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The Kite Summary Class 6 English

January 25, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. The Kite Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/the-kite-summary/

The Kite Summary In English

The Kite Summary
A new kite is wonderful to watch. Diving and dipping in the blue sky it moves its tail with a noise. It soars high with the wind. At this time it sails like a ship with only one sail. It rides on the current of air just as the ship rides on the waves of the ocean. When the wind falls it seems to rest. When the string which holds the kite goes slack, the master of the kite winds back the string. The kite comes back to the earth. It is there again in the sky when a new wind blows filling the wings of the kite with the air again.

However, when the string of the kite is caught in a tree, the kite flaps. It soon turns into a very torn and dirty thing.

The Kite Summary In Hindi

The Kite Poem Class 6 Summary
एक नई पंतग देखने में बड़ी सुंदर लगती है। नीले आकाश में तैरती, उतराती अपनी पूँछ को आवाज करती हुई हिलाती है। हवा के साथ ही यह ऊपर उठती है। तब यह एक पाल वाले जहाज की तरह हवा में तैरती है। यह हवा के बहाव पर ऐसे ही तैरती है जैसे कोई जहाज समुद्र की लहरों पर तैरता है। जब हवा नहीं चलती है तब यह
आराम करती है। जब पतंग की डोर ढीली पड़ जाती है तब पतंग का मालिक डोर को वापस लपेट लेता है। पतंग फिर से जमीन पर आ जाती है। फिर जब नई हवा चलती है जो पतंग के पंखों में हवा भर देती है, तब पतंग पुनः आकाश में दिखाई देती है।

परंतु जब पंतग की डोर किसी पेड़ में अटक जाती है तब पतंग फड़फड़ाती है। यह शीघ्र ही एक बहुत फटी हुई गंदी वस्तु बन जाती है।

A House, A Home Summary Class 6 English

January 25, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. A House, A Home Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/a-house-a-home-summary/

A House, A Home Summary In English

A House A Home Summary
A house is made of brick and stone and hard wood. It includes glass windows and very often a yard. There are a few other things also like the tiled floors, plastered walls and many doors.

However, all these things do not really make a home. It is a loving family which makes a real home. In such a family people care for each other and work unselfishly.

A House A Home Poem Summary
Home means love and family. It means to work for the happiness of all those who live in the house i.e., brothers, sisters as well as parents. For the welfare of the family, each member has to work unselfishly. They are kind to each other and share the happiness and the misfortunes together. The members of a happy home care for each other. They show it by their actions that they love.

A House, A Home Summary In Hindi

मकान ईंट, पत्थर और मजबूत लकड़ी से बनता है। इसके अंदर शीशे की खिड़कियाँ और प्रायः एक आंगन भी होता है। इसमें कुछ अन्य वस्तुएँ भी होती हैं जैसे-टाइल लगा फर्श, प्लास्टर वाली दीवारें और बहुत से दरवाजे।

Summary Of A House A Home
फिर भी ये सारी वस्तएँ असली घर को नहीं बनाती हैं। किसी परस्पर प्यार करने वाले परिवार से असली घर (मकान) बनता है। ऐसे परिवार में लोग एक-दूसरे की चिंता करते हैं और निस्वार्थ भाव से काम करते हैं।

घर का अर्थ है प्रेम और परिवार। इसका अर्थ है उन सब की खुशी के लिए काम करना जो मकान में रहते हैं अर्थात् भाई, बहन, माता-पिता सभी की। घर की भलाई के लिए हर व्यक्ति को स्वार्थरहित ढंग से काम करना पड़ता है। वे एक-दूसरे के प्रति दयालु होते हैं और मिल कर खुशियों और दु:खों को बाँटते हैं। एक खुश घर के व्यक्ति एक-दूसरे का ख्याल रखते हैं। अपने कामों से वे यह प्रकट करते हैं कि वे प्यार करते हैं।

Important Questions for Class 12 Economics Methods of Calculating National Income

January 24, 2024

National Income Accounting Important Questions for class 12 economics Methods of Calculating National Income

1. Methods of Calculating National Income

(i) Income method
(ii) Expenditure method
(iii) Product method or value added method or output method

2. Income Method By this method, the total sum of the factor payments received during a given period is estimated to obtain the value of Domestic Income. Depending on the way, the income is earned.
It can be classified into following components:
(i) Compensation of employees
(ii) Operating surplus (rent, profit and interest)
(iii) Mixed income of self-employed

3. Computation of National Income (By Income Method)

4. Precautions While Using Income Method
(i) Income from illegal activities like smuggling, theft, gambling, etc, should not be included.
(ii) Corresponding to production for self consumption, the generation of income of economy to be taken into account.
(iii) Brokerage on the sale/purchase of shares and bonds is to be included.
(iv) Income in terms of windfall gains should not be included.
(v) Transfer earnings like old age pensions, unemployment allowances, scholarships, pocket expenses, etc, should not be included.

5. Expenditure Method By this method, the total sum of expenditures on the purchase of final goods and services produced during an accounting year within an economy is estimated to obtain the value of domestic income.

6. Final Expenditure It is the expenditure on the purchase of final goods and services during an accounting year. It is broadly classified into four categories:
(i) Private final consumption expenditure.
(ii) Government final consumption expenditure.
(iii) Investment expenditure or gross domestic capital formation.
(iv) Net exports, i.e. difference between exports and imports during an accounting year.

7. Computation of National Income (By Expenditure Method)

8. Precautions While Using Expenditure Method

(i) Only final expenditure is to be taken into account to avoid error of double counting.
(ii) Expenditure on second hand goods is not to be included.
(iii) Expenditure on transfer payments by the government is not to be included.
(iv) Imputed value of expenditure on goods produced for self consumption should be taken into account.
(v) Expenditure on shares and bonds is not to be included in Total Expenditure.

9. Value Added Method/Product Method/Output Method By this method, the total value of all the final goods and services produced in an economy during a given time period are estimated to obtain the value of domestic income.

10. Computation of National Income (By Value Added Method)

11. Precautions While Using Value Added Method
(i) The value of intermediate goods should not be included.
(ii) Purchase and sale of second hand goods should not be included.
(iii) Imputed value of self-consumed goods should be included, but self-consumed services should not be included.
(iv) Own account production should be included.
(v) Commission earned on account of sale and purchase of second hand goods is included.
(vi) If sales are given, then exports are not included separately.
(vii) If intermediate purchases are given, then imports are not included.

Previous Years Examination Questions

3 Marks Questions
1. Calculate sales from the following data (All India 2013)

–

2. Calculate sales from the following data (Delhi 2013)

3. Calculate sales from the following data (Delhi 2013)

4. Calculate Gross Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2012)

5. Calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2012)

—

6. Find Net Value Added at Market Price (Delhi 2012)

7. Find Net Value Added at Market Price (All India 2012)

8. Find Gross Value Added at Factor Cost (All India 2012)

9. Find out Net Value Added at Factor Cost (All India 2012)

10. From the following data calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2011)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of Output (Sales + Change in Stock)-Purchase of
Intermediate Goods – Consumption of Fixed Capital – Indirect Taxes
= 3500 + 50 – 2000 – 500 – 350
= 3550-2850 = Rs. 700 crore

11. From the following data calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost

(All India 2011)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Sales + Change in Stock (Closing Stock- Opening Stock)- Purchase of Intermediate Goods – Consumption of Fixed Capital – Indirect Tax
= 500+ (80-60)-350-90-50
= 520-490 = Rs. 30 crore

12. From the following data calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2011 c)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of Output (Sales + Change in Stock) – Purchase of Intermediate Goods – Depreciation – Net Indirect Taxes
= 750+ (-30)-500-60-100
= 750 – 690 = Rs. 60 crore
13. Calculate value of output from the following data (Delhi 2008)

Ans. Value of Output = Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) + Depreciation
+ (Excise Duty – Subsidy) + Intermediate Consumption
= 100+10+ (20-5) + 75
= 185+15
= Rs. 200 crore
14. Calculate intermediate consumption from the following data

(Delhi 2008)

Ans. Intermediate Consumption = Value of Output – Net Value Added
at Factor Cost (NVA_Fc)+ Depreciation + (Sales Tax-Subsidy)
= 200-[80+ 20+ (15 -5)]
= Rs. 90 lakh

15. Calculate sales from the following data (Delhi 2008)

Ans. Sales = Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC)+ Intermediate Consumption – Change in Stock+ Indirect Tax + Depreciation
= 300+ 200-(-50)+ 20+ 30
= Rs. 600 lakh

16.Calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost from the following data

(All India 2008)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of Output (Sales + Change in Stock) – Intermediate Cost- Depreciation – Net Indirect Tax
= [140+ (-10)]-90-20-(-5)
= 140-110 + 5
= 30 + 5 = Rs. 35 lakh

17. Calculate Gross Value Added at Factor Cost from the following data

(All India 2008)

Ans. Gross Value Added at Factor Cost (GVA_FC) = Value of Output (Sales + Change in Stock)- Purchase of Raw Materials – Indirect Tax (Sales Tax + Excise Duty)
= [400+ (-40)]-250-(20+ 30)
= 400 – 340 = Rs. 60 lakh

18.Calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost from the following data

(All India 2008)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of output (Sales + Change in Stock) – Purchase of Raw Materials – Consumption of Fixed Capital + Subsidies
= [700 + (-30)] – 400 -20 + 50
= 750-450 = Rs. 300 lakh

19. Calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost from the following data

(All India 2008)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of Output (Sales + Change in Stock)- (Purchase of Raw Material + Import of Raw Material) – Consumption of Fixed Capital + Subsidies
= (800 + 50) – (400 +100) – 40 + 30
= 880-540
= Rs. 340 lakh

20. From the following information about firm X, calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2008 C)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Value of Output [Sales + Change in Stock (Closing Stock – Opening Stock)] – Purchase of Raw Material – Depreciation (Gross Capital Formation – Net Capital Formation) + Subsidies
= [800 + (40 – 50)] – 500 – [200 -180] + 60
= 790-500-20+60
= 850-520
= Rs. 330 lakh

21. From the following data calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost (Delhi 2008 C)

Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVA_FC) = Sales + Change in Stock – Purchase of Raw Materials- Consumption of Fixed Capital + Subsidies
= 500 + (-20) – 250 -40 + 30
= 530-310
= Rs. 220 lakh

4 Marks Questions

22.Giving reason, explain how should the following be treated in estimating National Income (Delhi 2012)
(i) Expenditure on fertilisers by a farmer.
(ii) Purchase of tractor by a farmer

Ans. (i) Expenditure on fertilisers by a farmer is ‘not included’ in the estimation of National Income as it is an intermediate consumption as fertilisers are meant for further production.
(ii) Purchase of a tractor by a farmer is included in the estimation of National Income as it is capital formation or investment expenditure.

23.Giving reason, explain how should the following be treated in the estimation of National Income (Delhi 2012)
(i) Payment of bonus by a firm.
(ii) Payment of interest on loan taken by an employee from the employer.

Ans. (i) Payment of bonus by a firm is not Included in the estimation of National Income as it is not a part of factor income.
(ii) Payment of interest on loan taken by an employee from the employer will ‘not’ be included in the estimation of National Income as it will be treated as transfer income, also loan is taken for consumption purpose.

24. Giving reason, explain how should the following be treated in estimation of National Income (Delhi 2012)
(Interest paid by banks on deposits by individuals.
(ii) National debt interest.

Ans. (i) Interest paid by banks on deposits by individuals should be included in estimation of National Income as it will be treated as factor income.
(ii) National debt interest should ‘not’ be included in estimation of National Income as it is assumed that government borrows for consumption and hence, it is treated as transfer income.

25.Giving reason, explain how should the following be treated while estimating National Income (All India 2012)
(i) Expenditure on free services provided by government.
(ii) Payment of interest by a government firm.

Ans. (i) Expenditure on free services provided by government should be Included’ in the estimation of National Income, as it is a final expenditure of the government.
(ii) Payment of interest by a government firm should ‘not’ be included in the estimation of National Income, as it is a transfer payment.

26.How should the following be treated while estimating National Income? Give reasons. (All India 2012)
(i) Expenditure on education of children by a family.
(ii) Payment of electricity bill by a school.

Ans. (i) Expenditure on education of children by a family is ‘included’ in the estimation of National Income as it is a part of final consumption expenditure by the household.
(ii) Payment of electricity bill by a school is ‘included’ in the estimation of National Income as it is a part of final consumption expenditure.

27. Giving reason, explain the treatment assigned to the following while estimating National Income (All India 2011)
(i) Family members working free on the farm owned by the family.
(ii) Payment of interest on borrowings by general government.

Ans. (i) Family members working free on the farm owned by the family should included’ as it is a part of mixed income.
(ii) Payment of interest on borrowings by general government should ‘not’ be included in the estimation of National Income as it is not mentioned and not clear whether the government has borrowed for consumption or production.

28.Giving reason, explain the treatment assigned to the following while estimating National Income (All India 2011)
(i) Social security contributions by employees.
(ii) Pension paid after retirement.

Ans. (i) Social security contributions by employees is ‘included’ in the estimation of National Income, as it is a part of compensation of employees and it is an earned income.
(ii) Pension paid after retirement is ‘not’ included in the estimation of National Income as it is a kind of deffered payment to employees.

29.Giving reason, explain how are the following be treated in estimation of National Income by income method (All India 2010)
(i) Interest paid by banks on deposits.
(ii) National debt interest.

Ans. (i) Interest paid by banks on deposits will be ‘included’ while estimating National Income by income method, as it is an income earned by depositors and bank uses these deposits for commercial purposes.
(ii) National debt interest will ‘not be included’ while estimating National Income by income method, as the government takes loan for both productive and non-productive activities.

30.Giving reason, explain how are the following treated in estimating National Income method (Delhi 2010 c)
(i)Interest on a car loan paid by an individual.
(ii) Interest on a car loan paid by a government owned company.
Ans. (i) Interest on a car loan paid by an individual should not be ‘included’ while estimating National Income as the loan is taken for consumption purpose.
(ii) Interest on a car loan paid by a government owned company should included while estimating National Income as it is a part of government final consumption expenditure.

6 Marks Questions

31. Calculate Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost and Net National Disposable Income from the following (Delhi 2014)

32. Giving reason explain how should the following be treated in estimating Gross Domestic Product at Market Price ? (Delhi 2014)
(i) Fees to a mechanic paid by a firm.
(ii) Interest paid by an individual on a car loan taken from a bank.
(iii) Expenditure on purchasing a car for use by a firm

Ans. (i) it is included in the GDP_MP, as it is a part of government final consumption expenditure.
(ii) It is not included in the estimation of GDP_MP because loans are not used for production purpose.
(iii) It is included in the estimation of GDP_MP because it is a part of final expenditure by a firm.

33. Calculate Net National Product at Factor Cost and private income from the following (Delhi 2014)

34. Calculate National Income and Net National Disposable Income from the following (All India 2014)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_Fc)= Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation + Net Change in Stocks – Net Imports – Depreciation – Net Indirect Tax – Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 500 + 100 +200 +50-40-70- 120- (- 10)
= 860 – 230
=Rs. 630 arab

(b) Net National Disposable Income (NNDI)
= NNP_Fc + Net Indirect Tax – Net Current transfer to Abroad
= 630 + 120 – 30 = Rs. 720 arab

35. Calculate Net National Product at Market Price and Gross National Disposable Income from the following: ( All India 2014)

36. How should the following be treated in estimating National Income of a country?
You must give reason for your answer.
(i) Taking care of aged parents
(ii) Payment of corporate tax
(iii) Expenditure on providing police services by the government
Ans. (i) It is not included in the estimation of National Income as it does not involve any production of goods and services.
(ii) It is included in the estimation of National Income as it is a part of profit.
(iii) It is included in the estimation of National Income as it is a part of government final consumption expenditure.

37. Calculate Net National Product at Factor Cost and Gross National Disposable Income from the following: (Delhi 2014)

38. Calculate National Income and Gross National Disposable Income from the following: (Delhi 2014)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_FC)= Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation – Net Imports – Net Indirect Tax- Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 600 + 100 + 110-20-(120-20)-5
= 810- 125 = Rs. 685 arab
(b) Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI)
= NNP_FC + Net Indirect Tax + Consumption of Fixed Capital – Net Current Transfer to Abroad = 685 + (120-20) + 35 -(- 15)
= Rs. 835 arab

39.Calculate Net Value Added at Factor Cost form the following data:

(Compartment 2014)

40. Calculate Personal Disposable Income: (Compartment 2014)

Ans. Private Income = Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost Accuring to Private Sector + NFIA + Current Transfer from Government + National Debt Interest + Net Current Transfers from Abroad
= 700+ (-20)+ 80+ 60+ 10 –
= Rs. 830 crore
Personal Disposable Income = Private Income – Corporation Tax – Corporate Savings – Direct Tax
= 830-40-150-70 = Rs. 570 crore

41. Calculate National Income: (Compartment 2014)

Ans. National Income (NNP_FC)

= Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports – NIT + NFIA
= 300 + 600 +150 + 50-90 + (-20)
= Rs. 990 crore

42. How should the following be treated while estimating National Income? (Foreign 2014)
You must give reason in support of your answer.
(i) Bonus paid to employees.
(ii) Addition to stocks during a year.
(iii) Purchase of taxi by a taxi driver.

Ans. (i) No, it is not included while estimation of National Income as it is not a factor income.
(ii) Yes, it is included while estimation of National Income as it is considered as a change in stock during the year.
(iii) Yes, it is included while estimation of National Income as it is an investment expenditure by the producer.

43. Calculate Gross National Product at Market Price and Net National Disposable Income from the following: (Foreign 2014)

44. Calculate National Income from the following data (Delhi 2013)

Ans. National Income (NNP_FC)

= Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Gross Domestic Capital Formation – Net Imports – Net Indirect Taxes – Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 900 + 400 + 250-30-100-20 + (-40)
= 1550 – 190 = Rs. 1360 crore

45. Calculate Gross National Product at Market Price from the following data (All India 2013)

Ans. Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost(NDP_FC) = Compensation of Employees + Interest + Rent+ Profits + Mixed Income of Self Employed
= 2000 + 500 + 700 + 800 + 1500
= Rs. 5500 crore
Gross National Product at Market Price (GNP_mp) = NDP_FC + Net Indirect Taxes – Net Factor
Income to Abroad + Consumption of Fixed Capital
= 5500 + 250- 150 + 100 = 5850- 150
= Rs. 5700 crore

46. Find out
(a) Net National Product at Market Price and
(b) Gross National Disposable Income from the following data

47.Find out
(i) National Income .
(ii) Net National Disposable Income (Delhi 2012)

48.Find out
(i) Gross National Product at Market Price
(ii) Net Current Transfers from Abroad (All India 2012)

49.Find out
(i) National Income
(ii) Net National Disposable Income (All India 2012)

50. Calculate
(a) Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost and
(b) Private income from the following data (All India 2011)

Ans. (a) Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP_FC) = Wages and Salaries + Rent + Interest Paid byProduction Units + Corporation Tax + Dividends + Undistributed Profits + Social Security Schemes by Employers
= 1000+100 + 130 + 50+100 + 20+200 = Rs. 1600 crore
(b) Private Income = NDP_FC – Domestic Product Accruing to Government
– Net Current Transfers to Abroad + National Debt Interest + Current Transfers by Government + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 1600-300-(-20)+ 30+ 40+0
= Rs. 1390 crore

51. Calculate
(a) Net National Product at Market Price
(b) Private Income from the following data (All India 2011)

52. Calculate
(a) Gross National Product at Market Price and
(b) Personal Disposable Income from the following data (All India 2011)

53.Calculate
(a) Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost and
(b) Net National Disposable income from the following data
(All India 2011)

Ans. (a) Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost (GDP_FC) = Government Final Consumption Expenditure
+ Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Gross Domestic Capital Formation – Net Imports – Net Indirect Tax
=100 + 500+160 -20-130
=Rs. 610 crore
(b) Net National Disposable Income = GDP_FC+ Net Indirect Tax – Net Factor Income to Abroad – Net Current Transfers to Abroad – Depreciation
=610 +130-30 -10-40
=Rs. 660 crore

54. Calculate National Income and Gross National Disposable Income from the following (Delhi 2011)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure
+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation + Change in Stock + Consumption of Fixed Capital- Net Imports – Net Indirect Tax – Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 500 +200+120 + (-20) + 20-30 -100 -(-10) -20
= 700+100+10-130 = Rs. 680 crore
(b) Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI) =NNP_FC+ Net Indirect Taxes + Consumption of Fixed Capital – Net Current Transfer to the Rest of the World
= 680 + 20+100- (-5) = Rs. 805 crore

55. Calculate Net National Product at Market Price and Gross National Disposable Income. (Delhi 2011)

56.Calculate
(i) Gross National Product at Market Price
(ii) Net National Disposable Income (All India 2011)

57. Calculate .
(i) National Income
(ii) Gross National Disposable Income from the following data

(All India 2011)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Change in Stock – Net Exports – Net Indirect Taxes – Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 700+100+120+ (-20) -80-10
= 920-110 = Rs. 810 crore
(b) Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI) =NNP_FC + Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Indirect Taxes – Net Current Transfers to Abroad
= 810 + 60 + 80-(-10)
= Rs. 960 crore

58.Calculate

(a) Gross Domestic Product at Market Price and
(b) Factor Income from Abroad from the following data (All India 2010)

59. How will you treat the following while estimating National Income of India?

(i) Dividend received by an Indian firm from its investment in shares of a foreign company.
(ii) Money received by a family in India from relatives working abroad.
(iii) Interest received on loans given to a friend for purchasing a car. (Delhi 2010)

Ans. (i) Dividend received by an Indian firm from its investment in shares of a foreign company will be included in the estimation of National Income, as dividend is a part of profit and treated as factor income from abroad which is added to domestic income.
(ii) Money received by a family in India from relatives working abroad will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is merely remittance from abroad and no flow of goods or services are involved.
(iii) Interest received on loans given to a friend for purchasing a car will not be included in the estimation of National Income as loan is given for consumption purpose.

60. How will you treat the following while estimating National Income of India? Give reasons for your answer. (All India 2010)
(i) Dividend received by a foreigner from investment in share of an Indian company.
(ii) Profits earned by a branch of an Indian bank in Canada.
(iii) Scholarship given to Indian students studying in India by a foreign company.

Ans. (i) Dividend received by a foreigner from investment in shares of an Indian company will be deducted from National Income as it is factor income to abroad.
(ii) Profits earned by a branch of Indian bank in Canada is factor income received from abroad. It is included in National Income.
(iii) Scholarship given to Indian students studying in India by a foreign firm will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is a transfer payment.

61.Explain the problem of double counting in estimating national income, with the help of an example. Also explain, two alternative ways of avoiding the problem. While estimation of National Income.
(All India 2010)
Ans. The counting of the value of a commodity more than once while estimation of National Income is called double counting. This leads to over estimation of the value of goods and services produced. In other words, problem of double counting arise when the value of intermediate goods is also added in total output, e.g. suppose if we include the price of wheat, then the price of floor and finally price of bread. It will lead to the problem of double counting. As the price of wheat is included three time and that of floor two times. The problem of double counting can be avoided by the following two alternative ways:
(i) Final output or final product method In this method, only final products (goods and services) are added to obtain the GDP. Intermediate products are ignored. Here, final products are only those products which are ready for end use or consumption by their final users (consumers or producers).
(ii) Value added method This approach or method is a way to avoid the problem of double counting. The value added by a firm is the difference between value of output and the value of intermediate products of each firm of the country. The sum of Value added’ by all the firms gives us the GDP of the country. Hence, the problem of double counting is avoided.
Value Added by a Firm = Value of Output of the Firm – Intermediate Consumption of the Firm.

62.Calculate (a) Gross Domestic Product at Market Price and
(b) Factor Income to Abroad from the following data (All India 2011)

63. Calculate National Income by the
(a) Expenditure method and
(b) Production method from the following data (Delhi 2011)

Ans. (a) By Expenditure Method
National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation + Change in Stocks – Net Imports – Net Indirect Taxes + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 750 +150 + 220 + (-20) -50 -120 + 20 = 1140 -190=? 950 crore

(b) By Production Method
National Income (NNP_FC) = Gross Value Added at Market Price by the Primary Sector+ Gross Value Added at Market Price by the Secondary Sector + Gross Value Added at Market Price by the Tertiary Sector-Net Indirect Taxes-Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 300+200 + 700-120-150 + 20 , ,
= 1220-270 = Rs. 950 crore
64. Calculate Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost by
(a) Income method and
(b) Production method from the following data (All India 2011)

Ans. (a) By Income Method

Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP_FC) = Wages and Salaries + Social Security Contribution by Employers + Corporation Tax + Retained Earnings of Private Corporations + Dividend + Rent + Interest
= 2000+100 + 30+10+60 + 300 + 300 = Rs. 12800 crore

(b) By Production Method
Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP_FC)
= Net Value Added by Primary Sector + Net Value Added by Secondary Sector
+ Net Value Added by Tertiary Sector – Net Indirect Taxes
= 1000 + 600+1400-200= 3000 -200 = Rs. 2800 crore

65. Calculate Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost by the expenditure method and production method (All India 2010)

Ans. (a) By Expenditure Method
Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost(NDP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation + Net Change in Stocks – Net Imports – Indirect Taxes
= 1450 + 400 + [200 + (- 50)] – (-50) -100 = Rs. 1950 crore

(b) By Production Method
Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP_FC) = Value of Output in Economic Territory-(Intermediate Purchase by Primary Sector+ Intermediate Purchase by Secondary Sector + Intermediate Purchase by Tertiary Sector)-Consumption of Fixed Capital – Indirect Taxes
= 4100- (600 + 700 + 700) – 50 -100
= 4100 -2150
= Rs. 1950 crore

66. Calculate ‘Gross National Product at Market Price’ by production method and income method (All India 2010)

67. How will you treat the following while estimating domestic factor income of India? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) Remittances from non-resident Indians to their families in India.
(ii) Rent paid by embassy of Japan in India to a resident Indian.
(iii) Profits earned by branches of foreign bank in India. (Delhi 2009)

Ans. (i) Remittances from non-resident Indians to a resident in India should not be included in the estimation of domestic factor income as it is not a part of domestic income and the income is not generated in domestic territory of India.
(ii) Rent paid by the embassy of Japan is not included in the domestic factor income as the embassy is a part of Japan’s domestic operation territory.
(iii) Profits earned by branches of a foreign bank in India as profit is earned in the domestic territory of India. So, it is a part of domestic factor income.

68.Calculate Gross National Product at Factor Cost from the following data by
(a) Income method and
(b) Expenditure method. (Delhi 2009)

Ans. (a) By Income Method
Gross National Product at Factor Cost (GNP_FC) = Compensation of Employees + Profits + Rent + Interest + Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 800+ 400+ 250+150+ 60+ (-10)
= Rs. 1650 crore

(b) By Expenditure Method Gross National Product at Factor Cost (GNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Exports – Net Indirect Taxes + Net Factor Income from Abroad
= 1000+ 500 + 200 + 60 + (- 20) – 80 + (-10)
= 1760-110
= Rs. 1650 crore

69. How will you treat the following while estimating National Income of India? Give reasons to your answer.
(i) Salaries received by Indian residents working in Russian Embassy in India.
(ii) Profits earned by an Indian bank from its abroad branches.
(iii) Entertainment tax received by government. (Delhi 2009)

Ans. (i) Salaries received by Indian residents working in Russian Embassy in India will be included while estimating National Income in India, as it is a factor income from abroad.
(ii) Profits earned by an Indian bank from its abroad branches is included while estimating National Income of India as it is a factor income from abroad.
(iii) Entertainment tax received by government is not included while estimating the National Income of India as it is a indirect tax and not included at factor cost.

70. How will you treat the following while estimating National Income of India? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) Salaries paid to Russians working in Indian Embassy in Russia.
(ii) Profits earned by an Indian company from its branches in Singapore.
(iii) Capital gains to Indian residents from sale of shares of a foreign company.

Ans. (i) Salaries paid to Russians working in Indian Embassy in Russia will not be included in estimation of National Income of India, as it is a factor income paid to abroad.
(ii) Profits earned by an Indian company from its branches in Singapore will be included while estimating National Income of India, as it is a factor income from abroad.
(iii) Capital gains to Indian residents from sale of shares of a foreign company will not be included while estimating National Income in India, as it is a kind of transfer income.

71. Calculate Gross National Product at Factor Cost by
(a) Income method and
(b) Expenditure method from the following data (Delhi 2009)

Ans. (a) By Income Method
Gross National Product at Factor Cost (GNP_FC) = Compensation of Employees + (Rent + Interest+ Profits) + Net Factor Income from Abroad + Consumption of Fixed Capital
=1850 + (400 + 500+1100 + 100 + (-50)
= 3950-50 = Rs. 3900 crore

(b) By Expenditure Method

Gross National Product at Factor Cost(GNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Consumption of Fixed Capital + Net Exports + Net Factor Income from Abroad – Net Indirect Taxes
= 2600 + 1100 + 500+100 + (-100) + (-50) -250
= 4300 – 400
= Rs. 3900 crore

72. While estimating National Income, how will you treat the following? Give reasons for your answer. (All India 2009)

(i) Imputed rent of self occupied houses.
(ii) Interest received on debentures.
(iii) Financial help received by flood victims.

Ans. (i) Imputed rent of self occupied houses are included while estimating National Income, as it is a factor income.
(ii) Interest received on debentures are not included in National Income as it is a transfer income.
(iii) Financial help received by flood victims are not included while estimating National Income, as it is a kind of transfer payment.
73.Calculate National Income by
(a) Income method and
(b) Expenditure method from the following data (All India 2009)

Ans. (a) By Income Method
National Income (NNP_FC) = Compensation of Employees + Rent + Interest + Profit – Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 1000 + 250+150 + 640 -30=Rs. 2010 crore
(b) By Expenditure Method
National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports – Net Indirect Taxes – Net Factor Income to Abroad
= 1200 + 600+ 340 + (-40)-60-30
= Rs. 2010 crore

74. How will you treat the following while estimating National Income? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) Capital gain on sale of a house.
(ii) Prize won in a lottery.
(iii) Interest on public debt. (All India 2009)

Ans. (i) Capital gain on sale of a house will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is already included in the year when it is built.
(ii) Prize won in a lottery will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is a transfer income.
(iii) Interest on public debt will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is the loan taken for consumption purpose.

75. Giving reasons, explain whether the following are included in National Income.
(i) Profits earned by a branch of foreign bank.
(ii) Interest paid by an individual on a loan taken to buy a car.
(iii) Expenditure on machine for installation in a factory. (Delhi 2009)
Ans. (i) Profits earned by a branch of foreign bank will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is a factor income paid to abroad.
(ii) Interest paid by an individual on loan taken to buy a car will not be included while estimating Ntional Income, as loan is taken for consumption purpose.
(iii) Expenditure on machines for installation in a factory will be included while estimating National Income, as it is a final consumption expenditure by factory management.

76. There are only two producing sectors A and B in an economy. Calculate
(a) Gross Value Added at Market Price by each sector
(b) National Income. (Delhi 2009)

77. Giving reason, explain whether the following are included in domestic product of India.
(i) Profits earned by a branch of foreign bank in India.
(ii) Payment of salaries to its staff by an embassy located in New Delhi.
(iii) Interest received by an Indian resident from its abroad firms. (All India 2009)

Ans. (i) Profits earned by a branch of foreign bank in India will be included in domestic income of India, as the profits are earned in domestic territory of India.
(ii) Payment of salaries to its staff by an embassy located in New Delhi will not be included in domestic income of India, as it is not a part of domestic territory of India.
(iii) Interest received by an Indian resident from its abroad firms will not be included in domestic income of India as it is factor income from abroad.

78. There are only two producing sectors A and B in an economy. Calculate
(a) Gross Value Added at Market Price by A and B
(b) National Income (All India 2009)

Ans. (a) Gross Value Added (GVA) by A = Sales by A + Net Change in Stock of A – Intermediate Consumption of A
= 500 + 10-200=Rs. 310 crore

Gross Value Added (GVA) by B = Sales by B + Net Change in Stock of B
– Intermediate Consumption of B
= 600 + (-10)-300 = Rs. 290 crore
(b) National Income = Gross Value Added (GVA) by A and B = (310 + 290) crores
= Rs. 600 crore

(NNP_FC) = Gross Value Added by A and B – Indirect Taxes – Depreciation + Net Factor Income Abroad = 600-80-30+20= 620-110=Rs. 510 crore

79. Calculate Gross National Product at Market Price and Net National Disposable Income from the following data (Delhi 2009 c)

80. Calculate
(a) Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost and
(b) Gross National Disposable Income from the following data

(Delhi 2008)

Ans. (a) Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports – Net Indirect Taxes (Indirect Taxes – Subsidies)

NDP_FC= 250+ 50+ 30+ (- 10)- (20- 10) crore = 330 -20 =Rs. 310 crore

(b) Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI) =NDP_FC + Net Indirect Tax + Net Factor Income from Abroad + Depreciation + Net Current Transfer from Abroad
= 310+ (20- 10)+ 15+ 25+ (- 5)
= 360 -5
= Rs. 355 crore

81. Calculate
(a) Gross National Product at Market Price and
(b) Net National Disposable Income from the following data (Delhi 2008)

82. Calculate National Income and Net National Disposable Income from the following data (Delhi 2008)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure+ Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports + Net Factor Income from Abroad – Net Indirect Taxes (Indirect Taxes – Subsidy)
= 400 +100 + 50 + (-20) + 10- (30 – 5)
= 560-45 = Rs. 515 crore

(b) Net National Disposable Income (NNDI) = NNP_FC + Net Indirect Taxes + Net Current Transfers from Abroad
= 515+(30-5) +15 = 515+25+15
= Rs. 555 crore

83. Calculate National Income and Private Income from the following data (All India 2008)

Ans. (a) National Income (NNP_FC) = Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption
Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports + Net Factor Income from Abroad- Net Indirect Taxes
= 600+100 +70+(-20)+ 10-30 = 780-50
= Rs. 730 crore

(b) Private Income = NNP_FC – Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost Accruing to Government+ Transfer Payments + National Debt Interest
= 730-25 + (10 + 5) +15 = 760-25
= Rs. 735 crore

84. Calculate
(a) Gross National Product at Factor Cost and
(b) Net National Disposable Income from the following data (Delhi 2008 c)

Ans. (a) Gross National Product at Factor Cost (GNP_FC)
= Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation + Change in Stock + Net Export + Consumption of Fixed Capital – Net Factor Income to Abroad – Net Indirect Tax
= 5000 + 2000 + 500 + (-30) + (-150) + 100-50- 800 = 7600-1030 = Rs. 6570 crore

(b) Net National Disposable Income (NNDI) = GNP_FC + Net Indirect tax – Consumption of Fixed Capital+ Net Current Transfers from Rest of the World = 6570+ 800 – 100 + (70 – 40)
= 7370 – 70 = Rs. 7300 crore
85. Calculate
(a) Gross National Product at Market Price and
(b) Personal Income from the following data (All India 2008)

86.Calculate
(a) Net National Product at Market Price and
(b) Private Income from the following data (All India 2008)

87. Giving reasons, explain how the following are treated while estimating National Income?
(i) Payment of fees to a lawyer by a firm.
(ii) Rent free house to an employee by an employer.
(iii) Purchase by foreign tourists. (Delhi 2008)

Ans. (i) Payment of fees to a lawyer engaged by a firm will not be included while estimating National Income, as it is a kind of intermediate expenditure for the firm.
(ii) Rent free house to an employee by an employer will be included while estimating National Income, as it is a part of compensation to the employee.
(iii) Purchase by a foreign tourists will be included while estimating National Income as it is considered as exports of goods and services.

88.Giving reason, explain, how the following are treated in estimating National Income?
(i) Wheat grown by farmer but used entirely for family’s consumption.
(ii) Earning of shareholders from the sales of shares.
(iii) Expenditure by government on providing free education.

(All India 2008)

Ans. (i) Wheat grown by farmer but used entirely for family’s consumption will be included while estimating National Income, as the production is done for self-consumption purpose and relate to current production.
(ii)Earning of shareholders from the sale of shares will not be included while National Income, as it will be considered as transfer payment.
(iii) Expenditure by government on providing free education will be included while estimating National Income, as it is a part of government’s final consumption expenditure.

89. Are the following a part of country’s Net Domestic Product at Market Price? Explain.
(i) Net Indirect Taxes
(ii) Net exports
(iii) Net Factor Income from Abroad
(iv) Consumption of fixed capital (All India 2008)

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CBSE Class 10 The Age of Industrialisation SAQ Social Sciences

January 22, 2024

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

CBSE Class 10 The Age of Industrialisation SAQ Social Sciences

Q.1.What was the role of trade guilds ? Explain.
Ans. (i) Trade guilds were associations of producers that trained craft people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices
(ii)They enjoyed monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products
(iii) They also had the right to restrict the entry of new producers into the trade.

Q.2.The proto-industrialisation helped in building a close relationship between the town and the countryside”. Explain.
Ans.(i) Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside by the peasant households.
(ii) A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners: the yarn (thread) that was
spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers.
(iii) The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.

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Q.3. During the first World War years, industrial production in India boomed. Give reasons.
Ans. (i) Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with war production.
(ii) Indian industries were also called upon to supply war needs ;Jute bags, doth for the army uniform, tents and leather boots (iii) Even after the war. Manchester failed to recapture its old position.

Q.5. Who created the cotton mill ? How did it help in improving the production ?
Ans. Richard Arkwright had created the Cotton mill.
(i) The costly machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mills.
(ii) Within the mills, all the processes were brought together under one roof and managed. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when the production was in the countryside.

Q. 6. What were the problems of Indian weavers at the early 19th century ? [CBSE 2009 (O). Sept. 2010. 2011)
Or
Explain the miserable conditions of Indian weavers during the East India Company’? regime in the eighteenth century. [CBSE 200S IF). Sept. 2010) Or
Describe any four impacts of Manchester imports on the cotton weavers of India. [CBSE Sept. 2011)
Ans. (i) Collapse of local and foreign market :
Due to industrialisation in Britain, their export market collapsed.
As British traders started exporting machine- made clothes to India, so their local market shrank.
(ii) Shortage of raw material : As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a shortage of raw materials.
When the American Civil War broke out. and the cotton supplies from the United States were cut off. Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports Iron India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
(iii) Clashes with Gomasthas : Gomasthas were appointed by the government to supervise weavers to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So. the weavers dashed with them.
(iv) System of advances: The Britishers started the system of advances to regularise the supply of cotton and cloth. The weavers eagerly took the advances, in a hope to cam more but they faded to do so They even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Q.7. Write a short note on the development of factories in India.
Or
Explain the growth of factories in India.
Ans.(i) Cotton and jute mills were the first to be established in India The first cotton mill was set up in 1854 at Bombay Mumbai (ii) By 1864. the number rose to four The textile null was followed by the jute mill which came into existence in 1855 in Bengal.
(iii) Another jute mill was established in 1862 in Bengal itself.
(iv) In North India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s. and a year later, the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up
(v) By 1874. the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras (Chennai) began is production.

Q.8. How were the Indian merchant industrialists discriminated by the Britishers ?
Or
Mention some of the problems of the Indian merchant industrialists.
Ans. (i) Limited market : With the introduction ol Manchester good in the Indian market the market within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited
(ii) Restriction on export of manufactured goods : The Indian merchants and traders were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export only raw materials and food grains-raw- cotton. opium and wheat, indigo recquired by the British.
(iii) Introduction of modern ships: With the entry of modem ships Indian merchant were edged out of the shipping business.
(iv) Exclusive chambers of the Europeans : The European merchant-industrialists had their exclusive chamber of commerce, and Indians were not allowed to become its members.

Q.9.Explain the major features of pre colonial trade and industries.
Ans. (i) Major good: Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India
(ii) Trading partners: Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan. eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.
(iii) Major ports: A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat cn the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

Q.10.What was the impact of colonisation of India on the Indian traders and merchants ?
Ans. (i) By the 1970s this network, controlled by Indian merchants, was breaking down.
(ii)The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from those ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up and the local banker slowly went bankrupt.
(iii)While Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay and Calcutta grew This shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was carried in
European ships. While many of the old trading houses collapsed, those that wanted to survive had to now operate within a network shaped by European trading companies.

Q.11. Name the provinces where most of the large-scale industries were located. How can you say that small-scale production continued to predominate even in the late 20th century ?
Ans. Bengal and Bombay (Mumbai)
(i) Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories. i.e. only 5 per cent.
(ii) There was an expansion in the handicraft industries.
(iii) In the 20th century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily, i.e. almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.

Q.12. in the 20th century, the handloom cloth production expanded steadily, i.e.. almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.’ Give reasons.
Or
What led to expansion In handloom craft production between 1900 and 1940 ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Handicrafts producers adopted a new technology which helped in improving the production without excessively pushing up the costs
(ii) By the second decade of the Twentieth century, most of the weavers started using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production, and reduced the labour demand. By 1941. over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore,Madras (Chennai) Mysore, Cochin and Bengal where the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent.
(iii) There were several other small innovations that helped weavers to improve their productivity, and compete with the mill sector.

Q.13. “By the 1860s Indian weavers failed to get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality”. Give reason.
Ans. (i) American Civil War : 1860s was the era of American Civil War. When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from The US were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
(ii) Industrialisation in India : By the end of the 19th century factories in India began producing machine made cloth. This also reduced the supply of raw cotton ill the market.

Q.14. Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the 1760 ? Explain any three reasons. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) Consolidation of the Fast India Company’s power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile export from India.
(ii) British cotton industries had not yet expanded.
(iii) Fine Indian textiles were in great demand in Europe.

Q.15. Name any two European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of the Indian industries. Describe any three functions performed by such agencies. (CBSE 2013)
Ans. European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of the Indian industries were : (i) Bird Heiglers & Co.
(ii) Andrew Yule, and
(iii) Jardme Skinner & Co.
Functions :
(i) European Managing Agencies mobilised capital.
(ii) They set up joint stock companies and managed them.
(iii)In most instances. Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchants- industrialists had then own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Q.16. Mention any five restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants In the 19th century. [CBSE 2011]
Ans. (i) The spare within which Indian merchants could function, became limited.
(ii) They were barred from Trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
(iii) They had to export mostly raw materials and foodgrains ,raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo required by the British.
(iv) They were gradually edged out of the shipping business.
(v) Till the First World War,European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries.

Q.17. “Certain group of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries-. Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Ans. (i) Producers of coarse cloth: Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought, by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines when the rural poor had little to eat. and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth.
(ii) Producers of finer varieties: The producers of finer varieties were in a better position because the demand for the finer varieties bought by the well- to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as you have seen, mills could not imitate specialised weavers. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easy displaced by mill production.

Q.18. Who was a jobber ? Explain his functions. [CBSE 200S. Sept. 2010. 2011. 2012} Or
Why was a jobber employed ? How did jobber misuse his position and power ? Explain. (CBSE 2013]
Ans. Getting lobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied, and the demand tor workers increased. The numbers seeking work wore always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often, the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city, and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber, therefore, became a person with some authority and power. He begun demanding money and gifts for his favour, and began. controlling the lives of the workers.

Q.19. Why could Britain not recapture her hold on the Indian market after the Rrst World War ? Explain. [CBSE 2009 (F)]
Or
Explain the impact of the First World War on Britain’s economy ? [CBSE Sept. 2010.2011]
Ans. . During the war British mills were busy in war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester’s imports into India declined.
(ii) After the war. Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian marker. Unable to modernise and compete With the United States. Germany and Japan,the economy of Britain crumbled after she war. Cotton production collapsed, and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
(iii) Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated the:: position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Q.20. Why did the upper class people prefer to use hand products in the Victorian period ? Explain with examples.
Why in Victorian Britain, the upper classes preferred things produced by hand ? Give three reasons. (CBSE Sept. 2010)
Ans. The upper class people preferred to use hand products In the Victorian period because :
(i) They symbolized refinement and class.
(ii) They were better finished, in They were individually produced and carefully designed.

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A Different Kind of School Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. A Different Kind of School Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/a-different-kind-of-school-summary/

A Different Kind of School Summary In English

A Different Kind Of School Summary
This is the story of a school where the children were taught to sympathize with and help each other. The writer had heard a lot about Miss Beam’s School. They said that she was using new methods of teaching to make the children better citizens. The writer wanted to see it all himself. So he had gone to visit Miss Beam’s School. As the author entered the school, he saw a girl whose eyes were covered with a bandage. She was being led carefully between the flower-beds by a little boy.

The author, then, came to Miss Beam who told him that her teaching methods were simple. However, there was only one thing which was different. “The real aim of this school”, she said, “is not so much to teach thought as thoughtfulness and kindness to others”. The author looked out of the window and he was a little pained. He saw that although there were in the open field so many happy children, they were not all so healthy and active looking. He saw two more girls with their eyes bandaged. Then, there was the third with a crutch watching others at play. The author was surprised when Miss Beam told him that the girl with the crutches was not lame. Again, the girls with their eyes bandaged were having no trouble in their eyes. That was an important part of their teaching system.

A Different Kind Of School Summary In Hindi
To make children appreciate and understand misfortune, the school made them share in misfortune. The children are bandaged or made lame so that they understand what this misfortune really is. Then, others are told to help them so that they learn to help those who are in misfortune. So, each term every child had one blind day, one lame day, one deaf day, one injured day and one dumb day. This was the ‘game’ that every child in the school had to play.

Miss Beam led the author to a bandaged girl and left him with her for some time. The author found that the girl appreciated the help she got from others but was determined to be better helper when it would be her chance to do so. She told the writer that the blind day was the hardest. It was so because the movement became difficult. The blind always worried about getting hurt. They would dodge things that were not there. The author led the girl for a short walk. After that short walk, he found that he had already become ten times more thoughtful than before. He also realised the pleasure of describing things and people. These things had become more interesting for him by doing s0.

A Different Kind of School Summary In Hindi

यह एक ऐसे स्कूल की कहानी है जहाँ बच्चों को परस्पर सहानुभूति रखना और एक-दूसरे की सहायता करना सिखाया जाता था। लेखक मिस थीम के स्कूल के विषय में बहुत कुछ सुन चुका था। उसने सुना था कि बच्चों को बेहतर नागरिक बनाने के लिए वह अध्यापन के लिए नये तरीकों का प्रयोग कर रही थी। लेखक, स्वयं उसे देखना चाहता था। अत: वह मिस बीम के स्कूल को देखने गया था। स्कूल के अंदर प्रवेश करते ही लेखक की दृष्टि एक ऐसी लड़की पर पड़ी जिसकी आँखों पर पट्टी बंधी थी। एक छोटा लडका फूलों की क्यारियों के बीच से सावधानी से उसे ले जा रहा था।

Class 6 English Chapter 5 Summary In Hindi
फिर लेखक मिस बीम के पास आया जिसने उसे बताया कि उसके पढ़ाने के तरीके सरल थे। केवल एक बात थी जो अलग थी। इस स्कूल का वास्तविक उद्देश्य’, उसने कहा, “बच्चों को विचार देने का उतना नहीं है जितना कि उन्हें स्वयं विचार करना और दूसरों की सहायता करना सिखाना है।” लेगक ने खिड़की के बाहर नजर डाली और उसे यह देखकर कुछ दु:ख हुआ। उसने देखा कि यद्यपि खुले मैदान में बहुत से प्रसन्न बच्चे थे, वे सारे उतने स्वस्थ और गतिशील (ऐक्टिव) नहीं दिख रहे थे। उसे दो और ऐसी लड़कियाँ दिखाई दीं जिनकी आँखों पर पट्टी बंधी थी। वहीं एक तीसरी लड़की बैसाखी लिए अन्य बच्चों को खेलता देख रही थी। लेखक हैरान रह गया जब मिस बीम ने उसे बताया कि वैसाखी लिए लड़की लंगड़ी नहीं थी। जिन लड़कियों की आँख पर पट्टी बंधी थी उनकी आँखों में कोई खराबी नहीं थी। यह तो उनको अध्यापन नीति का महत्वपूर्ण अंग था।

बच्चे दु:ख का सही मूल्यांकन कर सकें और उसे समझ सकें-इसके लिए स्कूल बच्चों को दु:ख बाँटना सिखाता था। बच्चों को पट्टी बाँधी जाती है या उन्हें लंगड़ा किया जाता है ताकि वे समझ सकें कि दु:ख वास्तव में क्या होता है। तब दूसरे बच्चों से ऐसे बच्चों को सहायता करने को कहा जाता है ताकि वे दु:खी लोगों की सहायता करना सीख सक। अत: प्रत्येक टर्म में हर बच्चे को एक दिन अधा, एक दिन लगा. एक दिन बहरा, एक दिन घायल और एक दिन गुण बनना होता था। यह वह खेल था जिसे विद्यालय के हर बों को खेलना पड़ता था।

Class 6 English Chapter 5 Summary
मिस चीम लेखक को एक पट्टी बंधी लड़की के पास लायीं और लेखक को कुछ देर उसके पास छोड़ दिया। लेखक ने पाया कि वह लड़की दूसरों से मिलने वाली सहायता की कद्र करती थी परंतु उसका निश्चय था कि अपना मौका आने पर वह बेहतर सहायक बनेगी। उसने लेखक को बताया कि अंधे होने वाला दिन सर्वाधिक कठिन था। ऐसा इसलिए था कि चलना-फिरना कठिन हो जाता था। अंधे को हमेशा चोट की चिता सताती थी। वे उन चीजों से बचने का प्रयत्न करते थे जो वहाँ थी ही नहीं। लेखक कुछ देर के लिए लड़की को टहलाने लगा। उस थोड़ी दूर तक टहलने के बाद लेखक को लगा कि वह पहले की तुलना में दस गुना अधिक विचारपूर्ण बन चुका था। उसने यह पाया कि वस्तुओं और व्यक्तियों के बारे में बताना कितना आनंददायक होता है। ऐसा करके वे चीजें उसको अधिक आकर्षक लगने लगी थीं।

Fair Play Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. Fair Play Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/fair-play-summary/

Fair Play Summary In English

Part I

Fair Play Class 6 Summary
Jumman Shaikh and Algu Chowdhry were good friends. Both were also greatly respected in the village.

Jumman had an old aunt who had some property. She transferred it to Jumman. The condition was that she would stay with Jumman. Jumman would look after her well. For two years, the arrangement worked well. Then the situation changed. The behaviour of Jumman and his family changed. Even the little food which was offered to her was loaded with insults. At last her patience gave way. She realised that she was not welcome in his house. She asked Jumman to give her a monthly allowance to set up a separate kitchen. Jumman said that his wife knew best how to run the house. She decided to take the case to the village Panchayat.

The old lady went to the villagers explaining her case. Some showed sympathy. Some laughed at her. Others advised her to make it up with Jumman and his wife. At last she went to Algu Chowdhry. He told the lady that he could not go against Jumman as he was his best friend. At this she asked him, “But is it right, my son, to keep mum and not to say what you consider Just and fair?”

Part II

Fair Play Summary
The Panchayat was held under an old banyan tree. Jumman said, “Let my aunt nominate the Panch. I will abide by her decision”. The old lady suggested the name of Algu Chowdhry knowing well that he was a close friend of Jumman. This, however, gladdened Jumman’s heart. He thought that as his best friend Algu could not go against him. His happiness was only shortlived. Algu Chowdhry gave his decision in favour of the old lady. She said that God lives in the heart of the Panch. She meant that as Panch, one was bound to be just and fair. But Jumman was very angry. The incident broke the bond of friendship. The two were not seen together after the case. Jumman want revenge on Algu.

Part III

Algu found himself in a tight position after a few days. He had sold his bullock to Samjhu Sahu. Samjhu Sahu had agreed to pay the price after a month. Unfortunately, the bullock died before the date of payment. Sahu refused to pay. A case came before the panchayat once again.

Fair Play Summary In Hindi
This time Sahu proposed the name of Jumman as Panch. Algu’s heart sank. He was sure that Jumman would give his verdict against him but he accepted the proposal. Though Jumman was burning with the desire for revenge, he could not do so sitting in the seat of the judge. He gave the judgement in favour of Algu. Algu was overjoyed. He cried that it was a victory of panchayat and justice. He said that God lives in the heart of Panch.

Summary Of Fair Play
Then the two friends embraced each other and wept. The tears had washed away the dirt of misunderstanding between them.

Fair Play Summary In Hindi

Part I

जुम्मन शेख और अलगू चौधरी अच्छे मित्र थे। दोनों का गाँव में सम्मान भी बहुत था।
जुम्मन की एक बूढी बुआ थी, जिसके पास कुछ संपत्ति थी। उसने उस संपत्ति को जुम्मन के नाम कर दिया। शर्त थी कि वह जुम्मन के साथ रहेगी। जुम्मन उसकी अच्छी तरह देख-भाल करेगा। दो वर्ष तक सब कुछ ठीक-ठाक चलता रहा। फिर परिस्थिति बदल गयी। जुम्मन और उसके परिवार का व्यवहार बदल गया। जो थोड़ा बहुत खाना उसे दिया जाता था वह भी बड़ी बेइज्जती के साथ। आखिर उसका सब्र समाप्त हो गया। उसे लगा कि अब वह उस (जुम्मन) के घर में बोझ बन गयी थी। उसने जुम्मन से कहा कि वह उसे प्रतिमास कुछ धन दे ताकि वह अपना चूल्हा अलग कर सके। जुम्मन ने कहा कि उसकी पत्नी ही घर को सर्वोत्तम ढंग से चलाना जानती थी। उस (बुआ) ने मामले को ग्राम पंचायत के सामने लाने का निर्णय कर लिया।

Summary Of Fair Play Class 6
अपनी बात समझाने के लिए बूढी महिला गाँव वालों के पास गयी। कुछ ने सहानुभूति दिखाई। कुछ उस पर हँसे। दूसरों ने कहा कि वह जुम्मन और उसकी पत्नी से बात कर मामला सुलझा ले। अंत में वह अलगू चौधरी के | पास गयी। उसने वृद्धा से कहा कि वह जुम्मन के खिलाफ नहीं जा सकता था क्योंकि वह उसका सर्वोत्तम मित्र था। इस पर उसने उससे पूछा, “पर मेरे बेटे, जो तुम सही और उचित समझते हो, उसको न कहना क्या ठीक है ?”

Part II

एक पुराने बरगद के पेड़ के नीचे पंचायत लगी। जुम्मन बोला, मेरी बुआ पंच को चुन ले। मैं उसकी बात मान लूंगा।” बूढी औरत ने यह जानते हुए भी कि अलगू चौधरी जुम्मन का पक्का दोस्त है, उसके नाम का प्रस्ताव किया। पर इस बात से जुम्मन का दिल खुश हो गया। उसने सोचा कि उसका सर्वोत्तम मित्र होने के कारण अलगू उसके खिलाफ नहीं जा सकता था। उसकी खुशी अधिक देर न टिक सकी। अलगू चौधरी ने बूढी औरत के पक्ष में निर्णय दे दिया। उस (औरत) ने कहा कि पंच के दिल में परमेश्वर निवास करता है। उसका मतलब था कि पंच होने पर कोई भी व्यक्ति न्यायपूर्ण और उचित होने के लिए बाध्य हो जाता है। परंतु जुम्मन बहुत नाराज हो गया। दोस्ती की डोर इस घटना से टूट गयी। घटना के बाद फिर दोनों को साथ-साथ नहीं देखा गया। जुम्मन अलगू से बदला लेना चाहता था।

Part III

कुछ दिनों बाद अलगू के सामने एक कठिन समस्या आ खड़ी हुई। उसने अपना बैल समझू साहू को बेचा था। समझू साहू ने वादा किया था कि वह एक महीने बाद उसकी कीमत अदा कर देगा। दुर्भाग्य से पैसे चुकाने की तारीख से पहले ही बैल मर गया। साहू ने पैसे देने से इंकार कर दिया। एक बार फिर एक मामला पंचायत के सामने था।

Fair Play Class 6 Summary In Hindi
इस बार साहू ने पंच के रूप में जुम्मन के नाम का प्रस्ताव किया। अलगू का दिल बैठ गया। उसे पक्का विश्वास था कि जुम्मन उसके खिलाफ निर्णय देगा। पर उसने प्रस्ताव को स्वीकार कर लिया। हालांकि जुम्मन बदला लेने की इच्छा में जल रहा था, पर न्याय की कुर्सी पर बैठकर वह ऐसा नहीं कर सका। उसने अपना निर्णय अलगू के पक्ष में दिया। अलगू की खुशी का ठिकाना न था। वह चिल्ला कर बोला कि यह पंचायत और न्याय की जीत थी। उसने कहा कि पंच के दिल में परमेश्वर निवास करता है।
फिर दोनों दोस्त एक-दूसरे के गले मिले और रो पड़े। आँसूओं ने उन दोनों के बीच की गलतफहमी की धूल को धो डाला।

Who I Am Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. Who I Am Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/who-i-am-summary/

Who I Am Summary In English

Who I Am Class 6 Summary
This lesson tells us that all the people on earth are different, yet we are all interesting people in different ways. The author makes his point by describing six persons.

Radha
Radha likes to climb trees. This is her favourite activity. Her mother asks her not to do so. However, one afternoon Radha’s mother also climbed with her on the mango tree outside their house. Both of them talked and ate raw mangoes up on the tree. Climbing a tree Radha feels like she can rule the whole world.

Nasir
Nasir has cotton fields in the village. His father spends a lot of money on the seeds to grow the cotton plants. His grandfather had once told him that he used to collect seeds from his own plants which were used to grow new plants, But these days it doesn’t work. Nasir wants to know why it is so. He wants to learn to preserve seeds so as to use them again and not spend money on this every year.

Who I Am Summary
Rohit
Rohit likes to travel. If he could afford, he would go round the world. He wants to visit the mountains of New Zealand and the Amazon river in South America. He also wishes to enjoy the beaches of Lakshadweep and the Konark Temple in Orissa. The old city of Beijing in China and the Pyramids of Egypt are also his favourites.

Serbjit
Serbjit is angry with most people around him because they do not trust him when he speaks the truth. His teacher thinks that he is lying when he says that he could not do homework because Ravi had borrowed his look. He tells his parents that it is his little brother who started the fight. But they blame him. Their distrust angers him and he has to make effort to control his anger.

Summary Of Who I Am
Dolma
Dolma is very ambitious. She wants to do some service for the country. For this she wants to become the Prime Minister. She says that she has leadership qualities. Her classmates come to her when they have a problem. Her teachers trust her when something is to be done in school. As Prime Minister she would try to make things better for everyone.

Peter
Peter loves the second Sunday of every month. For, on that day, his father takes the whole family for an outing. They go to cinema. He loves eating peanuts while seeing a film. After the film, they eat ice-cream. Every one is in a good mood feeling lucky for being such a happy family.

Who I Am Summary In Hindi

यह पाठ हमें बताता है कि इस पृथ्वी के सभी व्यक्ति अलग-अलग हैं, फिर भी हम सब अलग-अलग तरह से रोचक हैं। लेखक छह व्यक्तियों का वर्णन करके यह बात बताता है।

राधा
राधा को पेड़ों पर चढ़ना पसंद है। यह उसका मनपसंद काम है। उसकी माँ उसे ऐसा करने से मना करती है। परंतु एक दिन राधा की माँ भी उसके साथ आम के पेड़ पर चढ़ गई जो उनके घर के बाहर है। पेड़ पर चढ़ कर उन दोनों ने बातें की और कच्चे आम खाये। किसी पेड़ पर चढ़ कर राधा को लगता है कि वह सारे संसार पर शासन कर सकती है।

Summary Of Who I Am Class 6
नासिर
नासिर के गांव में कपास के खेत हैं। कपास के पौधे उगाने के लिए उसके पिता को बीजों पर काफी पैसा खर्च करना पड़ता है। उसके दादा ने उसे एक बार बताया था कि वे अपने पौधों से ही बीज इकट्ठा कर लेते थे जिनका उपयोग नये पौधे उगाने के लिए किया जाता था। परंतु आजकल ऐसा नहीं हो पाता है। नासिर जानना चाहता है कि ऐसा क्यों होता है। उसका निश्चय है कि वह बीजों को संभाल कर रखने की कला सीखेगा ताकि उनका फिर से उपयोग किया जा सके और उन पर प्रति वर्ष खर्च न किया जाए।

रोहित
रोहित को घूमना पसंद है। अगर उसका वश चले तो वह सारे संसार का चक्कर लगा ले। वह न्यूजीलैंड के पहाड़ और दक्षिण अमरीका की अमेजन नदी देखना चाहता है। वह लक्षदीप के समुद्र-तट तथा उड़ीसा का कोणार्क मंदिर का भी आनंद उठाना चाहता है। चीन के बीजिंग का पुराना शहर और मिश्र के पिरामिड उसके पसंदीदा स्थल है।

Who I Am Summary Class 6
सर्बजीत
सर्बजीत अपने आस-पास के अधिकांश लोगों से क्रुद्ध है क्योंकि उसके सच बोलने पर लोग उसका विश्वास | नहीं करते हैं। जब वह कहता है कि वह होमवर्क इसलिए नहीं कर पाया क्योंकि रवि उसकी किताब ले गया था, तब उसका अध्यापक सोचता है कि वह झूठ बोल रहा है। वह अपने माँ-बाप से बताता है कि झगड़ा उसके छोटे भाई ने प्रारंभ किया था। परंतु वे उसे दोषी ठहराते हैं। इन लोगों का अविश्वास उसे क्रोधित करता है और अपने क्रोध को नियत्रत करने में उसे प्रयत्न करना पड़ता है।

डोल्मा
डोल्मा बड़ी महत्त्वाकांक्षी है। वह देश की थोड़ी-सी सेवा करना चाहती है। इसके लिए वह प्रधानमंत्री बनना चाहती है। वह कहती है कि उसमें नेतृत्व के गुण हैं। कोई समस्या होने पर उसके सहपाठी उसके पास आते हैं। स्कूल में जब कोई काम करना होता है तब उसके अध्यापक उस पर विश्वास करते हैं। प्रधानमंत्री बनने पर वह हर व्यक्ति के लिए कुछ अच्छा करना चाहेगी।

Who I Am Class 6 Summary In Hindi
पीटर
पीटर को हर महीने का दूसरा रविवार अच्छा लगता है। क्योंकि यही वह दिन है जब उसके पिता पूरे परिवार को घुमाने के लिए बाहर ले जाते हैं। वे सिनेमा जाते हैं। फिल्म देखते हुए मूंगफली खाना उसे बड़ा अच्छा लगता है। फिल्म के बाद वे आइसक्रीम खाते हैं। हर एक का मूड अच्छा होता है और इतना सुखी परिवार होने पर वे अपने को सौभाग्यशाली मानते हैं।

Taros Reward Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. Taros Reward Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/taros-reward-summary/

Taros Reward Summary In English

Taro’s Reward Summary
There was a young woodcutter named Taro, He lived with his old parents on a lonely hillside. He earned only a small amount of money from his work. This made him sad because he wanted to make life better for his parents. One day it was very cold. Taro’s father said, “I wish I had a cup of sake”.

This made Taro sadder than ever, for the sake was very expensive. However, next morning, he got up earlier than usual and made for the forest He kept on chopping the wood for a long time. His mouth was dry and he felt thirsty, but he went on chopping the wood.

Suddenly a sound of water falling somewhere nearly made Taro stop his work. He had never seen or heard of rushing water nearby. He was very thirsty. He ran in the direction of the sound. Taro saw a small but beautiful waterfall He drank the liquid but to his surprise it was not water but sake. Taro had a pitcher with him. He filled it with delicious liquid and hurried home.

Taros Reward Summary
The old man was delighted with the liquid. He took just one swallow, This stopped his shivering and he began to dance. This was his way to show his happiness. That day, they had a visitor from the village who was offered sake. Taro told her the story of the magic waterfall. So the story spread other villagers came to Taro’s house and within half an hour, the pitcher was empty.

Next morning much before Taro all the villagers had reached the magic waterfall. However they became angry when they tasted the liquid. It was nothing but cold water. They were very angry and wanted to drown Tare who they thought had cheated them. Taro hid himself in the forest to escape their tre. When they had gone, hetasted the liquid himself. It was the same fine sake. It was now clear that the magle waterfall gave sake only to Taro. To all others it gave only water. Obwiously God was kind to Taro because he was a thoughtful son.

The story of Taro and his magie waterfall reached the emperor. He sent for Taro and rewarded him with twenty pieces of gold. Then he named the most beautiful fountain of the city after Taro. This was to encourage all children to honour and obey their parents.

Taros Reward Summary In Hindi

टैरो नामक एक युवा लकड़हारा था। अपने वृद्ध माता-पिता के साथ वह एकांत पहाड़ियों के बीच रहता था। अपने काम से उसे बहुत कम आमदनी होती थी। इससे वह दु:खी रहता था क्योंकि वह अपने माँ-बाप को एक बेहतर जीवन देना चाहता था। एक दिन सर्दी बहुत अधिक थी। टैरो के पिता ने कहा, “काश कि मुझे एक कप सेक मिल पाता !” इस बात से टैरो बहुत दु:खी हुआ क्योंकि सेक बहुत महँगा था। फिर भी अगले दिन वह सुबह प्रायः से जल्दी उठा और जंगल की तरफ चल पड़ा। बड़ी देर तक वह लकड़ी काटता रहा। उसका मुँह सूख रहा था और उसे प्यास लग रही थी पर वह लकड़ी काटता जा रहा था।

Taro’s Reward Summary In Hindi
अचानक कहीं पास से आती हुई गिरते पानी की आवाज सुनकर टैरो ने काम रोक दिया। उसने कभी नजदीक बहते पानी की बात देखी या सुनी नहीं थी। उसे तेज प्यास लगी थी। उस आवाज की दिशा में वह दौड़ पड़ा। टैरो ने एक छोटा लेकिन सुन्दर झरना देखा। उसने उस द्रव को पीया पर वह हैरान रह गया, यह देखकर कि वह द्रव पानी न होकर सेक था। टैरो के पास एक घड़ा था। उस स्वादिष्ट द्रव को घड़े में भर कर टेरो तेज कदमों से घर की ओर चल पड़ा।

उस द्रव से बूढ़ा बहुत खुश हुआ। उसने एक बँट ही ली। इससे उसका काँपना बंद हो गया और वह नाचने लगा। अपनी खुशी दिखाने का उसका यह तरीका था। उस दिन गाँव से उनके घर एक मुलाकाती आई जिसे सेक दिया गया। टैरो ने उसे जादुई झरने की कहानी सुनाई। इस प्रकार कहानी फैल गयी : गाँव वाले दूसरे व्यक्ति टैरो के घर आये और आधे घंटे के अंदर घड़ा खाली हो गया।

Class 6 English Chapter 3 Summary In Hindi
अगले दिन, टैरो से बहुत पहले ही, सारे गाँव वाले जादुई झरने पर पहुँच चुके थे। परंतु द्रव को चखते ही, वे सारे क्रोधित हो गए। यह मात्र ठंडा पानी था। वे बड़े क्रोधित हुए और यह सोचकर कि टैरो ने उन्हें धोखा दिया | है, उसे पानी में डुबा देना चाहते थे। उनके गुस्से से बचने के लिए टैरो जंगल में छिप गया। उनके जाने के बाद, उसने उस द्रव को स्वयं चखा। यह तो वही स्वादिष्ट सेक था। अब यह बात साफ थी कि जादुई झरना सिर्फ टैरो को ही सेक देता था। अन्य सबको यह केवल पानी देता था। स्पष्टतः भगवान की कृपा टैरो पर थी क्योंकि उसे अपने माता-पिता का ख्याल था।

टैरो और उसके जादुई झरने की कहानी राजा तक पहुँची। उसने टैरो को बुलवाया और उसे सोने के बीस सिक्के इनाम में दिए। फिर उसने नगर के सबसे सुन्दर झरने का नाम टैरो रख दिया। अन्य सभी बच्चों को अपने माँ-बाप का आदर करने और उनकी आज्ञापालन के लिए प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु ऐसा किया गया।

How the Dog Found Himself a New Master? Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. How the Dog Found Himself a New Master? Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/how-the-dog-found-himself-a-new-master-summary/

How the Dog Found Himself a New Master? Summary In English

Class 6 English Chapter 2 Summary
Once upon a time, dogs lived in the forest like the wolves. They were their own masters. Then one day, there happened to be a dog who did not like this sort of life. He did not like to be always looking for food. He was sick of remaining frightened by those who were stronger. He thought over the problem. Then he decided to become the servant of one who was stronger than anybody else.

He went on walking. He met a big Wolf. The Wolf asked him where he was going. The Dog told him that he was looking for someone to take up service with. He asked the Wolf if he would like to be his master. The Wolf agreed to take him as a servant. They walked and walked until they came across a bear. Seeing the Bear, the wolf hid himself in a bush. The Dog was much surprised. He asked the wolf what the matter was. The wolf said that the bear could eat both of them. When the dog saw that the Bear was stronger than the Wolf, he left the Wolf. He went to the bear to be his servant. Soon after he found that the bear was afraid of the lion. So the dog decided to serve the lion. The lion agreed to it. He lived happily with the Lion for a long time. It was a good life. Just as the dog had wanted the Lion was the strongest beast in the forest. No one dared touch or offend the Dog.

How The Dog Found Himself A New Master Summary
One day the Dog and the Lion were walking side by side along a narrow path. The lion smelt a man and told the dog to run away with him. Otherwise they would be in trouble. So the Dog said goodbye to the Lion and went to man.

Since then, the dog has been staying with man as his most loyal servant and knows no other master.

How the Dog Found Himself a New Master? Summary In Hindi

एक समय कुत्ते भेड़ियों की तरह जंगल में रहते थे। वे स्वयं ही अपने स्वामी थे। फिर एक दिन, एक ऐसा कुत्ता हुआ जिसे यह जीवन पसंद नहीं आया। हमेशा अपने भोजन की तलाश में रहना उसे पसन्द नहीं था। अपने से अधिक शक्तिशालियों से डरते-डरते वह परेशान हो गया था। उसने इस समस्या के बारे में सोचा। फिर उसने किसी ऐसे की नौकरी करने का निश्चय किया जो सबसे अधिक शक्तिशाली हो।

Class 6 English Chapter 2 Summary In Hindi
वह चलता गया। उसे एक बड़ा भेड़िया मिला। भेड़िये ने पूछा वह कहाँ जा रहा था। कुत्ते ने बताया कि वह नौकरी की तलाश में है। उसने भेड़िये से पूछा कि क्या वह उसको मालिक बनना चाहेगा। भेड़िये ने उसे अपने सेवक के रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया। चलते-चलते उनका सामना एक रीछ से हुआ। रीछ को देखकर भेड़िया झाड़ी में छिप गया। कुत्ता बड़ी हैरान हुआ। उसने भेड़िये से पूछा कि क्या बात है। भेड़िये ने कहा कि रीछ उन दोनों को खा सकता है। जब कुत्ते को लगा कि रीछ भेड़िये से अधिक शक्तिशाली है तो उसने भेड़िये को छोड़ दिया। रीछ का सेवक बनने के लिये वह उसके पास चला गया। कुछ समय बाद ही उसे पता लग गया कि रीछ शेर से डरता था। अतः कुत्ते ने शेर का सेवक बनने का निश्चय किया। शेर तैयार हो गया। काफी लम्बे समय तक वह शेर के साथ खुशी-खुशी रहता रहा। जीवन अच्छा चल रहा था। जैसा कि कुत्ते ने चाहा था, शेर जंगल में सबसे शक्तिशाली जानवर था। किसी की हिम्मत न थी कि कुत्ते को छू सके अथवा नाराज कर सके।

एक दिन कुत्ता और शेर एक तंग रास्ते पर साथ-साथ चल रहे थे। शेर को आदमी की गंध आयी और वह कुत्ते से बोला कि वह उसके साथ भाग चले। वरना उन पर मुसीवत आ जायेगी। अतः कुत्ते ने शेर से विदा ली और आदमी के पास आ गया।

तब से कुत्ता, आदमी के सर्वाधिक वफादार सेवक की तरह उसके साथ रह रहा है और वह किसी अन्य को अपना मालिक नहीं मानता है।

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary Class 6 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 6 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary Class 6 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/who-did-patricks-homework-summary/

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary In English

Class 6 English Chapter 1 Summary In Hindi
Patrick hated doing homework. He found it boring. He was interested in playing games. He played, hockey, basketball and Nintendo. His teachers warned him that he must do homework. Otherwise he would remain an ignorant person. Sometimes, he really felt that he was so. But somehow, Patrick could not help it.

One day Patrick found his cat playing with a little doll. He took the doll away. To his surprise, he found that the doll was, in fact, a little man. This man wore old-fashioned britches. His hat was tall like a witch’s. That little man cried, “Save me”. In return he promised to grant Patrick a wish.

Patrick saved the little man. He was much pleased. He asked the little man to do all his homework till the end of the semester. That way he could get A’s. The little man didn’t like it, yet he agreed to do so. He began his work in right earnest. However, there was one difficulty. Very often, he needed Patrick’s help ir doing the homework properly.

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary In Hindi
Sometimes, the elf would ask for a dictionary. He would request Patrick to look up a word and speak its spellings loudly. When it came to Math, it was even worse. The elf did not know much of it. So, Patrick had to sit beside him and guide him all the time. It was the same thing with History. Patrick had to go to the library, get the books and read them out to the elf. Then the elf would write those points in his homework answer-book.

Patrick had to do much hardwork. Finally, the last day of school arrived and the elf was free to go. The homework had, of course, been completed. Patrick got his A’s. His classmates were amazed and his teachers smiled. His parents wondered how their son had become such a model kid. Patrick had, indeed, developed a whole new attitude.

Of course, Patrick thought that the elf had done his homework. But the truth is that he was all along doing it himself.

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary In Hindi

पैट्रिक को होमवर्क करने से नफरत थी। उसे यह उबाऊ लगता था। उसकी रुचि खेलने में थी। वह हॉकी, बास्केट बाल और नितेन्डू खेलता था। उसके अध्यापक उसे चेतावनी दिया करते थे कि होमवर्क करना आवश्यक था। वरना वह मूर्ख रह जायेगा। कभी-कभी उसे वाकई लगता था कि वह ऐसा ही है। पर कुछ ऐसा था कि पैट्रिक लाचार
था।

Who Did Patrick’s Homework In Hindi
एक दिन पैट्रिक ने अपनी बिल्ली को एक छोटी सी गुड़िया से खेलते देखा। वह गुड़िया को वहाँ से दूर ले गया। तब उसने हैरानी से देखा कि वह गुड़िया तो वास्तव में एक बहुत छोटा मनुष्य थी। यह आदमी पुराने ढंग का नेकर पहने था। उसका टोप किसी जादूगरनी के टोप की तरह लम्बा था। वह छोटा आदमी चिल्लाया, “मुझे बचा लो”। इसके बदले में उसने पैट्रिक की किसी एक इच्छा को पूरा करने का वचन दिया।

पैट्रिक ने उस छोटे आदमी को बचा लिया। वह बहुत खुश हुआ। उसने उस छोटे आदमी से कहा कि वह उसका सारा होमवर्क उस सैमिस्टर के अंत तक करता रहे। इस प्रकार उसे A ग्रेड मिल सकते थे। उस छोटे आदमी को यह बात अच्छी नहीं लगी फिर भी उसने ऐसा करना स्वीकार कर लिया। उसने पूरी ईमानदारी से अपना काम प्रारंभ कर दिया। पर एक कठिनाई थी। होमवर्क ठीक से करने के लिये उसे प्रायः पैट्रिक की सहायता की जरूरत पड़ती थी।

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary
कभी-कभी उस बौने को शब्दकोश की ज़रूरत होती थी। वह पैट्रिक से उसमें किसी शब्द को देखकर जोर-जोर से उसके स्पेलिंग पढ़ने को कहता। गणित की बारी आने पर स्थिति और भी विकट हो जाती थी। बौने को गणित कम आती थी। अत: पैट्रिक को उसके पास बैठकर सारा समय उसका मार्गदर्शन करना पड़ता था। इतिहास के साथ भी कुछ ऐसा ही था। पैट्रिक को पुस्तकालय जाकर किताबें लानी पड़तीं और उन्हें बौने को पढ़-पढ़ कर सुनाना होता। तब बौना उन बातों को उसके होमवर्क की कापी पर लिख देता था।

पैट्रिक को बड़ा श्रम करना पड़ रहा था। अंततः स्कूल जाने का अंतिम दिन आ गया और बौना अब वहाँ से जाने के लिये आजाद था। हाँ, होमवर्क तो पूरा हो ही चुका था। पैट्रिक को अपने A ग्रेड मिल गये। उसके सहपाठी चकित थे और शिक्षक प्रसन्न थे। उसके माँ-बाप हैरान थे कि कैसे उनका बेटा ऐसा आदर्श बालक बन गया था। पैट्रिक का नजरिया, वाकई पूरी तरह बदल चुका था।

Who Did Patrick’s Homework Summary In English
निस्संदेह, पैट्रिक सोच रहा था कि उसका होमवर्क बौने ने किया था। किंतु सच यह था कि सारा समय वह स्वयं ही तो उसे कर रहा था।

An Alien Hand Summary Class 7 English

January 17, 2024

The CBSE Class 7 English Notes and Summary will also help students in their English exam preparation. An Alien Hand Summary Class 7 English has been formatted in a simple language enabling you to read it and get hold of what the author wants us to understand. https://meritbatch.com/an-alien-hand-summary/

An Alien Hand Summary In English

An Alien Hand Summary
Tilloo and his parents live on Mars. However, they do not live on the surface of the planet. They live beneath the surface under artificial conditions. Only some very skilled persons in special suits can go on the surface. They go with a reservoir of oxygen for important work. Tilloo’s father is one of them. He goes to work through a secret passage.

Tilloo has always been anxious to go through the passage. However, he has been never allowed. One day Tilloo gets a chance. He gets hold of his father’s security card. Quietly he makes his way to the forbidden passage. He slips his father’s magle card into a slot. The door to the passage opens.

Tilloo now looks forward to seeing the sun or the stars. He has never seen them before. But that was not to be. He moves hardly ten steps when the security staff gets hold of him. He is sent back to his mother.

An Alien Hand Class 7 Summary
Tilloo’s father decides to brief him properly. He tells Tilloo that he cannot survive on the surface. The air is too thin and the temperature too low there. So he advises him not to try again to reach the surface of the planet.

Tilloo’s father tells him that once upon a time their forefathers lived on the surface. But times changed. A slight change in the sun upset the balance of nature on the planet. First the birds became extinct. The animals followed. The fish also died. Human beings survived because of their superior technology. They used solar energy. Some of these machines which produce solar energy are on the surface. Tilloo’s father belongs to a special group. It is this group’s responsibility to look after these machines. He assured Tilloo that he could also join the team when he grew up. His mother however warned him that it was possible only if he obeyed his parents.

Next day when Tulloo’s father went to work, he found the Control Room full of excitement. It was so because they had seen two space crafts. So far, it had been their belief that they were alone in the solar system. Although the conference room was full to capacity, nobody was speaking a word. They waited for the President to say something

Summary Of An Alien Hand Class 7
The President looked at his paper carefully. After a pause he said that two spacecrafts were approaching their planet. While one of the two was orbiting the planet, the other was still far away. It was the President’s guess that they were from their neighbouring planet. Thereupon, he asked the opinion of his colleagues. Together, they had to deal with these spacecrafts.

Number One was in charge of defence. He told what his reports had revealed. It was that the spacecraft did not contain any living beings. It had only instruments. He suggested that there was no need to destroy those spacecrafts. After their landing on Mars they could make them ineffective, if they so chose. Number Two also agreed With Number One. He added that by destroying those spacecrafts, they would be only revealing their existence.

Class 7 English An Alien Hand Summary
Number Three also agreed with what the other two had said. Just then the President’ got the message that the first spacecraft had landed.

It was a red letter day in Tilloo’s life. His father had brought him to the Control Room. From here he could see the alien spacecraft on his TV screen. He looked with great interest at a panel with several coloured buttons on it. His father told him that this pane was very important. Through its buttons, they had power to make inert any part of the spacecraft.

Summary Of An Alien Hand
Suddenly there was some movement in the spacecraft. All eyes were now glued tp the TV screen. A mechanical hand was coming out of the spacecraft. It bent and tpuched the soil. Everyone in the control room was watching with great interest. lop could not contain himself. He pressed the red button on the panel. There was shirill whistle. His father pulled him away roughly. Then, he restored the red button its earlier position.

But the damage was done. The mechanical hand of the spacecraft had ceased work.
All this was happening on the Mars. On the earth NASA was holding a press Conference. The spacecraft had come from the earth. NASA had sent it. In the press qonference, it was said that everything was well with the spacecraft. Only the mechanical hand had stopped working. They, however expressed confidence that very soon everything will be set right.

An Alien Hand Summary In Hindi
Soon after this, another press conference was held. It was informed that the mechanical hand had been reactivated. Soil samples were being collected. These samples would reveal whether there was life on Mars or not.

This was the part of earth’s Viking Mission. The scientists behind the mission were disappointed. They found no signs of life on Mars.

An Alien Hand Summary In Hindi

टिल्लू और उसके माता-पिता मंगल ग्रह पर रहते हैं। पर वे उस ग्रह की सतह पर नहीं रहते हैं। वे कृत्रिम स्थितियों में सतह के नीचे रहते हैं। केवल कुछ बड़े प्रशिक्षित व्यक्ति ही विशेष वस्त्र पहन कर सतह पर जा सकते हैं। वे आक्सीजन का सिलिंडर साथ लेकर महत्त्वपूर्ण काम के लिए जाते हैं। टिल्लू का पिता भी उनमें से एक है। वह एक गुप्त मार्ग से काम पर जाता है।

टिल्लू हमेशा ही उस मार्ग से जाने का इच्छुक रहा है। परन्तु उसे कभी अनुमति नहीं मिली है। एक दिन टिल्लू को मौका मिल जाता है। उसे अपने पिता का सुरक्षा कार्ड मिल जाता है। वह चुपचाप वर्जित मार्ग पर पहुँच जाता है। वह अपने पिता के जादुई कार्ड को एक खाने में डालता है। रास्ते का दरवाजा खुल जाता है। टिल्लू अब सूर्य या सितारों को देखने की उम्मीद करने लगता है। उसने पहले कभी उन्हें नहीं देखा था। पर ऐसा होना नवे था। वह मुश्किल से दस कदम चला होगा कि सुरक्षा कर्मियों ने उसे पकड़ लिया। उसे वापस अपनी माँ के पास भेजा जाता है।

Alien Hand Summary
टिल्लू का पिता उसे उचित ढंग से समझाने का निश्चय करता है। वह टिल्लू को बताता है कि वह सतह के ऊपर जीवित नहीं रह सकता है। वहाँ हवा बहुत पतली और तापक्रम बहुत नीचा है। अत: वह उसे सलाह देता है कि वह ग्रह की सतह पर जाने का प्रयत्न फिर न करे।

टिल्लू का पिता उसे बताता है कि एक समय था जब उनके पूर्वज सतह पर रहते थे। पर वक्त बदला। सूर्य में होने वाली थोड़ी सी बदल ने ग्रह के ऊपर प्रकृति के संतुलन को बिगाड़ दिया। पहले तो पक्षी समाप्त हो गये। उसके बाद जानवरों की बारी आई। मछलियाँ भी मर गई। मानव अपनी बेहतर तकनीक के कारण बच गये। उन्होंने सूर्य की शक्ति का प्रयोग किया। सूर्य से मिलने वाली शक्ति का उत्पादन करने वाली कुछ मशीनें सतह के ऊपर हैं। टिल्लू का पिता एक विशेष समूह का हिस्सा है। इस समूह का काम इन मशीनों की देखभाल करना है। उसने टिल्लू को भरोसा दिलाया कि बड़ा होने पर वह भी इस समूह का हिस्सा बन सकता था। पर उसकी माँ ने उसे चेतावनी दी कि ऐसा तभी संभव है अगर उसने अपने माता-पिता की आज्ञा मानी।

An Alien Hand Class 7 Chapter 1 Summary
अगले दिन टिल्लू के पिता जब काम पर गये तो उन्होंने कंट्रोल रूम को उत्तेजना से भरा पाया। ऐसा इसलिए था कि उन लोगों ने दो तरिक्षयानों को देखा था। अभी तक उन लोगों को यहीं विश्वास था कि सौर मंडल में वे अकेले थे। यद्यपि सम्मेलन कक्ष पूरी तरह भरा हुआ था, कोई एक शब्द भी नहीं बोल रहा था। वे प्रतीक्षा कर रहे थे कि प्रेसीडेंट कुछ बोले।

प्रेसीडेंट ने सावधानी से अपने कागजों को देखा। कुछ देर ठहर कर उसने कहा कि दो अंतरिक्षयान उनके ग्रह की ओर आ रहे थे। जबकि उनमें से एक उनके ग्रह का चक्कर लगा रहा था, दूसरा अभी भी काफी दूर था। प्रेसीडेंट का अंदाजा था कि वे अपने किसी पड़ोसी ग्रह से आए हैं। इसके बाद उसने अपने साथियों का मत जानना चाहा। उन्हें मिलकर इन अंतरिक्षयान से निपटना था।

नंबर एक रक्षा अधिकारी था। उसने बताया कि खबरों से क्या पता लगा था। वह था कि अंतरिक्षयान में कोई जीवित प्राणी नहीं हैं। इसमें केवल मात्र यंत्र हैं। उसका सुझाव था कि इन अंतरिक्षयानों को नष्ट करने की कोई आवश्यकता न थी। अगर वे चाहेंगे तो मंगल की सतह पर उतरने के बाद वे उन्हें निष्क्रिय बना देंगे। नंबर दो भी नंबर एक से सहमत था। उसने इतना और जोड़ा कि अंतरिक्षयानों को नष्ट करके वे केवल मात्र अपनी उपस्थिति को ही उजागर करेंगे।

An Alien Hand Chapter 10 Summary
जो कुछ इन दोनों ने कहा था, नंबर तीन भी उससे सहमत था। तभी प्रेसीडेंट के पास खबर आयी कि पहला अंतरिक्षयान सतह पर उतर चुका था।

टिल्लू के जीवन का यह बड़ा महत्त्वपूर्ण दिन था। उसके पिता उसे कंट्रोल रूम लेकर आए थे। यहाँ से वह अपने टेलीविजन के परदे पर दूसरे ग्रह से आये अंतरिक्षयान को देख सकता था। वह बड़ी रुचि से एक पैनल को देख रहा था जिस पर कितने ही रंगीन बटन थे। उसके पिता ने उसे बताया कि वह पैनल बड़ा महत्त्वपूर्ण था। इसके बटनों के द्वारा वे अंतरिक्षयान के किसी भी भाग को निष्क्रिय कर सकते थे।

अचानक अंतरिक्षयान में कुछ हलचल हुई। सारी आँखें अब टी.वी. स्क्रीन पर चिपकी हुई थीं। एक यांत्रिक हाथ अंतरिक्षयान से बाहर निकल रहा था। यह झुका और इसने मिट्टी को छुआ। कंट्रोल रूम का हर व्यक्ति बड़ी रुचि से देख रहा था। टिल्लू स्वयं पर नियंत्रण न रख सका। उसने पैनल के लाल बटन को दबा दिया। एक तेज सीटी बजी। उसके पिता ने उसे जोर से खींचकर वहाँ से हटाया। फिर वह लाल बटन को पुनः अपनी पुरानी स्थिति में ले आया।

An Alien Hand Short Summary
पर नुकसान हो चुका था। अंतरिक्ष के यांत्रिक हाथ ने काम करना बंद कर दिया था।
मंगल ग्रह पर यह सब कुछ हो रहा था। पृथ्वी पर नासा ने एक संवाददाता सम्मेलन बुलाया हुआ था। अंतरिक्षयान पृथ्वी से आया था। इसे नासा ने भेजा था। संवाददाता सम्मेलन में बताया गया कि अंतरिक्षयान में सब कुछ ठीक-ठाक था। केवल यांत्रिक हाथ ने काम करना बंद कर दिया था। पर यह विश्वास व्यक्त किया गया कि शीघ्र ही सब कुछ ठीक हो जाएगा।

इसके शीघ्र बाद एक और संवाददाता सम्मेलन हुआ। यह बताया गया कि यांत्रिक हाथ को पुनः चालू कर दिया गया है। मिट्टी के नमूने लिए जा रहे थे। इन नमूनों से पता लगेगा कि मंगल ग्रह पर जीवन है या नहीं।

यह पृथ्वी के वाइकिंग मिशन का एक भाग था। इस मिशन पर काम करने वाले वैज्ञानिकों को निराशा हुई। उन्हें मंगल ग्रह पर जीवन का कोई चिह्न न मिला।।

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