौद्धिक स्तर आदि के अनुकूल होने पर ही कहानी प्रभावशाली बन पाती है। संवादों में बचपना या परिपक्वता सामने बैठे श्रोतागण के अनुसार होने पर ही कहानी में रुचि जाग्रत हो सकती है।

5. कहानी को रोचक बनाने के लिए संवाद व वर्णन-दोनों का उचित मात्रा में प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए। जिस प्रकार भोजन में उचित मात्रा में तेल, मसाले आदि डाले जाएँ तो भोजन रुचिकर बनता है ठीक उसी प्रकार संवाद और वर्णन का सही मेल ही कहानी में जान डाल सकता है।

6. कहानी सुनाते समय श्रोता के हाव-भाव को पढ़ना भी कहानीकार का मुख्य कार्य होता है, क्योंकि श्रोता की रुचि और अरुचि का पता उनके हाव-भाव से लगाकर अपनी कहानी को अधिक रोचक या सरल बनाकर सुनाने पर ही श्रोता की वाह-वाही लूटी जा सकती है।

7. कहानी सुनाने वाले की आवाज़ में एक विशिष्ट आकर्षण होना भी अत्यंत आवश्यक होता है। कहानीकार की आवाज़ का केवल मधुर होना ही काफ़ी नहीं है, बल्कि उसका बुलंद होना भी जरूरी होता है। यदि आखिरी पंक्ति में बैठा श्रोता उसकी आवाज़ नहीं सुन पा रहा है तो वह कहानी उसके लिए रुचिकर कैसे हो सकती है। इसका अर्थ यह नहीं कि कहानी सुनाने वाला चिल्ला-चिल्लाकर कहानी सुनाए। ऐसा करने पर श्रोतागण के सिर में दर्द भी हो सकता है और अरुचिवश वे वहाँ से उठकर भी जा सकते हैं।

8. कहानी को रोचक बनाने के लिए अच्छे मुहावरों व सूक्तियों के द्वारा भाषा को लच्छेदार बनाना भी आवश्यक होता है। सीधी, सरल भाषा ज्यादा देर तक श्रोताओं को नहीं बाँध सकती है।

9. लच्छेदार भाषा के साथ कहानी कहने वाले की आवाज़ में उतार-चढ़ाव होना भी अत्यंत आवश्यक होता है। आवाज़ का जादू अच्छे-अच्छों के होश उड़ा देता है। एक-सी आवाज़ में कही गई कहानी श्रोता को बाँधने में असफल होती है। लेकिन आवाज़ में उतार-चढ़ाव आवश्यकता के अनुसार ही होना चाहिए अन्यथा अर्थ का अनर्थ होते देर नहीं लगती। 406

10. जोश और उत्साह की बात बताते समय चेहरे की प्रसन्नता तथा आवाज़ की बुलंदी तथा दुख भरी घटना सुनाते समय भाव-विभोर हो मंद आवाज़ में कही गई बात सीधी श्रोता के दिल में उतर जाती है।

11. भाव-विभोर होकर कहानी सुनाते समय इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रखा जाना चाहिए कि आपकी आवाज़ सामने बैठे श्रोताओं की आखिरी पंक्ति तक पहुँचनी चाहिए।

12. कहानी की रोचकता को बनाये रखने के लिए जिज्ञासा का बना रहना अत्यंत ज़रूरी है। श्रोता के मन में यदि हर पल यह जिज्ञासा बनी रहे कि अब आगे क्या होगा तो कहानी सुनने का आनंद दुगुना हो जाता है। कहानी सुनाने वाले के द्वारा इस जिज्ञासा को बनाए रखना अति आवश्यक होता है।

13. कहानी बहुत अधिक लंबी नहीं होनी चाहिए अन्यथा श्रोता बोरियत का अनुभव करने लगते हं।

14. कहानी किसी उद्देश्य से परिपूर्ण हो यह भी अति आवश्यक है। निश्चित निष्कर्ष को लेकर सुनाई गई कहानी अधिक रुचिकर होती है।

15. कहानी में हास्य-व्यंग्य का पुट होना चाहिए।

16. कहानी में मार्मिक संवाद अनिवार्य है।

अभ्यास प्रश्न

1. निम्नलिखित कहानियों को कक्षा में रोचक ढंग से सुनाइए

1. एक बार राजा भोज को सपने में व्यक्ति का रूप धारण कर स्वयं ‘सत्य’ ने दर्शन दिए। राजा के पूछने पर सत्य ने बताया “मैं सत्य हूँ जो अंधों की आँखें खोलता हूँ और मृग-तृष्णा में भटके हुओं का भ्रम मिटाता हूँ। यदि तुझमें साहस है तो मेरे साथ चल मैं तेरे भी मन की जाँच कर लूँ।” चूँकि राजा भोज को अपने सत्कर्मों का बहुत अहंकार था इसलिए वह तुरंत ही इसके लिए सहमत हो गया। सत्य उसे अपने साथ मंदिर के उस ऊँचे दरवाजे पर ले गया, जहाँ से एक सुंदर बाग दिखाई देता था।

उस बाग में तीन पेड़ लगे हुए थे। सत्य ने राजा से पूछा ‘क्या तुम बता सकते हो कि ये पेड़ किसके हैं?’ राजा ने प्रसन्नता से भरकर उत्तर दिया – “ये तीनों ही पेड़ मेरे पुण्य कर्म का प्रतिफल हैं। लाल-लाल फलों से लदा हुआ पेड़ मेरे दान का है। पीले फल मेरे न्याय और सफ़ेद फल मेरे तप का प्रभाव दिखलाते हैं।” सत्य ने राजा से कहा, “चल, उन पेड़ों के पास चलकर छूकर देखते हैं।” सत्य ने जैसे ही पहले वृक्ष को छुआ तो क्या देखता है कि सारे फल उसी तरह पृथ्वी पर गिरे जिस प्रकार आसमान से ओले गिरते हैं।

दूसरे पेड़ों को भी छूने पर वही हाल हुआ जो प्रथम का हुआ था। राजा की आँखें नीची हो गईं और उसने सत्य से इसका कारण पूछा। सत्य ने कहा “प्रथम पेड़ के फल इसलिए गिर गये क्योंकि तूने जो कुछ भी किया वह ईश्वर की भक्ति या जीवों के प्रेम से वशीभूत होकर नहीं किया। तूने अपने आपको भुलाने और मिथ्या प्रशंसा पाने के लिए यह सब किया था।” पीले फलों से युक्त पेड़ के संदर्भ में सत्य ने कहा, “जिस न्याय की तू बात करता है वह न्याय तूने मात्र अपना स्वार्थ सिद्ध करने के लिए किया है।

तू अच्छी तरह से जानता है कि न्याय किसी राज्य की जड़ है और जिस राज्य में न्याय नहीं, वह तो बे-नींव का घर है, जो बुढ़िया के दाँतों की तरह हिलता है, अब गिरा, तब गिरा।” सफ़ेद फल जो कि राजा के अनुसार उसके तप के फल थे के बारे में सत्य ने कहा, “ये फल तप ने नहीं, बल्कि अहंकार ने लगा रखे थे। तेरी ईश्वर की भक्ति, जीवों के प्रति दया, वंदना, विनती सभी इसलिए की गई थी – मानों ईश्वर तुम्हारे बहकावे में आकर स्वर्ग का राजा बना दे।

“अंत में, सत्य ने कहा “मनुष्य तो केवल कर्मों के अनुसार दूसरे मनुष्य की भावना का विचार करता है और ईश्वर मनुष्य के मन की भावना के अनुसार उसके कर्मों का हिसाब लेता है। अतः इन पेड़ों के फल उसी व्यक्ति के हिस्से में आते हैं जो शुद्ध हृदय, निष्कपट, निरहंकार होकर अपना कर्तव्य समझते हुए अपना कार्य करता है। ईश्वर. उसी का निवेदन स्वीकार करते हैं जो नम्रता और श्रद्धा के साथ सच्चे मन से प्रार्थना करता है।”

2.  एक बार मंथरक नाम के जुलाहे के सब उपकरण, जो कपड़ा बुनने के काम आते थे, टूट गए। उपकरणों को फिर से बनाने के लिए लकड़ी की ज़रूरत थी। लकड़ी काटने की कुल्हाड़ी लेकर वह समुद्र तट पर स्थित वन की ओर चल दिया। समुद्र के किनारे पहुँचकर उसने एक वृक्ष देखा और सोचा कि इसकी लकड़ी से उसके सब उपकरण बन जाएँगे। यह सोचकर वह वृक्ष के तने में कुल्हाड़ी मारने को ही था कि वृक्ष की शाखा पर बैठे हुए एक देव ने उससे कहा – “मैं वृक्ष पर सुख से रहता हूँ और समुद्र की शीतल हवा का आनंद लेता हूँ! तुम्हें वृक्ष को काटना उचित नहीं, दूसरे के सुख को छीनने वाला कभी सुखी नहीं होता

जुलाहे ने कहा – “मैं भी लाचार हूँ। लकड़ी के बिना मेरे उपकरण नहीं बनेंगे, कपड़ा नहीं बुना जाएगा, जिससे मेरे कुटुंबी मर जाएंगे। इसलिए अच्छा यही है कि तुम किसी और वृक्ष का आश्रय लो, मैं इस वृक्ष की शाखाएँ काटने को विवश हूँ।
देव ने कहा – “मंथरक! मैं तुम्हारे उत्तर से प्रसन्न हूँ। तुम कोई भी एक वर माँग लो, मैं उसे पूरा करूँगा। केवल इस वृक्ष को मत काटो।
मंथरक बोला – “यदि यही बात है तो मुझे कुछ देर का अवकाश दो। मैं अभी घर जाकर अपनी पत्नी से और मित्र से सलाह करके तुमसे वर मागूंगा।
देव ने कहा – “मैं तुम्हारी प्रतीक्षा करूँगा।
गाँव पहुँचने के बाद मंथरक की भेंट अपने एक मित्र नाई से हो गई। उसने उससे पूछा – “मित्र! एक देव मुझे वरदान दे रहा है। मैं तुमसे पूछने आया हूँ कि कौन-सा वरदान माँगा जाए?
नाई ने कहा – “यदि ऐसा है तो राज्य माँग ले। मैं तेरा मंत्री बन जाऊँगा, हम सुख से रहेंगे।”

तब मंथरक ने अपनी पत्नी से सलाह लेने के बाद वरदान का निश्चय लेने की बात नाई से कही। नाई ने स्त्रियों के साथ ऐसी मंत्रणा करना नीति विरुद्ध बतलाया। उसने सम्मति दी कि स्त्रियाँ प्रायः स्वार्थ-परायण होती हैं। अपने सुख-साधन के अतिरिक्त उन्हें कुछ भी सूझ नहीं सकता। अपने पुत्र को भी जब वे प्यार करती हैं, तो भविष्य में उसके द्वारा सुख की कामनाओं से ही करती हैं। मंथरक ने फिर भी पत्नी से सलाह लिए बिना कुछ भी न करने का विचार प्रकट किया। घर पहुँचकर वह पत्नी से बोला – “आज मुझे एक देव मिला है वह एक वरदान देने को उद्यत है। नाई की सलाह है कि राज्य माँग लिया जाए। तू बता कि कौन-सी चीज़ माँगी जाए?

पत्नी ने उत्तर दिया – “राज्य-शासन का काम बहुत कष्टप्रद है। संधि-विग्रह आदि से ही राजा को अवकाश नहीं मिलता। राजमुकुट प्रायः कांटों का ताज होता है। ऐसे राज्य से क्या लाभ जो सुख न दे!
मंथरक ने कहा – “प्रिये! तुम्हारी बात सच है। किंतु प्रश्न यह है कि राज्य न माँगा जाए तो क्या माँगा जाए?

मंथरक की पत्नी ने उत्तर दिया – “तुम अकेले दो हाथों से जितना कपड़ा बुनते हो उसमें भी हमारा व्यय पूरा हो जाता है। यदि तुम्हारे हाथ दो की जगह चार हों और सिर भी एक की जगह दो हों तो कितना अच्छा हो। तब हमारे पास आज की अपेक्षा दुगुना कपड़ा हो जाएगा। इससे समाज में हमारा मान बढ़ेगा।”
मंथरक को पत्नी की बात जंच गई। समुद्र-तट पर जाकर वह देव से बोला – “यदि आप वर देना ही चाहते हैं तो यह वर दें कि मैं चार हाथ और दो सिर वाला हो जाऊँ।”
मंथरक के कहने के साथ ही उसका मनोरथ पूरा हो गया। उसके दो सिर और चार हाथ हो गए, किंतु इस बदली हालत में वह गाँव में आया तो लोगों ने उसे राक्षस समझ लिया और राक्षस-राक्षस कहकर सब उस पर टूट पड़े।

3. भाषण कला

भाषण, भाषा के विभिन्न कौशलों की एक मिश्रित अभिव्यक्ति है। भाषण कौशल की प्रक्रिया में संरचनाओं का सुव्यवस्थित चयन, शब्दों की द्रुतगति से प्रवाहपूर्ण प्रयोग तथा एक निश्चित संख्या में उनको जोड़ना शामिल है। इसमें शब्द समूह और वाक्य साँचों का क्रमबद्ध प्रयोग होता है। भाषण कौशल को दो भागों में विभक्त किया जा सकता है – एक उच्चारण और दूसरा अभिव्यक्ति। उच्चारण के अंतर्गत समस्त ध्वनि व्यवस्था के प्रायोगिक रूप का समावेश रहता है। विद्यार्थियों को चाहिए कि अपने भाषा को तैयार करते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखें

  • भाषण ऐसा हो कि श्रोता उसमें रुचि ले सकें।
  • सदैव भाषण देते समय आरोह अवरोह का ध्यान रखा जाना चाहिए।
  • भाषण विषयानुकूल तथा भावानुकूल होना चाहिए।
  • भाषण देते समय क्रियात्मक अभिनय का समावेश करना चाहिए।
  • भाषण में हास्य व्यंग्य का पुट होना भी आवश्यक होता है, जिससे श्रोतागण उसको रुचिपूर्वक सुन सकें।
  •  विषय का प्रस्तुतीकरण रोचक व नवीन ढंग से होना चाहिए, अर्थात् उसमें कुछ नयापन होना चाहिए।
  • भाषण में कठिन शब्दों का प्रयोग न करते हुए आम बोलचाल (हिंदुस्तानी) की भाषा का प्रयोग करना चाहिए ताकि लोग उसे आसानी से समझ सकें।
  • वक्ता को भाषा के विभिन्न प्रकार के नवीन शब्दों और भाषा के अन्य नवीन तथ्यों का सहज रूप से अभ्यास होना चाहिए।
  • वक्ता चित्रात्मक तथा प्रतीकात्मक शैली का प्रयोग कर भाषण को और भी अधिक प्रभावशाली बना सकता है।
  • विषय से संबंधित कोई विशिष्ट उक्ति या प्रसिद्ध कवि की कविताओं को यदि वक्ता अपने भाषण में जोड़ लेता है तो उसके भाषण में चार चाँद लग जाते हैं।
  • भाषण देते समय वक्ता को शब्दों के उच्चारण पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए वरना अर्थ का अनर्थ भी हो सकता है।
  • छोटे वाक्यों का प्रयोग करना वक्ता के लिए अधिक प्रभावशाली हो सकता है।
  • भाषण को तैयार कर यदि वक्ता उसे टेप पर पुनः सुनता है तो वह स्वयं अपनी गलतियों को पहचानकर उन्हें ठीक कर सकता है।
  • भाषण जोश और उत्साह से भरा होना चाहिए।
  • भाषण में संबोधन का स्थान अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। श्रोतागण को किया गया संबोधन अत्यंत सहज व आत्मीय होना चाहिए। इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रहे कि केवल सभापति या निर्णायक गण ही वहाँ उपस्थित नहीं हैं।
  • भाषण की शुरुआत पर वक्ता को विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। जितनी अधिक प्रभावशाली शुरुआत होगी उतनी ही अधिक श्रोताओंकी प्रशंसा व एकाग्रता वक्ता को मिलेगी।
  • भाषण का अंत कभी भी अधूरा नहीं रहना चाहिए। अर्थात् भाषण में पूर्णता होनी चाहिए। श्रोताओं को यह न लगे कि आप अपनी बात को स्पष्ट करने में असफल रहे हैं।
  • भाषण में परिपक्वता अवश्य होनी चाहिए अर्थात् उसमें विषय से हटकर कुछ भी न कहा गया हो तथा कम-से-कम शब्दों में अपनी बात को स्पष्ट किया गया हो।

4. साक्षात्कार लेना व देना

साक्षात्कार लेना एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य है। साक्षात्कार लेने वाला व्यक्ति अभ्यर्थियों की योग्यता की पूर्ण जाँच करता है। वह अभ्यर्थी की हर क्रिया व प्रतिक्रिया को ध्यान से देखता व सुनता है। साक्षात्कार का कार्य शैक्षणिक योग्यता के साथ-साथ स्वभाव को भी जानना होता है।

साक्षात्कार लेते वक्त ध्यान रखने योग्य बातें-

  • अभ्यर्थी का आत्मविश्वास बनाए रखना चाहिए।
  • बातचीत का आरंभ परिचयात्मक होना चाहिए।
  • प्रश्नों की शुरुआत व्यक्तिगत जीवन से संबंधित सामान्य प्रश्नों से करनी चाहिए।
  • साक्षात्कार-कर्ता के प्रश्न संक्षिप्त व स्पष्ट होने चाहिए।
  • अभ्यर्थी द्वारा दिए गए उत्तरों को अनसुना न कर ध्यान से सुनना चाहिए।
  • अभ्यर्थी द्वारा गलत या भ्रामक उत्तर देने पर एकाध स्पष्टीकरण लेना ही पर्याप्त है।
  • यदि अभ्यर्थी किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर नहीं देता है तो उससे अगला प्रश्न पूछ लेना चाहिए।
  • साक्षात्कार को अधिक लंबा नहीं खींचना चाहिए।
  • यदि अभ्यर्थी उत्तर को लंबा खींच रहा हो तो आप बीच में यह कहकर अगला प्रश्न पूछ सकते हैं – ‘आपकी बात ठीक है। आप कृपया यह बताएँ कि ……।’
  • जिस पद हेतु साक्षात्कार लिया जा रहा है, उससे संबंधित एक-दो प्रश्न अवश्य करें।
  • अभ्यर्थी से आत्मीयतापूर्ण व्यवहार करना चाहिए।

उदाहरण

उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य की प्रतिष्ठित न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा में सिविल जज पद पर सातवें स्थान पर पहले प्रयास में ही चयनित होकर श्री कृष्ण चंद्र पांडेय ने एक महत्त्वपूर्ण सफलता अर्जित की है, प्रशांत दविवेदी ने उनका साक्षात्कार लिया, जो इस प्रकार है-

प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आपकी इस सफलता के लिए बधाई।
कृष्ण चंद्र – जी, धन्यवाद।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आपको अपने चयन की सूचना कैसे मिली?
कृष्ण चंद्र – मेरे मित्र हरि प्रकाश शुक्ल APO इलाहाबाद में कार्यरत, द्वारा मुरादाबाद ट्रेनिंग सेंटर पर फ़ोन द्वारा प्राप्त हुई।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – चयन होने पर आपको कैसा लगा?

कृष्ण चंद्र – मुझे गलत सूचना मिली कि मैं असफल हो गया हूँ, लगभग आधे घंटे पश्चात् मुझे इस सफलता की सूचना प्राप्त हुई, इस प्रकार मैंने असफलता का दंश और सफलता की प्रसन्नता-दोनों का अनुभव किया।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आपको न्यायिक सेवा में जाने की प्रेरणा कैसे मिली?
कृष्ण चंद्र – बड़े बहनोई श्री नलिनीश शुक्ला, एडवोकेट ने मुझे प्रेरित किया कि मैं इसे अपना कैरियर बनाऊँ। उन्होंने मुझे सदैव इसके लिए प्रेरित किया, इसके अतिरिक्त मुझे विधि विभाग गोरखपुर विश्वविद्यालय के पूर्ण विभागाध्यक्ष प्रो. उदय राज राय ने भी प्रेरित किया।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – यह सफलता आपने कितने प्रयासों में अर्जित की?
कृष्ण चंद्र – यह मेरा पहला प्रयास था।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आपने इस परीक्षा के लिए तैयारी किस प्रकार की?

कृष्ण चंद्र – कुछ चुनिंदा बिंदुओं पर प्रामाणिक पुस्तकों से नोट्स बनाए; Bare Acts का सूक्ष्म अवलोकन किया, L-L.M में Interpretation of Statue एक विषय होने के कारण Bare Acts के सूक्ष्म निर्वचन पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया, विभिन्न धाराओं को Co-relate करके अध्ययन किया। मूलतः नोट्स की अपेक्षा किताबें मेरे अध्ययन का केंद्र-बिंदु रहीं। प्रो. रमेश चंद्र श्रीवास्तव जी के निर्देशन में एल-एल.एम. (फाइनल) में ‘हितग्राही में अनुयोजन का अधिकार’ विषय पर डिजर्टेशन लिखने के कारण मेरी लेखनी परिष्कृत हुई, इसका भी लाभ मुझे इस परीक्षा में मिला।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आपकी सफलता का मूल मंत्र क्या रहा?
कृष्ण चंद्र – आत्मविश्वास, दृढ़ निश्चय, कठिन परिश्रम, एकाग्रता एवं कभी न हार मानने वाली अदम्य जिजीविषा। इसके अलावा गुरुजनों का आशीर्वाद, मित्रों का प्रेम, प्रोत्साहन, पारिवारिक सहयोग भी इसमें सहायक हुए। प्रशांत द्विवेदी-साक्षात्कार में पूछे गए प्रश्न क्या थे?
कृष्ण चंद्र – साक्षात्कार 3 अगस्त, 20XX दिन शुक्रवार के दिन श्री के.बी. पांडेय (चेयरमैन, उत्तर प्रदेश लोक सेवा आयोग) के बोर्ड में, बोर्ड के अन्य सदस्य

न्यायमूर्ति वी. के. राव एवं प्रोफेसर खान (अलीगढ़ विश्वविद्यालय) थे, साक्षात्कार लगभग 30 मिनट चला। बोर्ड का रवैया सहयोगात्मक था। साक्षात्कार का आरंभ प्रो. पांडेय ने किया एवं समापन प्रो० खान द्वारा हुआ। सामान्य परिचयात्मक प्रश्नों के अलावा मुझसे कई प्रश्न पूछे गए।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – प्रतियोगिता दर्पण पत्रिका के विषय में आपके क्या विचार हैं?
कृष्ण चंद्र – यह पत्रिका सिविल सर्विस के परीक्षार्थियों के लिए रामबाण है। संविधान पर इसका अतिरिक्तांक न्यायिक परीक्षा के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी है। यदि पत्रिका में कुछ विधिक लेख भी नियमित रूप से प्रकाशित होने लगे तो यह न्यायिक परीक्षा के लिए भी समान रूप से उपयोगी हो जाएगी।
प्रशांत द्विवेदी – आगामी प्रतियोगियों के लिए आप क्या परामर्श देंगे?
कृष्ण चंद्र – दृढ़ आत्मविश्वास के साथ गंभीर परिश्रमयुक्त सतत् एवं सुव्यवस्थित अध्ययन ही सफलता की सीढ़ी है। Revision is a must पढ़ें, पर स्वयं को Confuse होने से बचाए रखें, बस अर्जुन की तरह लक्ष्य पर एकाग्रचित रहें, अंतत: सफलता वरण करेगी ही।

साक्षात्कार देना

छात्रों को अनेक कार्यों के लिए साक्षात्कार देना होता है। कुछ में इसका डर बैठ जाता है। वस्तुतः साक्षात्कार परीक्षा जैसा होता है। इसमें अल्प समय में बहुत कुछ कहना होता है। अभ्यर्थी को दो कार्य करने होते हैं – स्वयं को परिचित कराना तथा साक्षात्कार मंडल को प्रभावित करना।

साक्षात्कार देने में निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना होता है

  • साक्षात्कार देते वक्त सहज रहें।
  • अपनी बात को सरल ढंग से कहें।
  • साक्षात्कार में जाते समय वेशभूषा संतुलित होनी चाहिए।
  • साक्षात्कार पर जाने से पहले वरिष्ठ छात्रों से अभ्यास करें।
  • साक्षात्कार-कक्ष में प्रवेश करने से पहले मुख्य साक्षात्कार कर्ता की ओर मुख करके अंदर आने की अनुमति लें – “क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हूँ?”
  • अंदर आने की अनुमति मिलने के बाद आप संतुलित कदमों से उस कुरसी की ओर बढ़ें जहाँ अभ्यर्थी को बिठाया जाता है। इस क्रिया में आप अपना मुख साक्षात्कार मंडल की ओर रखें। मुसकराते हुए प्रमुख साक्षात्कार कर्ता और अन्य सभी को हाथ जोड़कर नमस्कार कहें। नमस्कार करते समय चेहरे पर विनय का भाव रखें। सम्मान प्रकट करने के लिए सिर तथा शरीर को हल्का-सा झुकाएँ।
  • आपके हाथ में फाइल या कुछ कागजात होंगे। इसलिए फाइल सहित नमस्कार करने का ढंग सीख लें।
  • साक्षात्कार के दौरान आप जिन प्रमाण-पत्रों, उपलब्धियों या कागज़ों-पुस्तकों को साक्षात्कार-मंडल को दिखाना चाहते हैं, उन्हें पहले से ही सुव्यवस्थित और ऊपर-ऊपर तैयार रखें। 9. जब तक कुरसी पर बैठने के लिए नहीं कहा जाए, तब तक खड़े रहें।
  • साक्षात्कार के दौरान स्वयं को चुस्त व तत्पर रखें।
  • प्रश्न को आराम व ध्यान से समझें।
  • पूछे गए प्रश्न का उत्तर एकदम न देकर समझकर देना चाहिए।
  • प्रश्न की प्रवृत्ति के अनुसार उत्तर देने में समय लगाना चाहिए।
  • आप किसी मुद्दे पर कितने ही विश्वासपूर्ण हों, परंतु अपनी बात पर अड़ना नहीं चाहिए।
  • यदि साक्षात्कार-कर्ता आपकी बात से असहमत हो तो आप अपनी बात कहते हुए उनके मत को भी सम्मान दें।
  • प्रश्न का उत्तर न देने पर स्पष्ट कहें – क्षमा कीजिए, मुझे इसका ज्ञान नहीं है।
  • सारी बातचीत में चेहरे पर घबराहट व तनाव नहीं आना चाहिए।

5. वर्णन करना

वर्णन मौखिक भाषा – व्यवहार का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण रूप है। मनुष्य विभिन्न स्थितियों, व्यक्तियों और वस्तुओं का अनुभव करता है और उनका वर्णन करता है, किंतु अनेक बार प्रशिक्षण के अभाव के कारण वर्णन अव्यवस्थित हो जाता है। कई बार महत्त्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं की उपेक्षा हो जाती है तथा सारा वर्णन प्रभावहीन हो जाता है। इसलिए छात्रों को वर्णन करने की कला का विधिवत् प्रशिक्षण दिया जाए। वर्णन की कुशलता इसी में निहित है कि वर्णनकर्ता पूर्ण आत्मविश्वास और रोचक ढंग से इस प्रकार वर्णन करें कि श्रोता का उत्साह

और रुचि बनी रहे। वर्णन करने की कला की क्षमता का विकास बाल सभा, कक्षा आदि में किसी दृश्य, मनोरंजन, प्रसंग, समारोह, घटना आदि के वर्णन द्वारा किया जा सकता है।

उदाहरण

(क) राजस्थान के किसी गाँव की यात्रा का वर्णनमुझे मालूम नहीं था कि भारत में ‘तिलोनिया’ नाम की भी कोई जगह है जहाँ हमारे देश के समसामयिक इतिहास का एक विस्मयकारी पन्ना लिखा जा रहा है। किसी बड़े शहर में रहते हुए हम केवल अखबार द्वारा ही देश-विदेश के बारे में अपनी जानकारी हासिल करते हैं और आजकल तो इस जानकारी से मन अशांत व क्षुब्ध ही होता है। उस वक्त तक तिलोनिया के बारे में मुझे इतनी ही जानकारी थी कि वहाँ पर एक स्वावलंबन विकास केंद्र चल रहा है, जिसे स्थानीय ग्रामवासी, स्त्री-पुरुष मिल-जुलकर चला रहे हैं।

बस, इतना ही और मैं वहाँ अपनी किसी प्रयोजन से भी नहीं जा रहा था। मुंबई को जाने वाली जरमैली सड़क को छोड़कर हमारी जीप एक तंग राजस्थानी सड़क पर आ गई थी। मतलब साफ़, समतल सड़क को छोड़कर ऊबड़-खाबड़ सड़क पर आ गई थी पर यहाँ भी दूर-दूर तक कुछ दिखाई नहीं देता था, केवल सपाट मैदान, कंटीली झाड़ियों के झुरमुट और दोपहर का बोझिल वातावरण …… ।

(ख) किसी रमणीक स्थान की यात्रा का वर्णनपिछले वर्ष गरमियों में हमने पिता जी के साथ बद्रीनाथ व केदारनाथ की यात्रा का हठ किया। पिता जी अपने साथ ले जाने को तैयार न थे। उन्होंने हमें बताया कि इन स्थानों की यात्रा करना सहज नहीं है। विशेष रूप से केदारनाथ की यात्रा के अंतिम चरण में लगभग 16 किलोमीटर पैदल चलाना पड़ता है। इस पैदल यात्रा में अनेक कठिनाइयाँ आती हैं। हमने पिता जी के आदेश को अस्वीकार करते हुए उनके साथ जाने का हठ किया।

अत: पिता जी हमें अपने साथ ले जाने के लिए तैयार हो गए। दिल्ली से बस द्वारा हम लोग हरिद्वार पहुँचे। हम लोग हरिद्वार दो दिन रुके। गंगा मैया के पवित्र जल में स्नान करके मेरा तन-मन शीतल हो गया। गंगा का विराट एवं तीव्र प्रवाह देखकर मैं विस्मय विमुग्ध हो गया। संध्या के समय गंगा मैया की आरती का दृश्य देखकर मेरा मन मयूर नृत्य कर उठा। हरकी पौड़ी पर उस समय हज़ारों लोग उपस्थित थे। बहुत से भक्तजन दोनों हाथों में पुष्प तथा प्रज्ज्वलित दीप रखकर गंगा जी में प्रवाहित कर रहे थे।

अंधकार की चादर ने धरती को ढक लिया था। आकाश के वक्ष पर असंख्य नक्षत्र जगमगा रहे थे और गंगा की तरंगों पर तैरते छोटे-छोटे दीपक एक दिव्य दृश्य उपस्थित कर रहे थे। हरिद्वार में हमने पावन धाम, भीमगोडा, सप्तऋषि आश्रम, दक्षेश्वर महादेव, मंसा देवी, चंडी देवी आदि पवित्र स्थानों के दर्शन किए। दो दिन के पश्चात् हम लोग बस द्वारा ऋषिकेश पहुँचे। हमारे मन में बद्रीनाथ तथा केदारनाथ के पवित्र स्थानों को देखने की उत्कंठा थी अतः हम ऋषिकेश में नहीं रुके तथा केदारनाथ जाने के लिए यात्रा-पत्र लेने वालों की पंक्ति में खड़े हो गए।

तभी हमें ज्ञात हुआ कि यात्रा-पत्र लेने से पहले हैजे का टीका लगवाना अनिवार्य है। मुझे टीका लगवाना अच्छा नहीं लगता, परंतु मैं विवश था। टिकट लेने के पश्चात् हम लोग अन्य यात्रियों के साथ बस में बैठ गए। कुछ देर के पश्चात् बस चल पड़ी। एक ओर ऊँचे-ऊँचे पहाड़ और दूसरी ओर तन्वंगी गंगा का प्रवाह देखते ही बनता श्रवण एवं वाचन था। पहाड़ी सड़कें निर्धन के भाग्य-सी टेढ़ी-मेढ़ी थीं। पहाड़ी वन अत्यंत मनमोहक प्रतीत हो रहे थे। दिल्ली और यहाँ के वातावरण में ज़मीन-आसमान का अंतर था।

धूप निखरी हुई थी फिर भी यहाँ के वायुमंडल में शीतलता व्याप्त थी। लगभग 56 किलोमीटर की यात्रा के पश्चात् हम लोग कर्णप्रयाग पहुँचे। यहाँ एक छोटा-सा पहाड़ी कस्बा है। यहाँ के लोगों की वेशभूषा और प्रकृति शहर के लोगों से स्पष्टतः भिन्न है। यात्रियों ने कुछ जलपान किया और यात्रा पुनः आरंभ हो गई। रुद्रप्रयाग होते हुए हम लोग श्रीनगर पहुंचे। यहाँ बस लगभग आधा घंटा रुकी। यात्रियों ने भोजन ग्रहण किया और उसके पश्चात् सोनप्रयाग होते हुए हम लोग गौरी कुंड पहुँचे।

यहाँ से केदारनाथ जाने के लिए पैदल रास्ता आरंभ हो जाता है। गौरी कुंड में एक तप्त जल का कुंड है। इस क्षेत्र में मई-जून के महीनों में भी काफ़ी सरदी पड़ती है। यहाँ एक छोटा-सा गाँव है जहाँ गरमियों के दिनों में यात्रियों का जमघट लगा रहता है। गौरी कुंड से पहाड़ी रास्ता अत्यंत दुर्गम हो जाता है। यात्री ‘जय केदारनाथ’ कहते हुए धीरे-धीरे आगे बढ़ते हैं। लगभग 7 घंटे की यात्रा के पश्चात् हम केदारनाथ पहुंचे। बरफ़ से ढके पहाड़ों को देखकर हम आत्म-विस्मृत हो गए।

मंदाकिनी के तीव्र प्रवाह का स्वर पहाड़ियों में दिव्य संगीत की सृष्टि कर रहा था। केदारनाथ के निकट ही शंकराचार्य की समाधि के दर्शन भी हमने किए और अगले दिन यहाँ से हम बद्रीनाथ की ओर चल पड़े। रास्ते में ‘तुंगनाथ’ नामक स्थान पर बस रुकी। वहाँ का प्राकृतिक वातावरण अद्भुत है। बद्रीनाथ में भगवान विष्णु की अत्यंत भव्य मूर्ति है। हमने बद्रीनाथ तथा पंच-शिलाओं के दर्शन किए। यहाँ मुख्य मंदिर के निकट बहती अलकनंदा का प्रवाह देखते ही बनता है। बद्रीनाथ में लगभग चार दिन रहने के बाद हरिद्वार होते हुए दिल्ली वापिस लौट आए।

6. वाद-विवाद

वाद-विवाद किसी विषय के पक्ष-विपक्ष में विचार करने का साधन है। इसका उद्देश्य किसी विवादास्पद मसले पर जनता का ध्यान आकर्षित करना होता है। इसमें भाग लेने वाले कम से कम दो छात्र होते हैं। एक पक्ष में बोलता है तथा दूसरा विपक्ष में। ये वक्ता भरी सभा में बोलते हैं तथा पूरे सदन को संबोधित करते हैं।

वाद-विवाद में सभापति एक निर्णायक मंडल होता है। दोनों वक्ताओं का उद्देश्य पूरे सदन को अपने विचारों से सहमत करना होता है। इसमें एक-दूसरे की बात काटना व अपनी बात रखना होता है।

वाद-विवाद में ध्यान रखने योग्य बातें-

  • हर प्रतियोगी को अपने पक्ष को तर्क व मज़बूती के साथ प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए।
  • पक्ष में बोलने वाला वक्ता शांत स्वर में अपने विषय को तर्क व उदाहरणों से पुष्ट करता है।
  • विपक्ष में बोलने वाला वक्ता आक्रामक होता है। उसके स्वर में धारा प्रवाह बोलने की क्षमता होती है।
  • पक्ष या विपक्ष – दोनों वक्ताओं को व्यक्तिगत टिप्पणी, कटाक्ष व अभद्र बातों से बचना चाहिए।
  • दोनों वक्ताओं को सबसे पहले सदन को संबोधित करके विषय बताना होता है।
  • प्रारंभिक पंक्तियों में ही वक्ता को स्पष्ट कर देना चाहिए कि वह पक्ष में बोल रहा है या विपक्ष में।
  • वाद-विवाद की अपनी सीमाएँ हैं।
  • प्रायः वाद-विवाद का आरंभ इस प्रकार होता है
    आदरणीय अध्यक्ष महोदय, निर्णायक मंडल व उपस्थित श्रोताओं, आज की वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता का विषय है …………..
  • वाद-विवाद में भाषण कला के सभी गुणों का उपयोग करना चाहिए।

अभ्यास प्रश्न

विषय : क्या चाँद पर अंतरिक्ष यान भेजना भारत के लिए उचित है?
पक्ष में-

यह कहना कोई अतिश्योक्ति न होगी कि धरतीवासियों के लिए अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान एक कौतूहल का विषय रहा है। तारों, ग्रहों, आकाशगंगाओं का अध्ययन व अंतरिक्ष यात्रा सैकड़ों वर्षों से महत्त्वपूर्ण है। चार हजार वर्ष पूर्व इतालवी दार्शनिक तथा खगोलविद् ब्रुनो ने कहा था कि ब्रह्मांड अनगिनत तारों से भरा पड़ा है, जिनके चारों ओर असीमित मात्रा में ग्रह है, जो ‘होमोसेपियंस’ के लिए खासा शोध का विषय है और रहेगा। गौरतलब है कि मौजूदा ‘हाईटेक युग’ में अंतरिक्ष को लेकर की गई खोजों एवं अभियानों पर नज़र दौड़ाए तो इनमें एक तेज़ वृद्धि नज़र आ रही है।

इस हलचल को देखकर आसानी से अंदाजा लगाया जा सकता है कि 21वीं शताब्दी में नक्षत्रीय दोहन के लिए बहुत बड़ी राशि का निवेश किया जाने वाला है। 12 वर्षों बाद विश्वभर के वैज्ञानिकों की निगाहें ‘चंदा मामा’ पर टिकी हैं और इन दिनों भारत भी ‘मिशन टू मून’ चंद्रयान भेजने (2008) का निर्णय लिया है, जो न सिर्फ प्रासंगिक, उचित, समयानुकूल व देशहित में है, अपितु इससे देश के चतुर्दिक विकास को भी एक अभूतपूर्व आयाम मिलेगा। इसके कई सबल पक्ष हैं-

1. इससे जहाँ अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान के कई अनसुलझे रहस्य सुलझेंगे, वहीं भारत के चाँद पर अपनी दावेदारी होने से इसकी मिट्टी में पड़े लाखों टन हीलियम-3 से विश्व सहित भारत को आने वाले दिनों में होने वाली ऊर्जा संकट से मुक्ति मिलेगी।

2. इससे अंतरिक्ष टेक्नोलॉजी को उन्नति मिलेगी जो अंततः भारत की मिसाइल विकास कार्यक्रम को नई तथा उन्नत जानकारी देगी और भारत भी यू.एस.ए. की तरह ‘एयर डिफेंस सिस्टम’ बना सकेगा, जो पूर्णतः देशी तकनीक पर आधारित होगा। कहने का आशय है कि भारतीय लूनर मिशन की सफलता देश की सुरक्षा व खुफिया व्यवस्था को एक नया आयाम देगा।

3. हालांकि भारत जैसे गरीब व विकासशील देश में 3.75 अरब रुपए की महँगी यात्रा को अव्यावहारिक बताया जा रहा है, लेकिन मेरा एक सवाल है कि गरीबी व निर्धनता की आड़ लेकर नई तकनीक को तिलांजलि देना कहाँ की बुद्धिमानी है? इसरो के आँकड़ों पर यदि नजर दौड़ाएँ तो पाएंगे कि प्रक्षेपण और यान की परिक्रमा पर यह खर्च हमारे सालाना अंतरिक्षीय बजट में महज 5-7 फीसदी की बढोत्तरी है जिसकी अनदेखी अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान और अनुसंधान की दृष्टि से सक्षम राष्ट्र भारत के लिए उचित नहीं है, ध्यातव्य है कि पिछले 30 वर्षों में भारत ने 29-30 उपग्रह स्थापित किए हैं और इन पर कुल 10-12 हज़ार करोड़ रुपए खर्च आया, जो अमरीका के 3-4 विफल हो गए, अभियानों के खर्च के बराबर है, ऐसे में चाँद पर आधिपत्य को लेकर यह खर्च सहज ही वहन किया जा सकता है, ताकि बाद में कम-से-कम हम अपने देशवासियों की अपेक्षाओं पर खरे उतर सकें। हकीकत तो यह है कि हम भारतीय भय, भूख, बेरोज़गारी व गरीबी से तो लड़-भिड़ सकते हैं, लेकिन वैचारिक, मानसिक व तकनीकी पिछड़ेपन से कदापि नहीं।

4. मैं ‘मिशन टू मून’ चंद्रयान की वकालत इसलिए भी करना चाहता हूँ कि जिस तरह आज अंटार्कटिका की अकूत खनिज संपदा पर अपना-अपना अधिकार जताने को लेकर विभिन्न देशों में आपाधापी मची हुई है उसकी तरह भविष्य में यदि चाँद की संपत्ति को लेकर काननी पक्ष उभरता है, तो उस समय भारत अपना पॉजिटिव पक्ष तभी पेश कर सकेगा जब आज वह चाँद पर जाने की प्रक्रिया को अंजाम देगा, इस नजरिए से भारत का ‘मिशन टू मून’ और भी प्रासंगिक व ज़रूरी हो जाता है ताकि बाद में चाँद की चाँदी (खनिज संपदा) पर हम भी दावे पेश कर सकें।

5. विवादों में पड़कर हम एक उपलब्धि, एक अभियान, एक नई टेक्नोलॉजी को तिलांजलि नहीं दे सकते। और फिर हम अगर यह लक्ष्य पाने में देर करेंगे, तो बाजी हमारे हाथ से निकल जाएगी। ऐसी स्थिति में हमें दूसरे देशों के सामने ‘याचक मुद्रा’ में खड़ा होना पड़ेगा, जो नागवार गुजरेगा, जरा सोचिए! एक स्वाभिमानी मुल्क के वैज्ञानिक ऐसी स्थिति को किसी सूरत में गँवारा नहीं करेंगे। इतिहास गवाह है कि हर विषय व विपरीत परिस्थिति में हमारे वैज्ञानिकों ने अपने ‘सुपर ब्रेन’ का परिचय दिया है चाहे वह अमरीका द्वारा नकारे जाने पर ‘सुपर कंप्यूटर’ का आविष्कार हो या रूस से क्रायोजनिक इंजन न मिलने पर खुद के द्वारा क्रायोजनिक तकनीक का डेवलपमेंट हो या फिर स्वयं के बूते हरित क्रांति जैसे लक्ष्य को पाना हो।

अंततः इसरो के पूर्व चेयरमैन डॉ० के० कस्तूरीरंगन की मान्यता महत्त्वपूर्ण है, “समूचा भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम वैज्ञानिक जिज्ञासा पूरी करने की अपेक्षा व्यावहारिक ज़रूरतें पूरी करने के लिए बन गया है, इसलिए भारत का ‘चाँद-मिशन’ भी उस दिशा में उठाया गया एक कदम होगा, जिसके तहत् देश को आर्थिक लाभ भले ही नहीं हो, लेकिन इससे टेकनोलॉजी संबंधी जो विशेष क्षमताएँ हासिल होंगी उनका इस्तेमाल स्वदेशी औद्योगिक क्षमता को पुख्ता करने में सहायक हो सकता है।कम-से-कम हमारे युवा वैज्ञानिकों का उत्साहवर्धन होगा तथा हमारे तकनीकी ज्ञान में वृद्धि होगी।

खैर! जो भी इसे लेकर ऊहापोह बने इतना तो तय है कि ‘मिशन टू मून-2008’ वर्तमान समय का तकाजा है क्योंकि इससे न सिर्फ तेज़ी से बदलती दुनिया के अंतरिक्ष में भारत का सिक्का जमेगा, अपितु नक्षत्रीय अभियानों के चुनिंदा क्लब का सदस्य बनकर भविष्य में होने वाली गतिविधियों पर भारतीय दावेदारी को महत्त्वपूर्ण व सशक्त स्थान मिलेगा।

विपक्ष में –

वर्तमान समय में भारत के चंद्रयान-I अभियान की चर्चा चारों ओर है और साथ ही यह विवाद भी उठ खड़ा हुआ है कि भारत द्वारा सन् 2008 में पहला चंद्रयान भेजा जाना उचित है या नहीं? मेरी दृष्टि में भारत द्वारा चंद्रमा पर यान भेजने का निर्णय अनुचित ही नहीं, निरर्थक भी है जिसके कारण निम्नांकित हैं

1. सर्वविदित है कि 21 जुलाई, 1969 को ही चंद्रमा पर अमरीकी यान अपोलो-I नील.ए. आर्मस्ट्रांग को लेकर पहुंच चुका था और उसके बाद कई यान और कई वैज्ञानिक चंद्रमा पर जा चुके हैं और कई महत्त्वपूर्ण खोजें हो चुकी हैं, चाँद के संबंध में बहुत कुछ जाना जा चुका है, फिर चंद्रमा पर 2008 में भारत द्वारा यान भेजने जाने का औचित्य क्या है?

2. भारत के इस चंद्रयान-I अभियान पर चार अरब रुपए के व्यय का अनुमान है, यदि इतने पैसे खर्च करके भारत कोई उन्नत सेटेलाइट छोड़े तो उसे संचार, सूचना आदि के क्षेत्रों में ज्यादा लाभ होगा, यदि इतने पैसे बेरोज़गारी, निरक्षरता आदि के उन्मूलन पर खर्च किए जाएँ तो ठोस परिणाम संभव है।

3. अब तक जिन राष्ट्रों ने अपने यान चंद्र-तल पर भेजे हैं, उनकी उच्च तकनीक का लोहा सारा विश्व मानता है, उन राष्ट्रों की तकनीक के आगे भारतीय तकनीक अभी शैशवास्था में है, अत: हमारे भारतीय वैज्ञानिक अब तक हुई खोजों से अलग चंद्रमा पर कुछ खोज कर लेंगे यह बाद गले नहीं उतरती।

4. भारत द्वारा छोड़े गए एक सेटेलाइट में पुर्जे 60-70% विदेशी होते हैं, इस चंद्रयान में भी अधिकांश पुर्जे विदेशी ही लगे होंगे। स्पष्टतः इस अभियान से भारतीय तकनीक को कोई लाभ पहुँचने वाला नहीं है।

5. इस चंद्रयान अभियान के बाद जैसा कि कहा जा रहा है कि भारत की प्रतिष्ठा में वृद्धि होगी ऐसा कुछ होने वाला नहीं है। सारे विश्व को यह पता है कि भारत के इस स्वदेशी (?) यान के सारे पुर्जे विदेशी हैं, “कहीं की ईंट कहीं का रोड़ा, भानुमती ने कुनबा जोड़ा” वाली कहावत ही चरितार्थ होती है इस भारतीय अभियान के संदर्भ में।

6. भारत की इस अलाभकारी योजना के पीछे न सिर्फ पैसे बर्बाद होंगे, बल्कि मानव ऊर्जा जो किसी अन्य तरफ लगाए जाने पर कुछ नई खोज कर सकती है, वह भी बर्बाद होगी।

7. भारत जैसे गरीब राष्ट्र में जहाँ एक ओर लोगों की न्यूनतम बुनियादी मानवीय आवश्यकताएँ यथा भोजन, वस्त्र, आवास तक उपलब्ध नहीं है, वहीं दूसरी ओर इतने रुपए चंद्रयान-I जैसी अलाभकारी योजनाओं पर खर्च किए जाएँ, यह अत्यंत दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण है।

अंततः इतना ही कहा जा सकता है कि चर्चित चंद्रयान-I अभियान अनावश्यक एवं अनुचित है और हमारे नीति निर्धारकों को इस प्रकार के अनावश्यक कार्यों से परहेज करना चाहिए।

7.  उद्घोषणा/कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति

उद्घोषणा करना भी एक विशेष कला है। एक कुशल मंच संचालक सभी कार्यक्रमों में जान फूंक सकता है। उद्घोषणा वह कला है, जिसके आधार पर दर्शकों व श्रोताओं की रुचि व जिज्ञासा को बनाए रखा जा सकता है। उद्घोषक के पास हाज़िरजवाबी, प्रेरक प्रसंगों का भंडार तथा हास्य प्रसंगों का भंडार होना चाहिए।
उद्घोषणा करते वक्त निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए-

  • उद्घोषक को सुखद और शालीन वेशभूषा में मंच पर आना चाहिए।
  • उसके हाथों में फाइल और पेन होना चाहिए।
  • उसके पास प्रस्तुत होने वाले सभी कार्यक्रमों की पूरी जानकारी होनी चाहिए।
  • उद्घोषक को यह भी जान लेना चाहिए कि प्रस्तुत होने वाले कार्यक्रम का मुख्य भाव या विषय क्या है? उद्घोषक को कार्यक्रम पेश होने से पहले वैसी ही भूमिका देनी चाहिए।
  • कार्यक्रम की सफल प्रस्तुति के बाद मंच से उसकी प्रशंसा की जानी चाहिए। वह प्रशंसा ऐसी हो कि श्रोताओं के मन में जो भाव चल रहे हों, लगभग उसी को कहना चाहिए।
  • उद्घोषक ही श्रोताओं से तालियाँ बजवाता है तथा कलाकारों व श्रोताओं का मनोबल ऊँचा रखता है। उसे कार्यक्रम की प्रशंसा से ऐसा माहौल बनाना चाहिए, जिससे हॉल तालियों से गूंज उठे।
  • यदि उद्घोषक को मशहूर कवियों या विचारकों की छोटी-छोटी काव्य पंक्तियाँ, सूक्तियाँ या शेर आदि याद हों और वह उचित अवसर पर उन्हें कुशलता से सुना दे तो कार्यक्रम का रंग ही कुछ और हो जाता है।
  • उद्घोषक का मुख्य काम होता है-प्रस्तुत होने वाले कार्यक्रमों का परिचय देना और उनका आनंद लेने के लिए श्रोताओं को तैयार करना। इसके लिए उसे अलग से समय नहीं लेना चाहिए।
  • उद्घोषक को कम-से-कम बोलना चाहिए। दो कार्यक्रमों के बीच में आधे मिनट से दो मिनट का जो खाली समय होता है, उसे बस उसी का ही इस्तेमाल करना चाहिए।
  • उद्घोषक की आवाज़ सुरीली होनी चाहिए।
  • उद्घोषक तथा समाचार वाचक में अंतर स्पष्ट होना चाहिए।

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

Q.1. Explain the following :
(a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns In Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise the weavers in India. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Ans.

(a) In Britain in the 19th century, the condition of workers was bad as mentioned below:

  1. Abundance of labour affected the lives of the workers because the period of employment was less.
  2. Sometimes the proportion of unemployment went upto between 35 and 75 per cent. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines because the machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand as by turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time.
    This conflict over the introduction of Spinning Jenny continued for a long time.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages due to following factors :

  1. As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies, demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained its people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to countryside.
  2. In the countryside the conditions were favourable for them because in the countryside, with the disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands, the peasants were in search of alternative sources of income.
  3. Many peasants had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
  4. The peasants agreed to do work for the merchants because it was beneficial for them too because they could remain in the countryside and could also cultivate their small plots of land. It enabled them to use full strength of their families as well.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century due to the factors as mentioned below :

  1. Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
  2. A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports.
  3. By the 1750s the network controlled by Indian merchants was breaking down as the European companies gradually gained power including concessions from the local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade.
  4. While Hoogly and Surat decayed, Bombay and Calcutta grew because now trade was carried through the new ports and was carried in European ships. As a result of it, many of the old trading houses collapsed. Thus, export from Surat fell dramatically. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ? 16 million by the 1740s, it declined to ? 3 million.

(d) The East India Company anointed gomastha to supervise weavers in India due to the 1 following factors : 
After establishing its political power in India, the company wanted to establish a monopoly ‘right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
The most important step was to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.The weavers who had taken advances from the company had to handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha.

Q.2. Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the 19th century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled the handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Ans.
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True

More Resources for CBSE Class 10

Q.3. Explain what is meant by proto industrialisation.
Ans.
Even before setting up the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialization. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the t work was done mostly in the countryside.

Q.4. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]
Ans. (i) Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the pioducers and the industrialists were cautious about using them.
(ii) Costlier repair: The machines often
broke down and the repair was costly.
(iii) Less effective: They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
(iv) Availability of cheap workers: Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore, workers were available at low wages.
(v) Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.
In the mid-nineteenth century. Britain, for instance. 500 varieties of hammers were produced, and 15 kinds of axes. This required human skill, not mechanical technology.

Q.5. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers ?
Ans. (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade
(ii) New system : After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(iii) Appointing Gomasthas : The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(iv) System of advances : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
(v) Use of power : The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

Q.6. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encylopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Ans. Self- explanatory.

Q.7. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War ? [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Ans. Ans. (i) Decline of Manchester : With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined.
(ii) Increase in demand : With the decline of imports suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(iii) Demand from army : As the War prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war need;i.e.. jute bags, doth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and a host of other items.
(iv) New factories : New factories were set up. and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.
(v) Downfall of British industry and boon for home industry : After the war Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernise and compete with the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money is times of need was known as: [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Stapler
(b) Fuller
(c) Gomastha
(d) Jobber

2. Where was the first Indian Jute mill set up? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Bengal
(b) Bombay
(c) Madras
(d) Bihar

3. In 1911, 67 percent of the large industries were located in which one of the following places in India? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Bengal and Bombay
(b) Surat and Ahmedabad
(c) Delhi and Bombay
(d) Patna and Lucknow

4. Whom did the British government appoint to supervise weavers collect supplies and to examine the quality of cloth? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Jobber
(b) Sepoy
(c) Policemen
(d) Gomastha

5. Indian Industrial growth increased after the First World War because
(a) Indian mills now had a vast home market to supply.
(b) British opened new factories in India.
(c) New technological changes ocurred.
(d) India became independent.

6. Which of the following helped the production of handloom cloth production?
(a) Technological changes
(b) Import duties
(c) Imposition of export dirties
(d) Government regulations

7. Why did the weavers suffer from a problem of raw cotton?
(a) The cotton crop perished
(b) Raw cotton exports increased
(c) Local markets shrank
(d) Export market collapsed.

8. In early 20th century handloom cloth production increased because
(a) factories were set up.
(b) new technology like looms with flying shuttle were introduced.
(c) merchants invested more capital in industry.
(d) demand for handloom increased.

9. How did the Indian weavers and merchants resist colonial control ?
(a) They went on strike to protest
(b) Decided to form guilds
(c) Demanded tariff protection and tried to create new market for the new produce
(d) Migrated to other place to look for new markets.

10. At which place did the first spinning and weaving mill set up in 1874 ?
(a) Kanpur
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras

11. Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers ?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners.
(b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price.
(c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village.
(d) None of the above.

12. Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology ?
(a) They did not know how to use these.
(b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood.
(c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines.
(d) They were scared of machines.

13. Indian handmade goods could not compete with the British machine made goods because
(a) these handmade goods were not of good quality.
(b) machine made goods were cheaper than hand made goods.
(c) hand made goods were not easily available.
(d) hand made goods were not appealing to them.

14. Which of the following was a European managing agency ?
(a) Tata Iron and Steel Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Elgin Mill
(d) Birla industries

15. The main function of the jobber was to
(a) create jobs for the industrialists.
(b) get new recruits for the industrialists.
(c) help the middleman to get artisans for the company.
(d) to advise the company on the issues related to the weavers.

16. Which of the following innovations helped the weavers in increasing productivity and compete with mill sector ?
(a) Spining jenny
(b) Flying shuttle
(c) Cotton Gin
(d) Roller

17. By late 19th century why did the British manufacturers print calendars for advertisements ?
(a) Indian people were fond of using calendars in their houses.
(b) Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who did not know how to read or write.
(c) It was cheaper to advertise goods through calendars.
(d) It used to add beauty to the room.

18. In 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily because
(a) handloom material was cheaper.
(b) Indians preferred the handloom material.
(c) intricate design of handloom cloth could not easily be copied by the mills.
(d) using handloom material created national feeling.

19. Why did Manchester export to India decline after the first world war ?
(a) People were busy fighting the war.
(b) Factories closed down due to security problem.
(c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfil the need of army.
(d) Export trade was restricted by the government.

20 In Victorian Britain the ujiper classes-aristocratic class and bourgeoisie preferred handmade goods because
(a) they were made from imported material.
(b) the handmade goods came to symbolise refinement and class.
(c) they were better finished.
(d) only upper class could afford the expensive items.

21. Why were advertisements used to sell products in 18th century ? Mark the most important factor
(a) To help the consumer in choosing the products.
(b) To popularise the products by using pictures of gods and goddesses.
(c) To make the products look good and desirable.
(d) All the above

22. Nationalist Indian manufacturers used advertisement
(a) to impress the people
(b) to make Indian goods popular
(c) to use advertisement as a vehicle for spreading the message of Swadeshi
(d) to increase sale of products

23. Strike the odd one out from the following option. European managing companies were interested in in-vesting in
(a) Mining
(b) Rice production
(c) Jute
(d) Indigo

24. From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune ?
(a) Textile trade
(b) China trade
(c) Trade in tea
(d) Industries

ANSWERS
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation MCQs Answers

SRMJEEE Exam Pattern

SRMJEEE 2020 Exam Pattern, Marking Scheme and Syllabus

SRMJEEE Exam Pattern – The SRMJEEE is conducted for admission to various B.E/B.Tech courses in SRM Institute of Science and Technology (formerly known as SRM University). SRMJEEE 2020 will be conducted in the month of April, 2020 in online CBT mode. So the candidates who are planning to appear for SRMJEEE must be aware of SRMJEEE Exam Pattern & Syllabus. Candidates need to know about the different subjects in the exam, the type of questions asked, the marking scheme, etc. so that they can start the preparation plan accordingly. So in order to know all these facts, candidates must know SRMJEEE 2020 Exam Pattern.

Knowing SRMJEEE Marking Scheme will help candidates to understand the question paper pattern and section-wise distribution of marks and further help aspirants to face the actual exam without any trouble. So in this article, we will provide you with all the necessary information regarding SRMJEEE Exam Pattern that is the number of sections, marking scheme, mode of the exam, medium of the exam, etc. Read on to find out everything about
SRMJEEE Exam Pattern.

SRMJEEE Exam Pattern – Overview

Before getting into the details of SRMJEEE Exam Pattern, let’s have an overview of the SRMJEEE exam:

  • Name of the Exam/SRMJEEE Full form: Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Joint Engineering Entrance Examination.
  • Commonly known as –  SRMJEEE
  • Exam Category – Pre-UG
  • Conducting body: SRM Institute of Science and Technology
  • Exam Mode: Computer Based Test (CBT)
  • Mode of Registration: Online
  • Exam Type: National Level
  • Courses offered: Engineering.
  • SRMJEEE Official Website: http://www.srmuniv.ac.in

Detailed SRMJEEE Exam Pattern

Aspirants who are taking the exam must be aware of SRMJEEE Exam Pattern in order to secure good marks. Knowing the SRMJEEE 2020 Marking Scheme holds comprehensive importance particularly when it comes to improving proper test-taking strategy. The detailed SRMJEEE Exam Pattern is listed below:

  • Section 1: Physics 35 questions with a total weightage of 105 marks
  • Section 2: Chemistry 35 questions with a total weightage of 105 marks
  • Section 3: Mathematics/Biology 35 questions with a total weightage of 105 marks
  • Total weightage 315 marks

Highlights of SRMJEEE 2020 Marking Scheme

  1. For every correct answer, 3 Marks will be awarded.
  2. No Negative Marking for Incorrect Answer.
  3. There will be a total of 3 sections for Engineering (Physics, Chemistry & Maths/Biology)
  4. Duration of Exam: 2 Hours 30 Minutes
  5. The total marks of the SRMJEEE (315 Marks/105 Questions)
  6. All the questions will be of objective type or multiple-choice questions.
  7. The medium of the exam will be English Only.
  8. The exam will be held in online mode only.

SRMJEEE Exam Pattern – Exam Schedule

The tentative exam schedule of SRMJEEE 2020 is tabulated below:

Events Dates (Tentative)
Starting of application form Last week of October 2019
Deadline of online application form Last week of March 2020
Deadline of offline application form The first week of March 2020
Application correction The second week of April  2020
Slot booking starts The second week of April 2020
Hall tickets release The second week of April 2020
Exam date The third week of April 2020
Result date The first week of May 2020
Counseling (OFFLINE) The second week of May 2020
Counseling (ONLINE) The third week of May 2020
Academic session starts The Third week of July 2020

List of SRM universities spread across the country:

  • SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – Kattankulathur Campus
  • SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – Ramapuram Campus
  • SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – Vadalapani Campus
  • SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ghaziabad – NCR Campus
  • SRM University, Delhi – NCR Sonepat
  • SRM University, Andhra Pradesh – Amaravati
  • SRM University (started in 2017) – Sikkim

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding SRMJEEE exam pattern. Apart from knowing exam pattern, candidates are advised to check the SRMJEEE syllabus completely.

Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 13 Water (Oceans)

Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 13 Water (Oceans)

It is said that water is life. Water is an essential component of all life forms that exist over the surface of the earth.

Water is a cyclical resource. It can be used and reused in the form of a cycle. Water keeps on moving from the ocean to land and land to ocean.

The hydro logical cycle describes the movement of water on, in, and above the earth. The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all the life on earth depends on it.

The distribution of water on earth is quite uneven. Many locations have plenty of water while others have very limited quantity.

Table 1: Water on the Earth’s surface
Reservoir Volume
(Million of the Total Cubic km)
Percentage of the total
Oceans 1,370 97.25
Ice Caps and Glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams and Rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

The hydro logical cycle, is the circulation of water within the earth’s hydrosphere in different forms i.e, the liquid, solid and the gaseous phases.

About 71 per cent of the planetary water is found in the oceans. The remaining is held as freshwater in glaciers and ice caps, groundwater sources, lakes, soil moisture, atmosphere, streams and within life.

Nearly 59 per cent of the water that falls on land returns to the atmosphere through evaporation from over the oceans as well as from other places. The remainder runs-off on the surface, infiltrates into the ground or a part of it becomes glacier.

The geographers have divided the oceanic part of the earth into five oceans, namely the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, Southern ocean and the Arctic.

The floors of the oceans are rugged with the world’s largest mountain ranges, deepest trenches and the largest plains. These features are formed, like those of the continents, by the factors of tectonic, volcanic and depositional processes.

The ocean floors can be divided into four major divisions:

  • the Continental Shelf;
  • the Continental Slope;
  • the Deep Sea Plain;
  • the Oceanic Deeps.

Besides, these divisions there are also major and minor relief features in the ocean floors like ridges, hills, sea mounts, guyots, trenches, canyons, etc.

Table 2: Components and Processes of the Water Cycle
Components Processes
Water storage in oceans Evaporation , Evapotranspiration Sublimation
Water in the atmosphere Condensation, Precipitation
Water storage in ice and snow Snow melt runoff to streams
Surface runoff Stream flow freshwater storage and infiltration
Groundwater storage Groundwater discharge springs

The continental shelf is the extended margin of each continent occupied by relatively shallow seas and gulfs. It is the shallowest part of the ocean showing an average gradient of 1° or even less.

The Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean, the largest in the world, stretches to 1,500 km in width. The depth of the shelves also varies. It may be as shallow as 30 m in some areas while in some areas it is as deep as 600 m.

The continental slope connects the continental shelf and the ocean basins. It begins where the bottom of the continental shelf sharply drops off into a steep slope. The gradient of the slope region varies between 2-5°. The depth of the slope region varies between 200 and 3,000 m.

Deep sea plains are gently sloping areas of the ocean basins. These are the flattest and smoothest regions of the world. The depths vary between 3,000 and 6,000 m. These plains are covered with fine-grained sediments like clay and silt.

Oceanic Deeps or Trenches are the deepest parts of the oceans. The trenches are relatively • steep sided, narrow basins. They are some 3-5 km deeper than the surrounding ocean floor.

A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. The mountain ranges can have peaks as high as 2,500 m and some even reach above the ocean’s surface. Iceland, a part of the mid- Atlantic Ridge, is an example.

The average temperature of surface water of the oceans is about 27°C and it gradually decreases from the equator towards the poles. The rate of decrease of temperature with increasing latitude is generally 0.5 CC per latitude.

The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35%. The low salinity trend is observed in the Bay of Bengal due to influx of river water. On the contrary, the Arabian Sea shows higher salinity due to high evaporation and low influx of fresh water.

Table 3
Dissolved salts in sea water gm of salt per kg of water
Chlorine 18.97
Sodium 10.47
Sulphate 2.65
Magnesium 1.28
Calcium 0.41
Potassium 0.38
Bicarbonate 0.14
Bromine 0.06
Borate 0.02
Strontium 0.01

The salinity fluctuates from 0 – 35%, seasonally. In hot and dry’ regions, v’here evaporation is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to 70%. The salinity variation in the Pacific Ocean is mainly due to its shape and larger areal extent. Salinity decreases from 35% — 31% on the western parts of the northern hemisphere because of the influx of melted water from the Arctic region.

Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 13 Important Terms:

  • Continent shelf: The continental shelf is the extended margin of each continent occupied by relatively shallow seas and gulfs. It is the shallowest part of the ocean showing an average gradient of 1° or even less.
  • Thermocline: The boundary region, from where there is a rapid decrease of temperature, is called the thermocline.
  • Trenches: These areas are the deepest parts of the oceans. The trenches are relatively steep sided, narrow basins. They are some 3-5 km deeper than the surrounding ocean floor.
  • Mid-oceanic ridges: A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. The
  • mountain ranges can have peaks as high as 2,500 m and some even reach above the ocean’s surface.
  • Continental slope: The continental slope connects the continental shelf and the ocean basins. It begins where the bottom of the continental shelf sharply drops off into a steep slope. The gradient of the slope region varies between 2-5°.
  • Seamount: It is a mountain with pointed summits, rising from the seafloor that does not reach the surface of the ocean. Seamounts are volcanic in origin. These can be 3,000 — 4,500 m tall.
  • Shelf break: The shelf typically ends at a very steep slope, called the shelf break.
  • Submarine canyons: These are deep valleys, some comparable to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado river. They are sometimes found cutting across the continental shelves and slopes, often extending from the mouths of large rivers. The Hudson Canyon is the best known submarine canyon in the world.
  • Guyot: It is a flat topped seamount. It shows evidences of gradual subsidence through stages to become flat topped submerged mountains. It is estimated that more than 10,000 seamounts and guyots exist in the Pacific Ocean alone.
  • Water cycle: All living organisms, the atmosphere and the lithosphere maintain between them a circulation of water in solid, liquid or gaseous form referred to as the water or hydro-logic cycle.
  • Atoll: These are low islands found in the tropical oceans consisting of coral reefs surrounding a central depression. It may be a part of the sea (lagoon), or sometimes form enclosing a body of fresh, brackish, or highly saline water.
  • Salinity: Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in sea water. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater.
  • Halocline: It is a distinct zone where salinity increases sharply.

Class 11 Geography Notes

Class 11 History Notes Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples

Class 11 History Notes Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples

  • The American empires of Spain and Portugal did not expand after the 17th century.
  • The countries like Holland, France and England began to expand their trading activities and to establish colonies in America, Africa and Asia after 17th century.
  • The word ‘Settler’ is used for the Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland. New Zealand and Australia and the Europeans in America.
  • The native people led a simple life. They did not claim their rights over land.
  • The continent of North America extends from Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer and from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.
  • The inhabitants of North America used to live in groups before the advent of the Europeans.
  • The original inhabitants of North America came from Asia about 30,000 years ago.
  • The inhabitants of North America grew vegetables and maize. They ate fish and meat also.
  • The people of North America believed in subsistence economy.
  • People spoke numerous languages, but none of them is available to us in written form.
  • Accounts of historical antecedents were recorded by each tribe.
  • They used to transfer their historical knowledge orally to the next generation.
  • Technique of clothes weaving was also known to the inhabitants.
  • In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the continent of America.
  • News of discovery of gold and silver mines in America spread throughout the world.
  • The Hopis were a native tribe who lived near California.
  • Wampum belts are made of colored shells, sewn together.
  • At the end of 18th century Canada came into existence.
  • England had 13 colonies on the eastern coast of America.
  • In the 1840’s, traces of gold were found in the USA, in California. It led to the ‘Gold Rush’, when thousands of Europeans hurried to America in the hope of making a quick fortune. It also led to the building of railway lines across the continent.
  • British colonies in America declared a war against England in 1776 to gain independence.
  • The War of Independence of the colonies continued till 1783.
  • In 1860, the USA had an undeveloped economy. In 1890, it was the leading industrial power in the world.
  • Invention of barbed wire in 1873 brought out revolution in American agriculture.
  • The American President Abraham Lincoln played a key role in the abolition of the slavery.
  • Explorer William Jansz of Dutch reached Australia in 1606.
  • A.J. Tasman followed the route of William Jansz and named Tasmania after his name.
  • A.J. Tasman discovered New Zealand.
  • Another British explorer, James Cook reached the island of Botany Bay in 1770 and named it New South Wales.
  • In Australia, economic prosperity of the mining industry played a crucial role.
  • Canberra was declared the capital of Australia in 1911.
  • The process of economic development enhanced with rearing of Marino sheep.

Important terms:

  • Colonial: Belonging to a country that controls another country.
  • Oral History: To write history or to dictate others so that it could have been recorded.
  • Native: Citizens of the colonized countries. ‘The Hopis’ are California’s native tribes.
  • Subsistence Economy: It means to produce as much as required for the fulfillment of their basic necessities.
  • Settler: People who settle at a place of which they are not inhabitants.
  • Wampum Belt: A belt made of colored shells.
  • Indigenous people: People belonging naturally to a place.
  • Multiculturalism: A policy that implies a treatment of equality for the cultures of native Europeans and Asian emigrants.
  • Terra Nullius: A policy that implies recognizing no one’s right over a given piece of land.
Timeline
1497 John Cabot reaches Newfoundland.
1763 Quebec conquered by the British.
1770 British sailor James Cook reached Australia.
1774 Quebec Act was passed.
1781 Britain recognised the USA as an independent country.
1783 British give Mid-west to the USA.
1788 British Penal colony formed. Sydney founded.
1803 The USA purchased Louisiana from France.
1837 French-Canadian Rebellion
1865 Slavery was abolished in the USA.
1867 Confederation of Canada.
1870 Transcontinental railway introduced in the USA
1869-85 Red River Rebellion by the Metis in Canada
1892 ‘End’ of American frontier.
1954 Declaration of Indian Rights

Class 11 History Notes

CBSE Class viii Science Worksheets Cell Structure And Functions 2

CBSE Class viii Science Worksheets Cell Structure And Functions 02

CBSE Class viii Science Worksheets Cell Structure And Functions 02


NCERT Solutions for maths in Video https://www.youtube.com/user/cbsepapers/videos

Reproduction Worksheets RAIGARH CBSE Class 8 Science

Reproduction Worksheets RAIGARH CBSE Class 8 Science

Reproduction Worksheets RAIGARH CBSE Class 8 Science


NCERT Solutions for maths in Video https://www.youtube.com/user/cbsepapers/videos

Character Sketch of Mr. Dowlas in Silas Marner

Character Sketch of Mr. Dowlas in Silas Marner

Character Sketch of Mr Dowlas in Silas Marner: Mr Dowlas is a person who is too full of himself. He cannot accept anyone’s words or ideas if they are contrary to his. He is the blacksmith of the town. He shoes the horses and generally tends to livestock diseases.

When the butcher talks about the cow he killed, Mr. Dowlas feels his duty to give all the information about the animal and how he knew it. Mr Dowlas does not believe in ghosts and is willing to “wager any man ten pound, if he’ll stand out wi’ me any dry night in the pasture before the Warren stables, as we shall neither see lights nor hear noises, if it isn’t the blowing of our own noses.”

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths. Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions

Directions: In questions 1 to 10, only one of the four options is correct. Write the correct one.

Question 1.
The ratio of 8 books to 20 books is
(A) 2 : 5
(B) 5 : 2
(C) 4 : 5
(D) 5 : 4
Solution:
(A)
The ratio of 8 books to 20 books
= 8 books : 20 books
\(=\frac{8}{20}=\frac{2}{5}=2 : 5\)

Question 2.
The ratio of the number of sides of a square to the number of edges of a cube is
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 3 : 2
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 :3
Solution:
(D)
Required ratio
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 1

Question 3.
A picture is 60 cm wide and 1.8 m long. The ratio of its width to its perimeter in lowest form is
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 1 : 3
(C) 1 : 4
(D) 1 : 8
Solution:
(D)
Width of the picture = 60 cm and length of the picture = 1.8 m = 1.8 × 100 cm = 180 cm
∴ Perimeter of the picture = 2 × (180 + 60) cm = 2 × 240 cm = 480 cm
The required ratio
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 2

Question 4.
Neelam’s annual income is Rs. 288000. Her annual savings amount to Rs. 36000. The ratio of her savings to her expenditure is
(A) 1 : 8
(B) 1 : 7
(C) 1 : 6
(D) 1 : 5
Solution:
Neelm’s annual income = Rs. 288000.
Her savings = Rs. 36000
∴ Her expenditure = Annual income – Savings
= Rs 288000 – Rs. 36000 = Rs. 252000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 3

Question 5.
Mathematics textbook for Class VI has 320 pages. The chapter ‘symmetry’ runs from page 261 to page 272. The ratio of the number of pages of this chapter to the total number of pages of the book is
(A) 11 : 320
(B) 3 : 40
(C) 3 : 80
(D) 272 : 320
Solution:
(C)
Total number of pages = 320
The number of pages of the chapter ’symmetry’ = 272 – 261 + 1 = 12
∴ The required ratio
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 4

Question 6.
In a box, the ratio of red marbles to blue marbles is 7 : 4. Which of the following could be the total number of marbles in the box?
(A) 18
(B) 19
(C) 21
(D) 22
Solution:
(D)
Since the sum of the given ratio is 7 + 4 = 11
and from the given options, only 22 is divisible by 11.
∴ Option (D) is correct.

Question 7.
On a shelf, books with green cover and that with brown cover are in the ratio 2 : 3. If there are 18 books with green cover, then the number of books with brown cover is
(A) 12
(B) 24
(C) 27
(D) 36
Solution:
(C)
Let the number of green cover and brown cover books be 2x and 3x respectively. Since, the number of green cover books = 18
⇒ 2x = 18 ⇒ \(x=\frac{18}{2}=9\)
∴ The number of brown cover books = 3 × 9 = 27

Question 8.
The greatest ratio among the ratios 2 : 3, 5 : 8, 75 : 121 and 40 : 25 is
(A) 2 : 3
(B) 5 : 8
(C) 75 : 121
(D) 40 : 25
Solution:
(D)
We have,
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 5
∴ The LCM of 3, 8, 121 and 25 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 11 × 11 = 72600
Making the denominator of each ratio equal to 72600, we get
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 6
On comparing the numerator of the above ratios, i.e., \(\frac{40}{25}\) is the greatest ratio,
i.e., 40 : 25 is the greatest ratio among the given ratios.

Question 9.
There are ‘b’ boys and ‘g’ girls in a class.The ratio of the number of boys to the total number of students in the class is:
(A) \(\frac{b}{b+g}\)
(B) \(\frac{g}{b+g}\)
(C) \(\frac{b}{g}\)
(D) \(\frac{b+g}{b}\)
Solution:
(A)
Total number of students
= number of boys + number of girls = b + g
∴ The required ratio
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 7

Question 10.
If a bus travels 160 km in 4 hours and a train travels 320 km in 5 hours at uniform speeds, then the ratio of the distance travelled by them in one hour is
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 4 : 5
(C) 5 : 8
(D) 8 : 5
Solution:
(C)
Distance travelled by bus in 4 hours = 160 km
∴ Distance travelled by bus in 1 hour
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 8
Distance travelled by train in 5 hours = 320 km
∴ Distance travelled by train in 1 hour
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 9

Directions: In questions 11 to 15, find the missing number in the box NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 110 in each of the proportions.

Question 11.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 10
Solution:
In order to get the missing number, we consider the fact that 4 × 5 = 20, i.e., we get 20 when we multiply 5 by 4. This indicates that to get the missing number, 3 must also be multiplied by 4.
When we multiply, we have, 3 × 4 = 12
Hence, the ratio is \(\frac{12}{20}\).
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 11

Question 12.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 12
Solution:
In order to get the missing number, we consider the fact that 9 × 2 = 18, i.e., when we multiply 9 by 2 we get 18. This indicates that to get the missing number, 2 must also be multiplied by 2.
When we multiply, we have, 2 × 2 = 4
Hence, the ratio is \(\frac{4}{18}\).
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 13

Question 13.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 14
Solution:
In order to get the missing number, we consider the fact that 3.2 × 2.5 = 8, i.e., when we multiply 3.2 by 2.5 we get 8. This indicates that to get the missing number, 4 must also be multiplied by 2.5.
When we multiply, we have, 4 × 2.5 = 10
Hence, the ratio is \(\frac{8}{10}\).
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 15

Question 14.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 16
Solution:
In order to get the missing number, we consider the fact that 40 × 1.125 = 45, i.e., when we multiply 40 by 1.125 we get 45. This indicates that to get the missing number of first ratio, 16 must also be multiplied by 1.125.
When we multiply, we have, 16 × 1.125 = 18.
Hence, the first ratio is \(\frac{18}{45}\).
Similarly, to get third ratio we multiply both terms of second ratio by 1.5.
Hence, the third ratio is \(\frac{24}{60}\).
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 16.1

Question 15.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 17
Solution:
In order to get the missing number, we consider the fact that 36 × 1.75 = 63, i.e., we get 63 when we multiply 36 by 1.75. This indicates that to get the missing number of second ratio, 16 must also be multiplied by 1.75.
When we multiply, we have, 16 × 1.75 = 28
Hence, the second ratio is \(\frac{28}{63}\)
Similarly, to get third ratio we multiply both terms of first ratio by 2.25.
Hence, the third ratio is \(\frac{36}{81}\).
And to get fourth ratio we multiply both terms of first ratio by 3.25.
Hence, the fourth ratio is \(\frac{52}{117}\).
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 18

Directions: In questions 16 to 34, state whether the given statements are true (T) or false (F).

Question 16.
\(\frac{3}{8}=\frac{15}{40}\)
Solution:
True
we have, \(\frac{15}{40}=\frac{3}{8}\)

Question 17.
4 : 7 = 20 : 35
Solution:
True
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 19

Question 18.
0.2 : 5 = 2 : 0.5
Solution:
False
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 20

Question 19.
3 : 33 = 33 : 333
Solution:
False
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 21

Question 20.
15 m : 40 m = 35 m : 65 m
Solution:
False
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 22

Question 21.
27 cm2 : 57 cm2 = 18 cm : 38 cm
Solution:
True
We have,
We have, 27 cm2: 57 cm2
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 23
∴ 27 cm2 : 57 cm2 = 18 cm : 38 cm

Question 22.
5 kg : 7.5 kg = Rs. 7.50 : Rs. 5
Solution:
False
We have, 5 kg : 7.5 kg
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 24
∴ 5 kg : 7.5 kg ≠ Rs. 7.50 : Rs. 5

Question 23.
20 g : 100 g = 1 metre : 500 cm
Solution:
True
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 25
and 1 metre : 500 cm = 100 cm : 500 cm
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 26
∴ 20 g : 100 g = 1 metre : 500 cm

Question 24.
12 hours: 30 hours = 8 km : 20 km
Solution:
True
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 27
∴ 12 hours : 30 hours = 8 km : 20 km

Question 25.
The ratio of 10 kg to 100 kg is 1 : 10
Solution:
True
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 28

Question 26.
The ratio of 150 cm to 1 metre is 1 : 1.5
Solution:
False
The ratio of 150 cm to 1 metre = 150 cm : 1 metre = 150 cm : 100 cm
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 29
Since, 3 : 2 ≠ 2 : 3
∴ 150 cm : 1 metre ≠ 1 : 1.5

Question 27.
25 kg : 20 g = 50 kg : 40 g
Solution:
True
We have, 25 kg : 20 g = 25 × 1000 g : 20 g
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 30

Question 28.
The ratio of 1 hour to one day is 1 :1.
Solution:
False
The ratio of 1 hour to 1 day = 1 hour : 1 day
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 31

Question 29.
The ratio of 4 : 16 is in its lowest form.
Solution:
False
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 32
∴ 4 : 16 is not in its lowest form.

Question 30.
The ratio 5 : 4 is different from the ratio 4 : 5.
Solution:
True
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 33
∴ 5 : 4 ≠ 4 : 5

Question 31.
A ratio will always be more than 1.
Solution:
False
A ratio may be less than 1.

Question 32.
A ratio can be equal to 1.
Solution:
True

Question 33.
If b : a = c : d, then a, b, c, d are in proportion.
Solution:
False
If b : a = c : d, then b, a, c, d are in proportion.

Question 34.
The two terms of a ratio can be in two different units.
Solution:
False

Directions: In questions 35 to 46, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Question 35.
A ratio is a form of comparison by _____.
Solution:
Division

Question 36.
20m : 70m = Rs 8 : Rs.____.
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 34
∴ 20 m : 70 m = Rs. 8 : Rs. 28

Question 37.
There is a number in the box NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 110 such that NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 110, 24, 9, 12 are in proportion. The number in the box is ____.
Solution:
18
Since, NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 110, 24, 9, 12 are in proportion.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 35

Question 38.
If two ratios are equal, then they are in ___.
Solution:
Proportion
Use figure (In which each square is of unit length) for questions 39 and 40:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 36

Question 39.
The ratio of the perimeter of the boundary of the shaded portion to the perimeter of the whole figure is ____.
Solution:
3 : 7
Since each square is of unit length.
∴ The perimeter of shaded portion is 6 units and the perimeter of whole figure is 14 units.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 37

Question 40.
The ratio of the area of the shaded portion to that of the whole figure is ___.
Solution:
1 : 6
Area of shaded portion
= (1 unit) × (2 units) = 2 sq units and area of whole figure = (3 units) × (4 units) = 12 sq units
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 38

Question 41.
Sleeping time of a python in a 24 hour clock is represented by the shaded portion in the given figure.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 39
The ratio of sleeping time to awaking time is ____.
Solution:
3 : 1
Sleeping time = 18 hours and awaking time = (24 – 18) hours = 6 hours
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 40

Question 42.
A ratio expressed in lowest form has no common factor other than ___ in its terms.
Solution:
One

Question 43.
To find the ratio of two quantities, they must be expressed in ____ units.
Solution:
Same

Question 44.
Ratio of 5 paise to 25 paise is the same as the ratio of 20 paise to ____.
Solution:
100 paise or 1 rupee : We have,
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 41

Question 45.
Saturn and Jupiter take 9 hours 56 minutes and 10 hours 40 minutes, respectively for one spin on their axes. The ratio of the time taken by Saturn and Jupiter in lowest form is ____.
Solution:
149 : 160
Time taken by Saturn
= 9 hours 56 minutes
= (9 × 60 + 56) minutes
= (540 + 56) minutes
= 596 minutes
Time taken by Jupiter = 10 hours 40 minutes
= (10 × 60 + 40) minutes
= 640 minutes
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 42

Question 46.
10 g of caustic soda dissolved in 100 mL of water makes a solution of caustic soda. Amount of caustic soda needed for 1 litre of water to make the same type of solution is
Solution:
100 g : Let the required amount of caustic soda be x g.
According to the question,
10 g : xg = 100 mL : 1 L
⇒ 10 g : x g = 100 mL : 1000 mL
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 43
∴ x × 1 = 10 × 10 ⇒ x = 100
∴ The required amount of Caustic soda is 100 g.

Question 47.
The marked price of a table is Rs. 625 and its sale price is Rs. 500. What is the ratio of the sale price to the marked price?
Solution:
4 : 5
We have given the marked price = Rs. 625 and selling price = Rs. 500
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 44

Question 48.
Which pair of ratios are equal ? And why ?
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 45
Solution:
(i) we have, \(\frac{2}{3} \text { and } \frac{4}{6}\)
∵ The simplest form of \(\frac{4}{6} \text { is } \frac{2}{3}\)
∴ \(\frac{2}{3}=\frac{4}{6}\)
(ii) we have, \(\frac{4}{5} \text { and } \frac{12}{20}\)
∵ The simplest form of \(\frac{8}{4} \text { is } \frac{2}{1}\)
∴ \(\frac{4}{5} \neq \frac{12}{20}\)

Question 49.
Which ratio is larger 10 : 21 or 21 : 93?
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 46

Question 50.
Reshma prepared 18 kg of Burfi by mixing Khoya with sugar in the ratio of 7 : 2. How much Khoya did she use?
Solution:
The ratio of Khoya to sugar = 7 : 2
Let the quantity of Khoya be 7x kg and sugar be 2x kg.
∴ 7x + 2x = 18 ⇒ 9x = 18 => x \(=\frac{18}{9}=2\)
∴ The quantity of Khoya be (7 × 2) kg = 14 kg

Question 51.
A line segment 56 cm long is to be divided into two parts in the ratio of 2 : 5. Find the length of each part.
Solution:
The length of the line segment = 56 cm
Let the lengths of the two parts be 2x cm and 5x cm.
∴ 2x + 5x = 56
⇒ 7x = 56 \(=\frac{56}{7}=8\)
∴ The length of one part is (2 × 8) cm = 16 cm and length of other part is (5 × 8) cm = 40 cm

Question 52.
The number of milk teeth in human beings is 20 and the number of permanent teeth is 32. Find the ratio of the number of milk teeth to the number of permanent teeth.
Solution:
The number of milk teeth = 20
and the number of permanent teeth = 32
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 47

Question 53.
Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. Find the sex ratio if there are 3732 females per 4000 males in a town.
Solution:
Number of females = 3732
Number of males = 4000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 48
Thus, there are 933 females per 1000 males.

Question 54.
In a year, Ravi earns Rs. 360000 and paid Rs. 24000 as income tax. Find the ratio of his
(a) income to income tax.
(b) income tax to income after paying income tax.
Solution:
Ravi’s annual income = Rs. 360000
Income tax paid by him = Rs. 24000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 49
(b) After paying income tax, the remaining amount of income
= Rs. (360000 – 24000)
= Rs. 336000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 50

Question 55.
Ramesh earns Rs. 28000 per month. His wife Rama earns Rs. 36000 per month. Find the ratio of
(a) Ramesh’s earnings to their total earnings
(b) Rama’s earnings to their total earnings.
Solution:
Ramesh’s monthly earnings = Rs. 28000
Rama’s monthly earnings = Rs. 36000
Their total earnings = Rs. (28000 + 36000)
= Rs. 64000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 51

Question 56.
Of the 288 persons working in a company, 112 are men and the remaining are women. Find the ratio of the number of
(a) men to that of women.
(b) men to the total number of persons.
(c) women to the total number of persons.
Solution:
Total number of persons working in a company = 288
Number of men = 112
∴ Number of women = 288 – 112 = 176
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 52

Question 57.
A rectangular sheet of paper is of length 1.2 m and width 21 cm. Find the ratio of width of the paper to its length.
Solution:
Length of paper = 1.2 m = 1.2 × 100 cm
= 120 cm
And width of paper = 21 cm
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 53

Question 58.
A scooter travels 120 km in 3 hours and a train travels 120 km in 2 hours. Find the ratio of their speeds.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 54
Solution:
We know that
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 55

Question 59.
An office opens at 9 a.m. and closes at 5.30 p.m. with a lunch break of 30 minutes. What is the ratio of lunch break to the total period in the office?
Solution:
Opening time of office = 9 a.m.
Closing time of office = 5.30 p.m.
∴ Total time period in office
= 8 hours 30 minutes
= (8 × 60 + 30) minutes = 510 minutes
The duration of lunch break = 30 minutes
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 56

Question 60.
The shadow of a 3 m long stick is 4 m long. At the same time of the day, if the shadow of a flagstaff is 24 m long, how tall is the flagstaff ?
Solution:
Let the length of the flagstaff be x m.
According to the given question, 3 m : x m :: 4 m : 24 m
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 57
Thus, the length of the flagstaff is 18 m.

Question 61.
A recipe calls for 1 cup of milk for every \(2 \frac{1}{2}\)cups of flour to make a cake that would feed 6 persons. How many cups of both flour and milk will be needed to make a similar cake for 8 people?
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 92
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 58
Let the quantity of both milk and flour to make a cake for 8 persons be x cups.
According to the given question,
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 59
Thus, \(\frac{14}{3}=4 \frac{2}{3}\) cups of both flour and milk will be needed to make a cake for 8 people

Question 62.
In a school, the ratio of the number of large classrooms to small classrooms is 3 : 4. If the number of small rooms is 20, then find the number of large rooms.
Solution:
Let the number of large classrooms be 3x and the number of small classrooms be 4x.
We have given, the number of small rooms = 20
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 60
∴ The number of large classrooms is 3 × 5 = 15

Question 63.
Samira sells newspapers at Janpath crossing daily. On a particular day, she had 312 newspapers out of which 216 are in English and remaining in Hindi. Find the ratio
(a) the number of English newspapers to the number of Hindi newspapers.
(b) the number of Hindi newspapers to the total number of newspapers.
Solution:
Total number of newspapers = 312.
Number of English newspapers = 216
∴ Number of Hindi newspapers = 312 – 216
= 96
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 61

Question 64.
The students of a school belong to different religious backgrounds. The number of Hindu students is 288, the number of Muslim students is 252, the number of Sikh students is 144 and the number of Christian students is 72. Find the ratio of
(a) the number of Hindu students to the number of Christian students.
(b) the number of Muslim students to the total number of students.
Solution:
Number of Hindu students = 288
Number of Muslim students = 252
Number of Sikh students = 144
Number of Christian students = 72
∴ Total number of students in the school
= 288 + 252 + 144 + 72 = 756
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 62

Question 65.
When Chinmay visited chowpati at Mumbai on a holiday, he observed that the ratio of North Indian food stalls to South Indian food stalls is 5 : 4. If the total number of food stalls is 117, find the number of each type of food stalls.
Solution:
Let the number of North Indian food stalls be 5x and the number of South Indian food stalls be 4x.
The total number of food stalls = 117
⇒ 5x + 4x = 117 ⇒ 9x = 117
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 63
Thus, the number of North Indian food stalls is 5 × 13 = 65
And the number of South Indian food stalls is 4 × 13 = 52

Question 66.
At the parking stand of Ramleela ground, Kartik counted that there are 115 cycles, 75 scooters and 45 bikes. Find the ratio of the number of cycles to the total number of vehicles.
Solution:
Number of cycles = 115
Number of scooters = 75
Number of bikes = 45
∴ Total number of vehicles = 115 + 75 + 45
= 235
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 64

Question 67.
A train takes 2 hours to travel from Ajmer to Jaipur, which are 130 km apart. How much time will it take to travel from Delhi to Bhopal which are 780 km apart if the train is travelling at the uniform speed?
Solution:
A train covers a distance of 130 km in 2 hours and let it covers a distance of 780 km in x hours.
According to the question,
130 km : 2 hours : : 780 km : x hours
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 65
Thus, the required time is 12 hours.

Question 68.
The length and breadth of a school ground are 150 m and 90 m respectively, while the length and breadth of a mela ground are 210 m and 126 m, respectively. Are these measurements in proportion?
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 66
Hence, both ratios are equal.
∴ The given measurements are in proportion.

Question 69.
In the given figure, the comparative areas of the continents are given :
What is the ratio of the areas of
(a) Africa to Europe
(b) Australia to Asia
(c) Antarctica to Combined area of North America and South America.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 67
(Comparative areas of the continents)
Solution:
Let each square is of unit length.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 68
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 69

Question 70.
A tea merchant blends two varieties of tea costing her Rs. 234 and Rs. 130 per kg in the ratio of their costs. If the weight of the mixture is 84 kg, then find the weight of each variety of tea.
Solution:
The ratio of the costs of two varieties of tea is Rs. 234 per kg : Rs. 130 per kg.
Sum of ratios = Rs.(234 + 130) per kg
= Rs. 364 per kg.
Total weight of the mixture = 84 kg
∴ The weights of each variety of tea is given by
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 70

Question 71.
An alloy contains only zinc and copper and they are in the ratio of 7 : 9. If the weight of the alloy is 8 kg, then find the weight of copper in the alloy.
Solution:
The ratio of the weight of zinc and copper is 7 : 9.
Let the weight of zinc be 7 : x kg and the weight of copper be 9x kg.
The weight of the alloy = 8 kg
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 71

Question 72.
In the following figure, each division represents 1 cm:
imageeee 68
Express numerically the ratios of the following distances :
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 72
(i) AC : AF   (ii) AG : AD
(iii) BF : AI  (iv) CE : DI
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 73

Question 73.
Find two numbers whose sum is 100 and whose ratio is 9 : 16.
Solution:
The ratio of two numbers is 9 : 16.
Let the numbers be 9x and 16x.
The sum of numbers = 100
⇒ 9x + 16x = 100
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 74
Thus, the required numbers are 9 × 4 = 36 and 16 × 4 = 64

Question 74.
In figure (i) and figure (ii), find the ratio of the area of the shaded portion to that of the whole figure:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 75
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 76

Question 75.
A typist has to type a manuscript of 40 pages. She has typed 30 pages of the manuscript. What is the ratio of the number of pages typed to the number of pages left?
Solution:
Total number of pages = 40
Number of pages typed = 30
The number of pages left = 40 – 30 = 10
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 77

Question 76.
In a floral design made from tiles each of dimensions 40 cm by 60 cm (see figure), find the ratios of:
(a) the perimeter of shaded portion to the perimeter of the whole design.
(b) the area of the shaded portion to the area of the unshaded portion.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 78
Solution:
Length of one tile = 60 cm
And breadth of one tile = 40 cm
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 79

Question 77.
In the given figure, what is the ratio of the areas of
(a) shaded portion I to shaded portion II?
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 100
(b) Shaded portion II to shaded portion III ?
(c) shaded portion I and II taken together and shaded portion III?
Solution:
Area of shaded portion I
= 5 × 5 sq units = 25 sq units
Area of shaded portion III = 7 × 5 sq units
= 35 sq units
Area of shaded portion II = Area of whole figure – Area of shaded portion (I + III)
= [10 × 10 – (25 + 35)] sq units
= [100 – 60] sq units
= 40 sq units
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 81

Question 78.
A car can travel 240 km in 15 litres of petrol. How much distance will it travel in 25 litres of petrol?
Solution:
Distance can be travelled in 15 litres of petrol = 240 km
∴ Distance can be travelled in 1 litre of petrol \(=\frac{240}{15} \mathrm{km}=16 \mathrm{km}\)
∴ Distance can be travelled in 25 litres of petrol = (25 × 16) km = 400 km

Question 79.
Bachhu Manjhi earns Rs. 24000 in 8 months. At this rate,
(a) how much does he earn in one year?
(b) in how many months does he earn Rs. 42000?
Solution:
In 8 months, money earned by Bachhu Manjhi = Rs. 24000
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 90
(a) In 1 year, he earns = Rs. (12 × 3000)
= Rs. 36000
(b) Number of months for earning Rs. 3000 = 1
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 101

Question 80.
The yield of wheat from 8 hectares of land is 360 quintals. Find the number of hectares of land required for a yield of 540 quintals?
Solution:
Land required for yield of 360 quintals of wheat = 8 hectares
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 91

Question 81.
The earth rotates 360° about its axis in about 24 hours. By how much degree will it rotate in 2 hours?
Solution:
Rotation of earth in 24 hours = 360°
∴ Rotation of earth in 1 hour \(=\frac{360^{\circ}}{24}=15^{\circ}\)
∴ Rotation of earth in 2 hours = 2 × 15° = 30°

Question 82.
Shivangi is suffering from anaemia as haemoglobin level in her blood is lower than the normal range. Doctor advised her to take one iron tablet two times a day. If the cost of 10 tablets is Rs. 17, then what amount will she be required to pay for her medical bill for 15 days?
Solution:
Shivangi will consume 2 × 15 tablets i.e., 30 tablets in 15 days.
Cost of 10 tablets = Rs. 17
∴ Cost of 1 tablet \(=\mathrm{Rs} . \frac{17}{10}\)
Thus, the cost of 30 tablets \(=\mathrm{Rs} \cdot \frac{17}{10} \times 30\)
= Rs. 51

Question 83.
The quarterly school fee in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Class VI is Rs. 540. What will be the fee for seven months?
Solution:
The quarterly (3 months) fee = Rs. 540
∴ The fee for 1 month \(=\text { Rs. } \frac{540}{3}=\mathrm{Rs} .180\)
Thus, the fee for 7 months = Rs. (180 × 7)
= Rs. 1260

Question 84.
In an electron, the votes cast for two of the candidates were in the ratio 5 : 7. If the successful candidate received 20734 votes, how many votes did his opponent receive?
Solution:
Let the number of votes cast for the candidates be 5x and 7.x.
According to question,
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 84
∴ Number of votes received by opponent candidate = 5 × 2962 = 14810

Question 85.
A metal pipe 3 metre long was found to weigh 7.6 kg. What would be the weight of the same kind of 7.8 m long pipe?
Solution:
The weight of 3 metre long pipe = 7.6 kg
∴ The weight of 1 metre long pipe \(=\frac{7.6}{3} \mathrm{kg}\)
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 85

Question 86.
A recipe for raspberry jelly calls for 5 cups of raspberry juice and \(2 \frac{1}{2}\) cups of sugar. Find the amount of sugar needed for 6 cups of the juice?
Solution:
The requirement of sugar for 5 cups of raspberry juice = \(2 \frac{1}{2}\)cups = \(\frac{5}{2}\)cups
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 86

Question 87.
A farmer planted 1890 tomato plants in a field in rows each having 63 plants. A certain type of worm destroyed 18 plants in each row. How many plants did the worm destroy in the whole field?
Solution:
Total number of plants = number of rows × number of plants
⇒ 1890 = number of rows × 63
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 87
⇒ number of rows = 30
Now, number of plants destroyed by worm in 1 row = 18
∴ Total number of plants destroyed by worm in 30 rows = 18 × 30 = 540

Question 88.
Length and breadth of the floor of a room are 5 m and 3 m, respectively. Forty tiles, each with area \(\frac{1}{16}\) m2 are used to cover the floor partially. Find the ratio of the tiled and the non tiled portion of the floor.
Solution:
The total area of the floor = 5 m × 3 m
= 15 m2
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 88

Question 89.
A carpenter had a board which measured 3 m × 2m. She cut out a rectangular piece of 250 cm × 90 cm. What is the ratio of the area of cut out piece and the remaining piece?
Solution:
The area of the board = 3 m × 2 m
= 6 m2 = 6 × 10000 cm2 = 60000 cm2
And the area of cut out piece = 250 cm × 90 cm
= 22500 cm2
∴ The area of remaining piece
= (60000 – 22500) cm2
= 37500 cm2
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Ratio and Proportions 89

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